Real-time channels are established between a source and a destination to guarantee in-time delivery of real-time messages in multi-hop networks. In this thesis, we propose two schemes to establish real-time channels for soft real-time applications whose timeliness properties are characterized using Jensen's Time Utility Functions (TUFs) that are non-increasing. The two algorithms are (1) Localized Decision for Utility accrual Channel Establishment (LocDUCE) and (2) Global Decision for Utility accrual Channel Establishment (GloDUCE). Since finding a feasible path optimizing multiple constraints is an NP-Complete problem, these schemes heuristically attempt to maximize the system-wide accrued utility. The channel establishment algorithms assume the existence of a utility-aware packet scheduling algorithm at the interfaces. The route selection is based on delay estimation performed at the source, destination, and all routers in the path, from source to destination. We simulate the algorithms, measure and compare their performance with open shortest path first (OSPF). Our simulation experiments show that for most of the cases considered LocDUCE and GloDUCE perform better than OSPF. We also implement the schemes in a proof-of-concept style routing module and measure the performance of the schemes and compare them to OSPF. Our experiments on the implementation follow the same trend as the simulation study and show that LocDUCE and GloDUCE have a distinct advantage over OSPF and accrue higher system-wide utility. These schemes also react better to variation in the loading of the links. Among the two proposed approaches, we observe that GloDUCE performs better than LocDUCE under conditions of increased downstream link loads. / Master of Science

Les réseaux sans fil multi-saut (WMN : Wireless multi-hop Networks) sont passés du stade de simple curiosité pour revêtir aujourd'hui un intérêt certain aussi bien du point de vue de la communauté de recherche que des opérateurs de réseaux et services. En analysant les services et applications fournis au sein des réseaux WMNs, nous pouvons constater que certaines applications telles que la visioconférence, la VoIP, etc sont sensibles au délai et nécessitent une certaine qualité de service (QoS). D'autres applications telles que le transfert de fichier, le streaming vidéo, etc. sont gourmands en terme d'utilisation de bande passante. Par conséquent, les architectures de communication des réseaux WMNs doivent intégrer des mécanismes de routage efficaces et adaptés pour répondre aux besoins des services et applications envisagés. Dans cette thèse, Nous nous intéressons à la problématique du routage dans les réseaux WMNs. Notre objectif est de proposer une nouvelle approche de routage qui prend en compte différents métriques de coûts. Tout d'abord, nous avons montré que le routage sous contraintes multiples est un problème NP complet et que trois étapes sont nécessaires à la conception d'une nouvelle solution de routage: (i) modélisation de l'interférence, (ii) l'estimation de la de la bande passante restante, (iii) l'estimation du délai à un saut. Suivant cette vision, nous avons proposé deux variantes du protocole de routage OLSR (SP-OLSR, S2P-OLSR) se basant sur la métrique SINR. Les résultats des simulations ont montré l'intérêt de la proposition dans un contexte de communication vocale (VoIP). Ensuite, nous avons proposé un algorithme d'estimation d'interférence à 2 sauts (2-HEAR) afin d'estimer la bande passante disponible. Puis, et sur la base de cet algorithme, nous avons proposé une nouvelle métrique de routage pour les WMNs: Estimated Balanced Capacity (EBC) en vue de parvenir à l'équilibrage de charge entre des différents flux. La dernière question abordée dans cette thèse est celle de l'estimation du délai à un saut. La solution proposée donne une borne du délai en se basant sur un modèle de file d'attente de type G/G/1. Enfin, nous avons englobé toutes les précédentes contributions pour mettre en place une nouvelle approche de routage hybride sous contraintes multiples. Ce protocole comporte une partie proactive utilisant la nouvelle métrique de routage (EBC) et une partie réactive qui permet de prendre en compte le délai relative à une connexion donné. / There is a growing interest in wireless multi-hop networks (WMNs) since there are promising in opening new business opportunity for network operators and service providers. This research field aims at providing wireless communication means to carry different types of applications (FTP, Web browsing, video streaming, in addition to VoIP). Such applications have different constraints and their specific requirements in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) or performance metrics (delay