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As aglomerações de empresas têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas, dadas as suas particularidades, em comparação com os negócios que não se localizam em aglomerações, pois têm havido desempenhos satisfatórios que são obtidos pelas empresas participantes das aglomerações, e desenvolvimento nas localidades em que os aglomerados se instalam. O desenvolvimento local é contribuinte da melhoria da qualidade de vida das regiões, a partir do impacto que é gerado em várias dimensões, quais sejam: espacial, cultural, política, institucional, social, econômica e ambiental. O Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) é um tipo de aglomerado empresarial que se constitui em um sistema formador de ações coletivas e resultados promissores para determinada região. Assim, é um agente para o desenvolvimento dessa localidade, dada sua capacidade de impactar as dimensões do desenvolvimento local por meio de ações potencializadoras e/ou inibidoras. A proposta deste estudo foi estudar quais, e como, fatores presentes em três arranjos produtivos locais, situados nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, contribuem ou inibem o desenvolvimento local das regiões em que estão inseridos, a partir das inter-relações entre as dimensões ambiental, cultural, econômica, espacial, institucional, política e social. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) identificar os atores, as dimensões e os fatores presentes nos arranjos produtivos locais, considerando a possível interferência no desenvolvimento local; ii) alocar os fatores conforme as categorias de análise; iii) entender o conjunto dos fatores, das relações e das interações, presentes entre os atores/agentes e as dimensões do desenvolvimento local; iv) compreender os fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento local; v) compreender os fatores que inibem o desenvolvimento local. A pesquisa foi de natureza aplicada, abordagem qualitativa e descritiva. A estratégia utilizada para alcançar o objetivo proposto foi o estudo multicasos. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram: entrevistas, observação não participante e análise documental. Para interpretação dos dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo a partir das categorias, aspectos: ambientais, culturais, econômicos, espaciais, institucionais, políticos e sociais. Os resultados apontaram que houve desenvolvimento local nos três arranjos estudados, porém com diferenças de impacto entre os fatores formadores de cada dimensão, assim como entre a contribuição de cada dimensão ao desenvolvimento local. Vários fatores apresentaram tanto potencializar quanto inibir o desenvolvimento. Verificou-se que o fator Cooperação, Coletividade é chave para as práticas de desenvolvimento, assim como a dimensão institucional, por ser coordenadora e disseminadora potencial de ações para esse fim. A dimensão econômica ainda é a que mais motiva as ações e estratégias dos arranjos, e a dimensão ambiental tem tido menor motivação, o que tem comprometido, e muito, o desenvolvimento das regiões analisadas. É necessário contemplar visão de maior envolvimento e transformação cultural entre os agentes/atores dos locais. Como sugestões práticas, as políticas (públicas e privadas) devem considerar aspectos imprescindíveis ao desenvolvimento local, quais sejam: a formação da autonomia do arranjo; a flexibilidade quanto as fronteiras espaciais para definição de variados problemas e variadas soluções; a perspectiva de longo prazo; a inovação e o profissionalismo, por uma visão ampla, além da dimensão financeira. / The agglomerations of companies attracted the interest of researchers and policymakers, given their particularities, compared to companies not located in agglomerations, because occurred satisfactory performances by the companies participating in the agglomerations, and development in the localities where the agglomerates settle. The local development contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of the regions, by the impact generated in several dimensions, such as: spatial, cultural, political, institutional, social, economic and environmental. The cluster is a type of industrial agglomerated composed of a system of collective actions and promising results for a given region. Thus, it is an agent for the development of this locality, given its capacity to affect the dimensions of local development through actions that contribute to or inhibit in this