Ever since the development of farming humans have been implicitly linked with the landscape. Influences include the manipulation of natural environments by woodland clearance, field developments and animal husbandry. Development can also be determined by the identification and distribution of soils developed and modified by the addition of organic and inorganic components. Anthropogenic or amended soils have been identified in many forms across north west Europe that retain distinctive physical and chemical indications of historical agrarian and settlement history. This thesis researched the on-site distribution of anthropogenic and amended soils across different landuse areas and identified and quantified a range of black carbonised particles in order to investigate their role in the soils ability to retain high elemental concentrations of manuring and elements associated with domestic activity and industrial processes. Three sites in contrasting environments were chosen for analysis; in Fair Isle, the Netherlands and Ireland on the basis of an excellent agararian and settlement history and previous analysis of anthropogenic soils. The fieldwork results showed extremly deep plaggen soils in the Netherlands but considerably shallower horizons of amended arable soils on Fair Isle and in Ireland contrary to previous analysis. There was however, clear evidence of a reduction in anthropogenic and amended soils with increased distance from the farm centres as a result of less manuring. The soil pH, organic matter, particle size, magnetic susceptibility and bulk elemental analysis results showed unexpected increases in the amended soils of Fair Isle and Ireland and reflected a similar manuring process. In the Netherlands the deep plaggen soils had very low results reflecting modern arable farming. The micromorphology results illustrated distinctive characteristics associated with localised manuring techniques. On Fair Isle and in Ireland the main organic manuring material was peat and burnt peat, whereas in the Netherlands the plaggen soils were predominantly composed of meadowland and heathland turf. At all three sites there was a large number of black carbonised and black amorphous inclusions and point counting and image analysis results showed a decrease with depth and distance from settlement nucleii mirroring the fieldwork observations. The elemental analysis conducted has proved to be an extremly useful tool for the identification of various forms of black carbon and for identifying the provenance of high elemental concentrations. The oxygen:carbon ratios confirmed the origins of organic components used in the development of the amended and anthropogenic soils and the elemental analysis showed that at each site over 80% of visually unidentifiable amorphous black carbon particles were heavily decomposed carbonised inclusions. Overall the elemental concentrations within the black carbonised particles was very low but this reflected the elemental results found in the bulk soils and the inclusions contained higher concentrations of P, Ca, K, Fe and Al and considerably lower concentrations of elements associated with domestic activity or industry Zn, Cu, Ba, Cr, As and Pb.

Na presente dissertação pretende-se mostrar a motivação, o planejamento e a metodologia usada para desenvolver o projeto e a implementação de um pacote aerodinâmico no veículo de competição da equipe EESC-USP Fórmula SAE da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. O principal objetivo no projeto da equipe é a dinâmica veicular. À partir disso, será projetado um pacote aerodinâmico a fim de gerar força de sustentação negativa ou downforce, melhorando a capacidade de tração dos pneus com o asfalto da pista e proporcionando maiores valores de aceleração lateral e velocidade nas curvas. Inicialmente é realizado um estudo para encontrar a melhor configuração nas simulações em dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) a fim de otimizar a relação entre a fiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e o custo computacional deles. Também é feita uma descrição geral dos perfis aerodinâmicos a serem usados e um breve analise deles. Com base nesses resultados são projetados o diferentes dispositivos aerodinâmicos, onde são aplicadas estratégias de alto downforce a fim de otimizar o desempenho deles. Além disso, é realizado uma análise do comportamento aerodinâmico do veículo inteiro, com o intuito de integrar as diferentes componentes do carro que são influenciadas pela aerodinâmica. Também é feito um estudo em dinâmica veicular que visa entender o comportamento do carro em pista sob influência das forças aerodinâmicas. Finalmente, o modelo real do veículo é construído e é levado para pista a fim de realizar uma série de testes para validar os dados encontrados nas simulações. / In the present dissertation, it is intended to show the motivation, planning and methodology used to develop the design and implementation of an aerodynamic package in the EESSC-USP Formula SAE\'s race car of the Engineering School of São Carlos. The main objective of the team is vehicle dynamics. From this, an aerodynamic package is designed in order to generate negative lift forces known as downforce, improving the traction capacity between the tires and the asphalt of the track, and providing larger values of lateral acceleration and cornering speeds. Initially, a study to find the best configurations in CFD simulations is performed in order to optimize the rate between reliability of obtained results and computation cost. In addition, a general description and analysis of the aerodynamic profiles used is done. On basis in these results, several aerodynamic devices are designed, and some strategies of high downforce are applied to optimize its performance. Furthermore, an analysis of aerodynamic behavior of the entire vehicle is done with the purpose of integrating other components of the car influenced by aerodynamics. Also, a study about vehicle dynamics is done searching to understand the behavior of the car in track under the influence of aerodynamic forces. Finally, the real model of the race car is constructed and put on track in order to carry out several tests to validate found data in simulations.