jitter, end-to-end delay). We examine, in this thesis, the problem of routing in WMNs. Our main goal is to propose a new multi-metrics routing capable to fit these particular needs. In this thesis, we make several contributions toward WMN multi-constrained routing. First, we show that the multi-constrained path finding problem is NP-Complete and inherently a cross-layer issue, and that three steps are necessary to design the multi-metric routing protocol: (i) modeling of the inferring signal, (ii) estimation of the remaining bandwidth, (iii) estimation of the one-hop delay. Second, moving in such direction, we propose two enhanced versions of the OLSR routing protocol. The suggested protocols consider the SINR as a routing metric to build a reliable topology graph. Performance evaluation shows that utilizing such routing metric helps to improve significantly the VoIP application quality in the context of ad hoc network while maintaining a reasonable overhead cost. Third, we have proposed a 2-Hop interference Estimation Algorithm (2-HEAR) in order to estimate the available bandwidth. Then, and based on such algorithm, we have proposed a novel routing metric for WMNs: Estimated Balanced Capacity (EBC) in order to achieve load-balancing among the different flows. The next issue tackled in this thesis is the one-hop delay estimation, the one-hop delay is estimated by means of an analytical model based on G/G/1 queue. Finally, we have encompassed all the previous contributions to address our main goal, i.e. the design of a multi-constrained routing protocol for WMNs. A hybrid routing protocol is then proposed. This protocol is a junction of two parts : a proactive part that makes use of the previously estimated constraint, and a reactive part, which is triggered ”on demand” when news applications are expressed.

Freshness of information has become of high importance with the emergence of many real- time applications like monitoring systems and communication networks. The main idea behind all of these scenarios is the same, there exists at least a monitor of some process to which the monitor does not have direct access. Rather, the monitor indirectly receives updates over time from a source that can observe the process directly. The common main goal in these scenarios is to guarantee that the updates at the monitor side are as fresh as possible. However, due to the contention among the nodes in the network over limited channel resources, it takes some random time for the updates before they are received by the monitor. These applications have motivated a line of research studying the Age of Information (AoI) as a new performance metric that captures timeliness of information. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the AoI problem in general multi-source multi-hop status update networks with slotted transmissions. Fundamental lower bounds on the instantaneous peak and average AoI are derived under general interference constraints. Explicit algorithms are developed that generate scheduling policies for status update dissem- ination throughout the network for the class of minimum-length periodic schedules under global interference constraints. Next, we study AoI in multi-access channels, where a number of sources share the same server with exponentially distributed service times to communicate to a monitor. Two cases depending on the status update arrival rates at the sources are considered: (i) random arrivals based on the Poisson point process, and (ii) active arrivals where each source can generate an update at any point in time. For each case, closed-form expressions are derived for the average AoI as a function of the system parameters. Next, the effect of energy harvesting on the age is considered in a single-source single- monitor status update system that has a server with a finite battery capacity. Depending on the server’s ability to harvest energy while a packet is in service, and allowing or blocking the newly-arriving packets to preempt a packet in service, average AoI expressions are derived. The results show that preemption of the packets in service is sub-optimal when the energy arrival rate is lower than the status update arrival rate. Finally, the age of channel state information (CSI) is studied in fully-connected wire- less networks with time-slotted transmissions and time-varying channels. A framework is developed that accounts for the amount of data and overhead in each packet and the CSI disseminated in the packet. Lower bounds on the peak and average AoI are derived and a greedy protocol that schedules the status updates based on minimizing the instantaneous average AoI is developed. Achievable average AoI is derived for the class of randomized CSI dissemination schedules.