development. The research was the purpose of studying which, and how, factors present in three clusters, situated in the Southeast and Center-West regions of Brazil, contribute or inhibit the local development of the regions in which they belong, based on the interrelations between the dimensions: environmental, cultural, economic, spatial, institutional, political and social. The specific objectives were: i) identify the actors, dimensions, and factors present in the clusters, considering the possible interference in local development; ii) allocate the factors according to the categories of analysis; iii) understand the set of factors, relationships and interactions, present between the actors/agents and the dimensions of local development; iv) understand the factors that contribute to local development; v) understand the factors that inhibit local development. The research considered a study of an applied nature, qualitative approach and descriptive. The strategy used to reach the proposed goal was the multi-case study. The techniques of data collection were interviews, non-participant observation, and documentary analysis. For the interpretation of the data, was used the content analysis according to the categories, aspects: environmental, cultural, economic, spatial, institutional, political and social. The results showed that there was local development in the three arrangements studied, but with differences of impact between the factors forming each dimension, as well as between the contribution of each dimension to local development. Several factors have both potentialized and inhibited development. The factor Cooperation, Collectivity was indicated as fundamental for the development practices, as well as the institutional dimension, for having a potential coordinator and disseminator of actions for this purpose. The economic dimension is still the one that most motivates the actions and strategies in the arrangements, and the environmental dimension has less motivation, which has greatly committed the development of the analyzed regions. It is necessary to contemplate a vision of greater involvement and cultural transformation among the agents/actors from locals. As practical suggestions, the policies (public and private) should consider aspects essential to local development, such as: the formation of the autonomy of the arrangement; the flexibility of spatial frontier to define varied problems and solutions; the long-term perspective; the innovation and the professionalism, for a broad vision, beyond the financial dimension.

This thesis report presents the work of analysing current challenges in Multidisciplinary Analysis systems. Exemplary the system of an aerospace supplier, GKN Aerospace Sweden AB, is examined and several suggestions for improve- ment are implemented. The Multidisciplinary Analysis system, with company internal name Engineering Workbench, employs a set-based approach in exploring the design-space for jet engine components. A number of design cases with varied geometrical and environmental parameters is generated using Design of Experiment sampling methods. Each design case is then subjected to a set of analyses. Using the analyses results, a surrogate model of the parts behaviour in relation to the input parameters is created. This enables the product developer to get a general view of the model’s behaviour and also to react to changes in product requirements. Design research methodology is applied to further develop the Engineering Workbench into a versatile design support system and expand the functionality to include producibility assessment. In its original state, the execution of a study requires explicit domain knowledge and programming skills in several disciplines. The execution of a study is often halted by minor process errors. Several methods to improve this status are suggested and tested. Among those are the introduction of an interface to improve the usability and expand the range of possible users. Further the integration of a four level system architecture supporting a modular structure. Producibility assessment is enabled by developing an expert system where geometrical and simulation results can be caught, analysed and evaluated to produce producibility metrics. Evaluation of the implemented solutions indicate a step in the right direction. Further development towards Multidisciplinary Optimisation, involving experts in information technologies as well as case- based reasoning techniques is suggested and discussed.