Na presente dissertação pretende-se mostrar a motivação, o planejamento e a metodologia usada para desenvolver o projeto e a implementação de um pacote aerodinâmico no veículo de competição da equipe EESC-USP Fórmula SAE da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. O principal objetivo no projeto da equipe é a dinâmica veicular. À partir disso, será projetado um pacote aerodinâmico a fim de gerar força de sustentação negativa ou downforce, melhorando a capacidade de tração dos pneus com o asfalto da pista e proporcionando maiores valores de aceleração lateral e velocidade nas curvas. Inicialmente é realizado um estudo para encontrar a melhor configuração nas simulações em dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) a fim de otimizar a relação entre a fiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e o custo computacional deles. Também é feita uma descrição geral dos perfis aerodinâmicos a serem usados e um breve analise deles. Com base nesses resultados são projetados o diferentes dispositivos aerodinâmicos, onde são aplicadas estratégias de alto downforce a fim de otimizar o desempenho deles. Além disso, é realizado uma análise do comportamento aerodinâmico do veículo inteiro, com o intuito de integrar as diferentes componentes do carro que são influenciadas pela aerodinâmica. Também é feito um estudo em dinâmica veicular que visa entender o comportamento do carro em pista sob influência das forças aerodinâmicas. Finalmente, o modelo real do veículo é construído e é levado para pista a fim de realizar uma série de testes para validar os dados encontrados nas simulações. / In the present dissertation, it is intended to show the motivation, planning and methodology used to develop the design and implementation of an aerodynamic package in the EESSC-USP Formula SAE\'s race car of the Engineering School of São Carlos. The main objective of the team is vehicle dynamics. From this, an aerodynamic package is designed in order to generate negative lift forces known as downforce, improving the traction capacity between the tires and the asphalt of the track, and providing larger values of lateral acceleration and cornering speeds. Initially, a study to find the best configurations in CFD simulations is performed in order to optimize the rate between reliability of obtained results and computation cost. In addition, a general description and analysis of the aerodynamic profiles used is done. On basis in these results, several aerodynamic devices are designed, and some strategies of high downforce are applied to optimize its performance. Furthermore, an analysis of aerodynamic behavior of the entire vehicle is done with the purpose of integrating other components of the car influenced by aerodynamics. Also, a study about vehicle dynamics is done searching to understand the behavior of the car in track under the influence of aerodynamic forces. Finally, the real model of the race car is constructed and put on track in order to carry out several tests to validate found data in simulations.

Previous research has shown that providing students with the opportunity to choose the type of academic assignment could reduce a variety of problem behavior. However, procedural limitations of previous research prevent definitive conclusions regarding the mechanism by which choice interventions effect behavioral change. Furthermore, because research related to choice interventions has been limited primarily to children with developmental and emotional disabilities, the generality of such interventions is unclear. Therefore, the current study set out to extend the efforts of previous researchers by attempting to further isolate the mechanism by which choice procedures produce improved behavioral performance and attempted to further assess the generality of choice procedures by examining its effects on the behavior (e.g., maladaptive behavior, on-task behavior, academic performance) of a population (i.e., typically developing adolescent youth) not frequently targeted.