The objective of this research is to develop an optimized quality of service (QoS) assurance algorithm with the differentiated services (DiffServ) architecture, and a differentiated polling algorithm with efficient bandwidth allocation for QoS assurance in the hybrid multi-hop mesh/relay networks. These wide area networks (WANs), which will employ a connection-based MAC protocol, along with QoS-enabled wireless local area networks (WLANs) that use a contention-based MAC protocol, need to provide an end-to-end QoS guarantee for data communications, particularly QoS-sensitive multimedia communications. Due to the high cost of construction and maintenance of infrastructure in wireless networks, engineers and researchers have focused their investigations on wireless mesh/relay networks with lower cost and high scalability. For current wireless multi-hop networks, an end-to-end QoS guarantee is an important functionality to add, because the demand for real-time multimedia communications has recently been increasing. For real-time multimedia communication in heterogeneous networks, hybrid multi-hop mesh/relay networks using a connection-based MAC protocol, along with QoS-enabled WLANs that use a contention-based MAC protocol can be an effective multi-hop network model , as opposed to multi-hop networks with a contention-based MAC protocol without a QoS mechanism. To provide integrated QoS support for different QoS mechanisms, the design of the cross-layer DiffServ architecture that can be applied in wireless multi-hop mesh/relay networks with WLANs is desirable. For parameterized QoS that requires a specific set of QoS parameters in hybrid multi-hop networks, an optimized QoS assurance algorithm with the DiffServ architecture is proposed here that supports end-to-end QoS through a QoS enhanced WAN for multimedia communications. For a QoS assurance algorithm that requires a minimum per-hop delay, the proper bandwidth to allow the per-hop delay constraint needs to be allocated. Therefore, a polling algorithm with a differentiated strategy at multi-hop routers is proposed here. The proposed polling algorithm at a router differentially computes and distributes the polling rates for routers according to the ratio of multimedia traffic to overall traffic, the number of traffic connections, and the type of polling service. By simulating the architecture and the algorithms proposed in this thesis and by analyzing traffic with the differentiated QoS requirement, it is shown here that the architecture and the algorithms produce an excellent end-to-end QoS guarantee.

A wireless channel is shared by all devices, in the vicinity, that are tuned to the channel, and at any given time, only one of the devices can transmit information. One way to overcome this limitation, in throughput capacity, is to use multiple orthogonal channels for different devices, that want to transmit information at the same time. In this work, we consider the use of multiple orthogonal channels in wireless data networks. We explore algorithms and protocols for such multi-channel wireless networks under two broad categories of network-wide and link-level challenges. Towards handling the network-wide issues, we consider the channel assignment and routing issues in multi-channel wireless networks. We study both single radio and multi-radio multi-channel networks. For single radio multi-channel networks, we propose a new granularity for channel assignment, that we refer to as component level channel assignment. The strategy is relatively simple, and is characterized by several impressive practical advantages. For multi-radio multi-channel networks, we propose a joint routing and channel assignment protocol, known as Lattice Routing. The protocol manages channels of the radios, for the different nodes in the network, using information about current channel conditions, and adapts itself to varying traffic patterns, in order to efficiently use the multiple channels. Through ns2 based simulations, we show how both the protocols outperform other existing protocols for multi-channel networks under different network environments. Towards handling the link-level challenges, we identify the practical challenges in achieving a high data-rate wireless link across two devices using multiple off-the-shelf wireless radios. Given that the IEEE 802.11 a/g standards define 3 orthogonal wi-fi channels in the 2.4GHz band and 12 orthogonal wi-fi channels in the 5GHz band, we answer the following question: ``can a pair of devices each equipped with 15 wi-fi radios use all the available orthogonal channels to achieve a high data-rate link operating at 600Mbps?' Surprisingly, we find through experimental evaluation that the actual observed performance when using all fifteen orthogonal channels between two devices is a mere 91Mbps. We identify the reasons behind the low performance and present Glia, a software only solution that effectively exercises all available radios. We prototype Glia and show using experimental evaluations that Glia helps achieve close to 600Mbps data-rate when using all possible wi-fi channels.