As aglomerações de empresas têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas, dadas as suas particularidades, em comparação com os negócios que não se localizam em aglomerações, pois têm havido desempenhos satisfatórios que são obtidos pelas empresas participantes das aglomerações, e desenvolvimento nas localidades em que os aglomerados se instalam. O desenvolvimento local é contribuinte da melhoria da qualidade de vida das regiões, a partir do impacto que é gerado em várias dimensões, quais sejam: espacial, cultural, política, institucional, social, econômica e ambiental. O Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) é um tipo de aglomerado empresarial que se constitui em um sistema formador de ações coletivas e resultados promissores para determinada região. Assim, é um agente para o desenvolvimento dessa localidade, dada sua capacidade de impactar as dimensões do desenvolvimento local por meio de ações potencializadoras e/ou inibidoras. A proposta deste estudo foi estudar quais, e como, fatores presentes em três arranjos produtivos locais, situados nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, contribuem ou inibem o desenvolvimento local das regiões em que estão inseridos, a partir das inter-relações entre as dimensões ambiental, cultural, econômica, espacial, institucional, política e social. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) identificar os atores, as dimensões e os fatores presentes nos arranjos produtivos locais, considerando a possível interferência no desenvolvimento local; ii) alocar os fatores conforme as categorias de análise; iii) entender o conjunto dos fatores, das relações e das interações, presentes entre os atores/agentes e as dimensões do desenvolvimento local; iv) compreender os fatores que contribuem para o desenvolvimento local; v) compreender os fatores que inibem o desenvolvimento local. A pesquisa foi de natureza aplicada, abordagem qualitativa e descritiva. A estratégia utilizada para alcançar o objetivo proposto foi o estudo multicasos. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram: entrevistas, observação não participante e análise documental. Para interpretação dos dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo a partir das categorias, aspectos: ambientais, culturais, econômicos, espaciais, institucionais, políticos e sociais. Os resultados apontaram que houve desenvolvimento local nos três arranjos estudados, porém com diferenças de impacto entre os fatores formadores de cada dimensão, assim como entre a contribuição de cada dimensão ao desenvolvimento local. Vários fatores apresentaram tanto potencializar quanto inibir o desenvolvimento. Verificou-se que o fator Cooperação, Coletividade é chave para as práticas de desenvolvimento, assim como a dimensão institucional, por ser coordenadora e disseminadora potencial de ações para esse fim. A dimensão econômica ainda é a que mais motiva as ações e estratégias dos arranjos, e a dimensão ambiental tem tido menor motivação, o que tem comprometido, e muito, o desenvolvimento das regiões analisadas. É necessário contemplar visão de maior envolvimento e transformação cultural entre os agentes/atores dos locais. Como sugestões práticas, as políticas (públicas e privadas) devem considerar aspectos imprescindíveis ao desenvolvimento local, quais sejam: a formação da autonomia do arranjo; a flexibilidade quanto as fronteiras espaciais para definição de variados problemas e variadas soluções; a perspectiva de longo prazo; a inovação e o profissionalismo, por uma visão ampla, além da dimensão financeira. / The agglomerations of companies attracted the interest of researchers and policymakers, given their particularities, compared to companies not located in agglomerations, because occurred satisfactory performances by the companies participating in the agglomerations, and development in the localities where the agglomerates settle. The local development contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of the regions, by the impact generated in several dimensions, such as: spatial, cultural, political, institutional, social, economic and environmental. The cluster is a type of industrial agglomerated composed of a system of collective actions and promising results for a given region. Thus, it is an agent for the development of this locality, given its capacity to affect the dimensions of local development through actions that contribute to or inhibit in this development. The research was the purpose of studying which, and how, factors present in three clusters, situated in the Southeast and Center-West regions of Brazil, contribute or inhibit the local development of the regions in which they belong, based on the interrelations between the dimensions: environmental, cultural, economic, spatial, institutional, political and social. The specific objectives were: i) identify the actors, dimensions, and factors present in the clusters, considering the possible interference in local development; ii) allocate the factors according to the categories of analysis; iii) understand the set of factors, relationships and interactions, present between the actors/agents and the dimensions of local development; iv) understand the factors that contribute to local development; v) understand the factors that inhibit local development. The research considered a study of an applied nature, qualitative approach and descriptive. The strategy used to reach the proposed goal was the multi-case study. The techniques of data collection were interviews, non-participant observation, and documentary analysis. For the interpretation of the data, was used the content analysis according to the categories, aspects: environmental, cultural, economic, spatial, institutional, political and social. The results showed that there was local development in the three arrangements studied, but with differences of impact between the factors forming each dimension, as well as between the contribution of each dimension to local development. Several factors have both potentialized and inhibited development. The factor Cooperation, Collectivity was indicated as fundamental for the development practices, as well as the institutional dimension, for having a potential coordinator and disseminator of actions for this purpose. The economic dimension is still the one that most motivates the actions and strategies in the arrangements, and the environmental dimension has less motivation, which has greatly committed the development of the analyzed regions. It is necessary to contemplate a vision of greater involvement and cultural transformation among the agents/actors from locals. As practical suggestions, the policies (public and private) should consider aspects essential to local development, such as: the formation of the autonomy of the arrangement; the flexibility of spatial frontier to define varied problems and solutions; the long-term perspective; the innovation and the professionalism, for a broad vision, beyond the financial dimension.

