Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The variability of soil attributes is related to environmental factors affecting soil formation processes. Different techniques have been employed to map this variability, among these techniques, the reading of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) has been shown as an alternative due to its close relationship to the soil other attributes. This study aims to determine the magnetic susceptibility of Oxisol samples in a Rio Grande do Sul experimental area, related to different soil properties to understand the spatial distribution, as well to define different compartments of the landscape. The 350 ha study area is located in Santo Augusto city, three transects where were marked from the higher quota until the lower quota area, totaling 1450 m. In these transects we scored 29 points georeferenced, 50 m distance each one. Samples were collected at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.15, 0.15-0.30 and 0.30-0.60 meters depth where we determined the particle size distribution, soil organic carbon and the MS. Also we opened five trenches along the transects distributed over different locations in the relief along the topossequence, where the morphological description, chemical, physical, and mineralogical analysis and MS in the samples of each horizon. In study 1, the profiles data from the attributes were submitted to Pearson linear correlation test to determine the correlation of MS with the other attributes of the soil. With transects data we carried out linear regressions for each depth in order to assess how the MS contributes to the clay, sand, and soil organic carbon prediction. To verify spatial dependence of the attributes in the sample we used points geostatistics with variograms settings. The values were interpolated using the ordinary kriging and subsequently we generated maps of soil attributes on topossequência for the four depths. In the study 2 the data from transects were submitted to descriptive statistics and analysis of the "Split Moving Window" (SMW), to investigate the behavior of the MS in determining the limits of landscape compartments. According to two studies we can infer that the MS has potential for application in the mapping of certain soil attributes, as well potential for determination of landscape compartments limits. / A variabilidade dos atributos do solo está relacionada aos fatores ambientais que condicionam os processos de formação do solo. Diante disso, diferentes técnicas têm sido empregadas para mapear essa variabilidade, dentre estas técnicas, a leitura da suscetibilidade magnética (SM) tem se mostrado como alternativa por sua estreita relação com os demais atributos do solo. O presente estudo tem por objetivo determinar a suscetibilidade magnética de amostras em Latossolos de uma área experimental no Rio Grande do Sul, relacionando com diferentes atributos do solo para compreender a distribuição espacial e delimitar diferentes compartimentos da paisagem. A área de estudo de 350 ha está localizada no município de Santo Augusto, onde foram marcadas três transeções desde a cota mais elevada até a cota mais baixa da área, totalizando 1450 m. Nestas transeções foram marcados 29 pontos georreferenciados, em distância regular de 50 m entre os pontos e entre as transeções. Foram coletadas amostras das profundidades 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,15, 0,15-0,30 e 0,30-0,60 m onde se determinou a granulometria, carbono orgânico do solo e a SM. Também foram abertas cinco trincheiras ao longo das transeções distribuídas em locais diferenciados no relevo ao longo da topossequência, onde foi realizada a descrição morfológica e análises químicas, físicas, mineralógicas e de SM nas amostras de cada horizonte. No estudo 1, os dados provenientes dos atributos nos perfis foram submetidos ao teste de correlação linear de Pearson para averiguar a correlação da SM com os outros atributos do solo. Com os dados das transeções foram realizadas regressões lineares para cada profundidade a fim de avaliar o quanto a SM contribui para a predição do teor de argila, areia e carbono orgânico do solo. Para verificar a dependência espacial dos atributos nos pontos amostrais, foi utilizada a geoestatística com ajustes de variogramas. Os valores foram interpolados por meio da krigagem ordinária e posteriormente foram gerados mapas dos atributos do solo na topossequência para as quatro profundidades. No estudo 2 os dados provenientes das amostras das transeções foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e análise da ferramenta ―Split Moving Window‖ (SMW), para averiguar o comportamento da SM na determinação dos limites de compartimentos da paisagem. De acordo com os dois estudos pode-se inferir que a SM tem potencial para aplicação no mapeamento de determinados atributos do solo, bem como potencial para determinação de limites dos compartimentos da paisagem.