Les systèmes de gestion de données distribuées deviennent de plus en plus complexes. Ils interagissent avec des réseaux de dispositifs fixes et/ou mobiles, tels que des smartphones ou des tablettes, dispositifs hétérogènes, autonomes et possédant des limitations physiques. Ces dispositifs exécutent des applications permettant l'interaction des usagers (i.e. jeux virtuels, réseaux sociaux). Ces applications produisent et consomment des données à tout moment voire même en continu. Les caractéristiques de ces systèmes ajoutent des dimensions au problème de l'optimisation de requêtes, telles que la variabilité des objectifs d'optimisation, l'absence d'information sur les données (métadonnées) ou le manque d'une vision globale du système. Les techniques traditionnelles d'optimisation des requêtes n'abordent pas (ou très peu) les systèmes autonomes. Elles se basent sur les métadonnées et font des hypothèses très fortes sur le comportement du système. En plus, la majorité de ces techniques d'optimisation ciblent uniquement l'optimisation du temps d'exécution. La difficulté d'évaluation des requêtes dans les applications modernes incite à revisiter les techniques traditionnelles d'optimisation. Cette thèse fait face aux défis décris précédemment par l'adaptation du paradigme du Raisonnement à partir de cas (CBR pour Case-Based Reasoning) au problème de l'optimisation des requêtes. Cette adaptation, associée à une exploration pseudo-aléatoire de l'espace de solutions fournit un moyen pour optimiser des requêtes dans les contextes possédant très peu voire aucune information sur les données. Cette approche se concentre sur l'optimisation de requêtes en utilisant les cas générés précédemment dans l'évaluation de requêtes similaires. Un cas de requête et composé par : (i) la requête (le problème), (ii) le plan d'exécution (la solution) et (iii) les mesures de ressources utilisés par l'exécution du plan (l'évaluation de la solution). Cette thèse aborde également la façon que le processus CBR interagit avec le processus de génération de plan d'exécution de la requête qui doit permettre d'explorer l'espace des solutions. Ce processus utilise les heuristiques classiques et prennent des décisions de façon aléatoire lorsque les métadonnées viennent à manquer (e.g. pour l'ordre des jointures, la sélection des algorithmes, voire même le choix des protocoles d'acheminement de messages). Ce processus exploite également le CBR pour générer des plans pour des sous-requêtes, accélérant ainsi l'apprentissage de nouveaux cas. Les propositions de cette thèse ont été validées à l'aide du prototype CoBRA développé dans le contexte du projet UBIQUEST. / Distributed data systems are becoming increasingly complex. They interconnect devices (e.g. smartphones, tablets, etc.) that are heterogeneous, autonomous, either static or mobile, and with physical limitations. Such devices run applications (e.g. virtual games, social networks, etc.) for the online interaction of users producing / consuming data on demand or continuously. The characteristics of these systems add new dimensions to the query optimization problem, such as multi-optimization criteria, scarce information on data, lack of global system view, among others. Traditional query optimization techniques focus on semi (or not at all) autonomous systems. They rely on information about data and make strong assumptions about the system behavior. Moreover, most of these techniques are centered on the optimization of execution time only. The difficulty for evaluating queries efficiently on nowadays applications motivates this work to revisit traditional query optimization techniques. This thesis faces these challenges by adapting the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) paradigm to query processing, providing a way to optimize queries when there is no prior knowledge of data. It focuses on optimizing queries using cases generated from the evaluation of similar past queries. A query case comprises: (i) the query, (ii) the query plan and (iii) the measures (computational resources consumed) of the query plan. The thesis also concerns the way the CBR process interacts with the query plan generation process. This process uses classical heuristics and makes decisions randomly (e.g. when there are no statistics for join ordering and selection of algorithms, routing protocols). It also (re)uses cases (existing query plans) for similar queries parts, improving the query optimization, and therefore evaluation efficiency. The propositions of this thesis have been validated within the CoBRa optimizer developed in the context of the UBIQUEST project .