Zukünftige Hyperschalltransportsysteme unterliegen umfangreichen technischen, physikalischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Anforderungen. Im Detail sind diese Anforderungen stark untereinander verknüpft und somit ist eine multidisziplinäre Behandlung bei einem Entwurf von Hyperschall-Konfigurationen notwendig. Mit Hilfe höherwertiger numerischer Verfahren, wie CFD und FEM, sowie wachsender parallelisierter Rechensysteme lässt sich der Hyperschall-Entwurfsprozess in einen multidisziplinären Optimierungsprozess (MDO-Prozess) überführen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird daher ein neu entwickeltes Optimierungswerkzeug für den Vorentwurf von Hyperschall-Flugzeugen vorgestellt, welches die wichtigsten Aspekte der Aerodynamik, der Strukturmechanik, der Flugmechanik, der Antriebsintegration und der Missionsanalyse in einer multidisziplinären Analyse vereint. Alle Teilprozesse werden vollständig automatisiert und in den Analyseprozess integriert. Nach geometrischen Änderungen am Konfigurationsdesign erfolgt eine Aktualisierung des gesamten Entwurfs mit abschließender Leistungsbewertung. Die Funktionalität und Kapazität dieses MDO-Prozesses wird erfolgreich an einem existierenden Hyperschallentwurf, der HYCAT-1A, demonstriert. / Future hypersonic transport systems are characterized by extensive and strongly coupled technical, physical, economic and environmental requirements. Hence a multidisciplinary approach for preliminary design studies is necessary. Using high-fidelity numerical tools, e.g. CFD and FEM, on large-scale computer systems the hypersonic design process can be transformed into a multidisciplinary optimization process (MDO process). Thus in the present work a newly developed optimization tool is presented considering aerodynamic, structural, engine and mission characteristics. All sub-processes are integrated in a fully automated analysis environment. During the optimization the outer geometry is changed and all sub-processes are updated accordingly to evaluate the design performance. The functionality and possibilities of the developed MDO process are successfully shown on an existing hypersonic design, the HYCAT-1A configuration.

A Bayesian adaptive sampling method is developed for highly coupled multidisciplinary design problems. The method addresses a major challenge in aerospace design: exploration of a design space with computationally expensive analysis tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or finite element analysis. With a limited analysis budget, it is often impossible to optimize directly or to explore a design space with off-line design of experiments (DoE) and surrogate models. This difficulty is magnified in multidisciplinary problems with feedbacks between disciplines because each design point may require iterative analyses to converge on a compatible solution between different disciplines. Bayesian Collaborative Sampling (BCS) is a bi-level architecture for adaptive sampling that simulataneously - concentrates disciplinary analyses in regions of a design space that are favorable to a system-level objective - guides analyses to regions where interdisciplinary coupling variables are probably compatible BCS uses Bayesian models and sequential sampling techniques along with elements of the collaborative optimization (CO) architecture for multidisciplinary optimization. The method is tested with the aero-structural design of a glider wing and the aero-propulsion design of a turbojet engine nacelle.