abstract: Accurate characterization of forest canopy cover from satellite imagery hinges on the development of a model that considers the level of detail achieved by field methods. With the improved precision of both optical sensors and various spatial techniques, models built to extract forest structure attributes have become increasingly robust, yet many still fail to address some of the most important characteristics of a forest stand's intricate make-up. The objective of this study, therefore, was to address canopy cover from the ground, up. To assess canopy cover in the field, a vertical densitometer was used to acquire a total of 2,160 percent-cover readings from 30 randomly located triangular plots within a 6.94 km2 study area in the central highlands of the Bradshaw Ranger District, Prescott National Forest, Arizona. Categorized by species with the largest overall percentage of cover observations (Pinus ponderosa, Populus tremuloides, and Quercus gambelii), three datasets were created to assess the predictability of coniferous, deciduous, and mixed (coniferous and deciduous) canopies. Landsat-TM 5 imagery was processed using six spectral enhancement algorithms (PCA, TCT, NDVI, EVI, RVI, SAVI) and three local windows (3x3, 5x5, 7x7) to extract and assess the various ways in which these data were expressed in the imagery, and from those expressions, develop a model that predicted percent-cover for the entire study area. Generally, modeled cover estimates exceeded actual cover, over predicting percent-cover by a margin of 9-13%. Models predicted percent-cover more accurately when treated with a 3x3 local window than those treated with 5x5 and 7x7 local windows. In addition, the performance of models defined by the principal components of three vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, RVI) were superior to those defined by the principal components of all four (NDVI, EVI, RVI, SAVI), as well as the principal and tasseled cap components of all multispectral bands (bands 123457). Models designed to predict mixed and coniferous percent-cover were more accurate than deciduous models. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Geography 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matias_ssr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1718556 bytes, checksum: 6aa4f59f2f833b454b295ffe2e36da7b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a suscetibilidade magnética e sua associação com os atributos do solo e do relevo em uma topossequência de Latossolos. Os solos foram coletados numa transeção de 2.700 km com intervalos regulares de 25 m, e aleatoriamente nas áreas laterais de três superfícies geomórficas mapeadas, em duas profundidades (0,00–0,20 m e 0,60–0,80 m), totalizando 514 amostras. Sete trincheiras foram analisadas contemplando os segmentos de vertente inseridos nas superfícies geomórficas. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas às análises de densidade do solo, porosidade, grau de floculação, textura, pH (água, CaCl2 e KCl), matéria orgânica, P, Ca, K, Mg, H + Al, Al. É calculado SB, CTC e V%. Também foram determinados o SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 (H2SO4), óxidos de Fe livres (Fed), o ferro de baixa cristalinidade (Feo) e a suscetibilidade magnética. Os dados foram analisados pela estatística univariada, descritiva, multivariada, Split Moving Windows e geoestatística. Os resultados mostraram que a divisão de áreas por meio das superfícies geomórficas ocasionou melhor entendimento da variabilidade dos atributos do solo na vertente. O método geoestatístico SMWDA (“Split Moving Windows Dissimilarity Analysis”), confirmou a divisão númericamente das três superfícies geomórficas por meio da granulometria e suscetibilidade magnética. A suscetibilidade magnética foi o atributo que melhor identificou os limites entre os corpos mapeados no campo, o que indica seu potencial de uso para mapear áreas homogêneas / The objective of this work was to study the magnetic susceptibility and its association with the soil characteristics and topography in an Oxisol toposequence. Soil samples were collected in a transect of 2.700 km at intervals of 25 m, and randomly in lateral areas of three geomorphic surfaces mapped in two depths (0.00-0.20 m and 0.60-0.80 m), totaling 514 samples. Seven trenches were opened in the slope segments of geomorphic surfaces. The samples were analyzed for bulk density, porosity, degree of flocculation, texture, pH (water, CaCl2 and KCl), organic matter, P, Ca, K, Mg, H + Al, and Al. Calculating exchangeable bases (EB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation (V%). In addition it was determined SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 (attack by H2SO4), free iron oxides (Fed), poorly crystallized iron (Feo) and magnetic susceptibility, in all studied points. Data were analyzed by univariate statistical, descriptive, multivariate, split moving windows and geostatistics. Results showed that the division of areas by means of geomorphic surfaces resulted in better understanding of soil properties variability in the studied slope. The geostatistical method SMWDA (Split Moving Windows Dissimilarity Analysis), confirmed the numerical division of the three geomorphic surfaces by means of particle size and magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility was the best attribute to identify the boundaries between bodies mapped in the field, which indicates its potential use for mapping homogeneous areas

網際網路的發展讓人們的生活起了變化，Web2.0的概念更是增加了人們對網際網路的依賴性，我們成為網路內容的生產者、我們在社交網站上發表、追縱朋友的動態，以及取得全球世界各地的資訊。在這無限的虛擬空間中隱含的巨大商機，讓各大企業紛紛而至，因而加速了Web2.0社群網站的發展，維持與增加網站流量更是成為社群網站生存的關鍵與重要的績效指標。但社群網站該如何從流量指標之變化來評斷社群網站之績效呢?這是令我們最好奇之處。 藉由Google Analytics提供的流量分析工具，本研究蒐集了台灣四間社群網站1-3年間的流量資訊進行分析，考量蒐集之資訊具時間序列性質特性，本研究首先採用移動視窗法重新進行資料的整理，並據此概念應用在後續的統計分析。此外，本就以指數加權平均法及多元迴歸分析進行流量異常值之偵測，最後，對照各網站重大事件里程碑並與各網站業主進行一對一深訪。故本研究實際上包含質、量化之分析結果。 本篇研究四間個案網站為例，並依網站創造的服務與使用者互動情形流量將其區分為社交互動型與資訊交換型網站，並歸納其在網站流量指標上不同特徵表現及各自可參考之績效評估指標。同時，本研究採用多元迴歸分析做為社群網站績效評估模型，並企圖建構一績效評估分析流程期以做為後續研究者針對網站流量相關研究之參考。 / The development of Internet makes a great influence on human society and the development of Web2.0 enhances human’s dependence on the internet and becomes a channel of social connections. Currently, most contents of the Internet are generated by common users who could retrieve information through the entire network and trace their friends’ actions over the Social Network Sites (SNSs).Owing to the potential business opportunities on the internet, companies try to enter the market causing the prosperities of SNSs. Maintaining or even increasing traffic flows become a critical issue for SNSs to survive in the competitive market. However, how to evaluate the performance of SNSs based on traffic flow indices remains unsolved.This study collected Google Analytics data for 1-3 years from four SNSs’, respectively.Consider the time series charactics, this study applied “Moving Windows“ to organize the data for further statistical analysis.In addition, Exponentially Weighted Moving Average and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to detect the abnormal traffic flows. Finally, these abnormal records were compared with the important events and one-on-one interviewings with the SNSs operators were conducted. The results of this study are based on qualitative and quentitative analysis. This research studiesd four SNSs that were categorized into information-oriented and interaction-oriented services based on their services and users’ interaction. The SNSs at different categories behaved differently following certain characteristics defined previously.A performance evaluation process was developed as a reference for further studies.