Un nombre important d'outils d'expérimentation permettent aujourd'hui l'étude de problématiques pour les réseaux fixes et mobiles multi sauts. En s'appuyant sur un état de l'art faisant état des différentes fonctionnalités et caractéristiques propres aux outils et méthodes d'expérimentation les plus couramment utilisés, cette thèse vise à évaluer des outils d'expérimentations innovants. Concernant l'étude des réseaux fixes, nous proposons VIRCONEL, un outil permettant la définition de topologies réseaux virtuelles ainsi que la réalisation de scénario dans des conditions réalistes. Pour l'étude des réseaux mobiles multi sauts, nous proposons tout d'abord SILUMOD, un langage qui permet de définir aisément à l'aide de mots clés et d'opérateurs spécifiques les caractéristiques du mouvement d'un nœud mobile. Nous proposons ensuite VIRMANEL, un outil permettant la gestion des connexions entre des nœuds mobiles multi sauts représentés par des machines virtuelles, à l'aide d'un algorithme optimisant la mise à jour des liens effectifs entre ces nœuds mobiles. En associant SILUMOD et VIRMANEL, nous obtenons ainsi un outil capable de simuler les déplacements d'un nœud mobile tout en évaluant et établissant les connections potentielles entre ces nœuds mobiles. Les évaluations de ces outils montrent que si la virtualisation est effectivement un outil pertinent et utile pour l’expérimentation des réseaux, elle a aussi ses limites et le réalisme des résultats dépend des conditions d’expérimentation. Nous discutons de cette problématique et proposons, à l’issue de cette thèse, quelques critères permettant d’évaluer le degré de confiance à accorder à un résultat. / A significant number of experimental tools now allow the study of problems for fixed and mobile multi -hop networks. Based on a state of the art reporting different features and characteristics specific to different testing methods, this thesis aims to provide some assessment of these innovative experiments tools. Concerning the study of fixed networks , we propose and evaluate VIRCONEL , a tool for the definition of virtual network topologies as well as the realization of scenario under realistic conditions. For the study of mobile multi-hop networks , we first propose SILUMOD , a language that allows using specific keywords and operators to easily define characteristics of the movement of a mobile node. We then propose VIRMANEL , a tool for managing connections between mobile nodes represented by virtual machines, using an algorithm optimizing the update of effective links between mobile nodes. By combining SILUMOD and VIRMANEL , we obtain a tool to simulate the movement of a mobile node while evaluating and establishing potential connections between mobile nodes. Evaluations of these tools show that if virtualization is indeed a relevant and useful tool for network experiments , it also has its limitations and the realism of results depends on experimental conditions. We discuss this problem and propose at the end of this thesis , some criteria for assessing the degree of trust to give a result.

Ein drahtloses Multihop-Netzwerk (DMN) ist ein verteiltes Kommunikationssystem, welches vor allem die Fähigkeit zur automatischen Anpassung an sich ständig änderne Umgebungsbedingungen hat. Eine zentrale Fragestellung in DMNen ist, ob das Netzwerk partitioniert ist, ob also nicht mehr jeder Knoten mit jedem anderen Knoten kommunizieren kann. Um festzustellen, ob eine Partitionierung droht werden mit Hilfe von 2-Zusammenhangstests Brücken und Artikulationspunkte im Kommunikationsgraphen gesucht. Daraufhin können anschließend korrektive Aktionen eingeleitet werden um die Partitionierung zu verhindern und somit die Netzwerkverfügbarkeit zu erhöhen. Eine Vielzahl von 2-Zusammenhangstestverfahren wurde bereits erfolgreich bei drahtgebundenen Netzen eingesetzt. Allerdings sind diese Verfahren ungeeignet für drahtlose Netze, da die Ungenauigkeiten durch den häufigen Paketverlust in solchen Systemen bisher nicht berücksichtigt wurden. Mit Hilfe von stochastischen Modellen wird gezeigt, dass Fehler in der Entscheidungsfindung für DMNen bereits bei sehr einfachen Problemen wie der Link-Erkennung signifikant sein können. In dieser Arbeit werden daher verschiedene Verfahren präsentiert, die auch auf Grundlage unsicherer Informationen noch eine verlässliche Entscheidungsfindung ermöglichen. Die Arbeit präsentiert einen neuen verteilten Algorithmus zum Test auf 2-Zusammenhang, welcher Fehler durch Nachrichtenverlust berücksichtigt und gleichzeitig die Anzahl an Nachrichten reduziert. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Einflüsse von Kommunikationsfehlern auf den Algorithmus, wurden Abstimmungsprozeduren entwickelt, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Fehlentscheidungen nochmals reduzieren. Zur weiteren Analyse werden die Algorithmen erstens in der Motelab-Umgebung und zweitens mit Hilfe von Simulationen untersucht. Die präsentierten Algorithmen zeigen überzeugende Ergebnisse unter variierenden Bedingungen, was ihre Anwendbarkeit in realen Szenarien unterstreicht. / Wireless multi-hop network (WMN) is a distributed communication system composed of autonomous processing nodes that is known for its ability to automatically adjust to rapidly changing conditions in the surrounding environment. Connectivity is one of the basic properties of a network. Removal of a bridge or an articulation point partitions a network. Biconnectivity testing identifies bridges and articulation points in a network, and once they are known corrective actions can be performed in order to improve network''s reliability. Numerous biconnectivity testing algorithms are successfully applied in graphs, wired networks and multiprocessor systems. However, they are inadequate for application in wireless networks since the frequent packet losses introduce uncertainty in the system which these algorithms cannot handle. The stochastic analysis shows that errors in decision-making in WMNs are considerable even for seemingly simple tasks such as the detection of links. The main contribution of this work is to provide means for accurate binary decision-making under uncertainty within the context of biconnectivity testing in WMNs. A distributed algorithm is developed that successfully handles the faults caused by message losses and simultaneously utilizes benefits of wireless communication to reduce message complexity from O(e) to O(n). Based on stochastic analysis of WMN topologies and a comprehensive analysis of impact of communication faults on algorithm''s behavior, the algorithm is extended by voting theory to reduce probability of erroneous decisions. The algorithm and the voting rules are evaluated in experiments in Motelab testbed and in the event-based simulator Jist/SWANS. The algorithm is accurate under various conditions which demonstrates its applicability in reality and capability of successful operation in presence of packet losses.