Nowadays, the competition among airlines seriously depend upon the saving operating costs, with the premise that not to degrade its services quality. Especially in the face of increasingly scarce oil resources, reducing fleets operational fuel consumption, is an important means to improve profits. Aircraft fuel economy is determined by operational management strategies and application technologies. The application of technologies mainly refers to airplane’s engine performance, Weight efficiency and aerodynamic characteristics. A market competitive aircraft should thoroughly consider to all of these aspects. Transport aircraft aerodynamic performance mainly is determined by wing’s properties. Wings that are optimized for efficient flight in cruise conditions need to be fitted with powerful high-lift devices to meet lift requirements for safe takeoff and landing. These high-lift devices have a significant impact on the total airplane performance. The aerodynamic characteristics of the wing airfoil will have a direct impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, and the wing’s effective cruise hand high-lift configuration design has a significant impact on the performance of transport aircraft. Therefore, optimizing the design is a necessary airfoil design process. Nowadays engineering analysis relies heavily on computer-based solution algorithms to investigate the performance of an engineering system. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of the computer-based solution methods which are more widely employed in aerospace engineering. The computational power and time required to carry out the analysis increases as the fidelity of the analysis increases. Aerodynamic shape optimization has become a vital part of aircraft design in the recent years. Since the aerodynamic shape optimization (ASO) process with CFD solution algorithms requires a huge amount of computational power, there is always some reluctance among the aircraft researchers in employing the ASO approach at the initial stages of the aircraft design. In order to alleviate this problem, statistical approximation models are constructed for actual CFD algorithms. The fidelity of these approximation models are merely based on the fidelity of data used to construct these models. Hence it becomes indispensable to spend more computational power in order to convene more data which are further used for constructing the approximation models. The goal of this thesis is to present a design approach for assumed wing airfoils; it includes the design process, multi-objective design optimization based on surrogate modelling. The optimization design stared from a transonic single-element single-objective optimization design, and then high-lift configurations were two low-speed conditions of multi-objective optimization design, on this basis, further completed a variable camber airfoil at low speed to high-lift configuration to improve aerodynamic performance. Through this study, prove a surrogate based model could be used in the wing airfoil optimization design.

Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a powerful analytical technique for the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, with spatial resolution down to a few microns However, calibration remains the limiting factor in obtaining quantitative analysis by LA-ICP-MS for a wide range of sample types. No universal method exists as yet and the ones that are currently used tend to employ matrix-matched solid standards Matrix-matched solid standards are not available for many types of sample, such as polymers, biological materials, fluid inclusions, etc The need for a universal method of calibration that involves standards that are easy to prepare and suitable for any type of sample is required. Additional to matrix-matching, internal standards are widely used in LA-ICP-MS for quantitative analyses The internal standard compensates for the different ablation yields from the sample and the standard and for the laser shot to shot variation. Given that the use of an internal standard is required to obtain reliable results, the need for matrix-matching might be regarded as questionable This project has focused on the development and application of a new method of calibration for LA-ICP-MS. It involves the use of aqueous standards whose absorption characteristics are modified by the addition of a chromophore to the solution. Additives were selected for ablation with KrF excimer, and Nd.YAG lasers The influence of the additive concentration on the ablation yield was investigated for different laser energies. Response curves were obtained showing that as the additive concentration was increased, less energy was required to ablate the modified standard solutions efficiently. A general procedure was then defined for the preparation and use of the modified standard solutions for a given sample. The new method of calibration was used for the quantitative analysis of different sample types· low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyketone (PK), polyethylene thin film as well as gels contained in the thin film, and stainless steel. Investigations were carried out on the mechanism of ablation of the modified standard solutions. It appeared that the ablation proceeded by a three-step process leading ultimately to nebulisation of the bulk liquid.

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