<p>With the constant development of wireless technologies, the usageof wireless devices tends to increase even more in the future.Wireless multi-hop networks (WMNs) have emerged as a keytechnology to numerous potential scenarios, ranging from disasterrecovery to wireless broadband internet access. The distributedarchitecture of WMNs enables nodes to cooperatively relay othernode's packets. Because of their advantages over other wirelessnetworks, WMNs are undergoing rapid progress and inspiringnumerous applications. However, many technical issues still existin this field. In this thesis we investigate how Voice over IP(VoIP) and peer-to-peer (P2P) application are influenced bywireless multi-hop network characteristics and how to optimizethem in order to provide scalable communication.We first consider the deployment of VoIP service in wirelessmulti-hop networks, by using the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)architecture. Our investigation shows that the centralized SIParchitecture imposes several challenges when deployed in thedecentralized wireless multi-hop environment. We find that VoIPquality metrics are severely degraded as the traffic and number ofmultiple hops to the gateway increase. In the context ofscalability, we further propose four alternative approaches whichavoid current limitations.In the second part of this thesis we tackle the network capacityproblem while providing scalable VoIP service over wirelessmulti-hop networks. The performance evaluation shows the influenceof intra and inter-flow interference in channel utilization, whichdirect impacts the VoIP capacity. In order to avoid the small VoIPpacket overhead, we propose a new adaptive hop-by-hop packetaggregation scheme based on wireless link characteristics. Ourperformance evaluation shows that the proposed scheme can increasethe VoIP capacity by a two-fold gain.The study of peer-to-peer applicability over wireless multi-hopnetworks is another important contribution. A resource lookupapplication is realized through structured P2P overlay. We showthat due to several reasons, such as characteristics of wirelesslinks, multi-hop forwarding operation, and structured P2Pmanagement traffic aggressiveness the performance of traditionalP2P applications is rather low in wireless multi-hop environments.Therefore, we suggested that a trade-off between the P2P lookupefficiency and the P2P management traffic overhead can be achievedwhile maintaining the overlay network consistency in wirelessmulti-hop networks.</p>

Wireless communication has seen a tremendous growth in the last decades. Continuing on this trend, wireless multi-hop networks  are nowadays used or planned for use in a multitude of contexts, spanning from Internet access at home to emergency situations. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable and ordered delivery of a data and is used by major Internet applications such as web browsers, email clients and file transfer programs. TCP traffic is also the dominating traffic type on the Internet. However, TCP performs less than optimal in wireless multi-hop networks due to packet reordering, low link capacity, packet loss and variable delay. In this thesis, we develop novel proposals for enhancing the network and transport layer to improve TCP performance in wireless multi-hop networks. As initial studies, we experimentally evaluate the performance of different TCP variants, with and without mobile nodes. We further evaluate the impact of multi-path routing on TCP performance and propose packet aggregation combined with aggregation aware multi-path forwarding as a means to better utilize the available bandwidth. The last contribution is a novel extension to multi-path TCP to  enable single-homed hosts to fully utilize the network capacity. / <p>Opponent changed. Prof. C. Lindeman from the University of Leipzig was substituted by Prof. Zhang.</p>