Ce travail de thèse s'articule autour des caractéristiques de la performance dans la discipline du Vélo Tout-Terrain Cross-Country Olympique (VTT XCO). La performance produite dans une situation d’interaction homme-matériel résulte de l’adéquation optimale entre le pratiquant et son matériel. Elle résulte aussi bien de facteurs mécaniques (géométrie et rigidité du cadre, réglage des suspensions, taille des pneumatiques, transmission), biomécaniques (adoption d’un patron de pédalage adapté au terrain), physiologiques (économie du geste, endurance, fatigue) ou encore motivationnels (confiance en soi). La discipline spécifique du XCO a fortement évolué, au niveau réglementaire et technologique, depuis un peu moins d'une décennie. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de mes recherches a été de caractériser à la fois la performance in-situ et en laboratoire de manière à améliorer notre compréhension de la discipline dans son état actuel, afin de proposer des interventions au niveau de l'entrainement et sur des aspects plus fondamentaux du geste de pédalage en VTT. En s’intéressant notamment à la pratique de haut-niveau, à la dynamique des efforts et à certains aspects biomécaniques du pédalage, les résultats de ces travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que le format actuel de course correspond à une épreuve de haute intensité à la fois acyclique et intermittente, mais aussi que la modification du matériel n’entraine pas forcément de changement dans le pattern de pédalage des coureurs. / This thesis focuses on performance characteristics in the Cross-Country Olympic Mountain Bike (MTB XCO) discipline. The performance produced in a man-material interaction situation results from the optimal adequacy between the rider and his equipment. It results as much from mechanical factors (frame geometry and rigidity, suspension adjustment, tyre size, transmission) as biomechanical (adoption of a pedalling pattern adapted to the terrain), physiological (economy of movement, endurance, fatigue) or motivational (self-confidence). The XCO's specific discipline has evolved considerably, both in terms of regulations and technology, in just under a decade. Therefore, the objective of my research has been to characterize both in-situ and laboratory performance in order to improve our understanding of the discipline in its current state, in order to propose interventions at the level of training and on more fundamental aspects of pedalling in mountain bikes. By focusing in particular on high-level practice, the dynamics of effort and certain biomechanical aspects of pedalling, the results of this work have enabled us to highlight that the current racing format corresponds to a high intensity event that is both acyclic and intermittent, but also that changing the equipment does not necessarily lead to a change in the pedalling pattern of riders.

Zukünftige Hyperschalltransportsysteme unterliegen umfangreichen technischen, physikalischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Anforderungen. Im Detail sind diese Anforderungen stark untereinander verknüpft und somit ist eine multidisziplinäre Behandlung bei einem Entwurf von Hyperschall-Konfigurationen notwendig. Mit Hilfe höherwertiger numerischer Verfahren, wie CFD und FEM, sowie wachsender parallelisierter Rechensysteme lässt sich der Hyperschall-Entwurfsprozess in einen multidisziplinären Optimierungsprozess (MDO-Prozess) überführen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird daher ein neu entwickeltes Optimierungswerkzeug für den Vorentwurf von Hyperschall-Flugzeugen vorgestellt, welches die wichtigsten Aspekte der Aerodynamik, der Strukturmechanik, der Flugmechanik, der Antriebsintegration und der Missionsanalyse in einer multidisziplinären Analyse vereint. Alle Teilprozesse werden vollständig automatisiert und in den Analyseprozess integriert. Nach geometrischen Änderungen am Konfigurationsdesign erfolgt eine Aktualisierung des gesamten Entwurfs mit abschließender Leistungsbewertung. Die Funktionalität und Kapazität dieses MDO-Prozesses wird erfolgreich an einem existierenden Hyperschallentwurf, der HYCAT-1A, demonstriert. / Future hypersonic transport systems are characterized by extensive and strongly coupled technical, physical, economic and environmental requirements. Hence a multidisciplinary approach for preliminary design studies is necessary. Using high-fidelity numerical tools, e.g. CFD and FEM, on large-scale computer systems the hypersonic design process can be transformed into a multidisciplinary optimization process (MDO process). Thus in the present work a newly developed optimization tool is presented considering aerodynamic, structural, engine and mission characteristics. All sub-processes are integrated in a fully automated analysis environment. During the optimization the outer geometry is changed and all sub-processes are updated accordingly to evaluate the design performance. The functionality and possibilities of the developed MDO process are successfully shown on an existing hypersonic design, the HYCAT-1A configuration.

A case study of a prehistoric site named Ängesviken, in eastern Jämtland, is presented in this thesis. Ängesviken is situated in a region that traditionally has been understood as peripheral and without a significant history prior to the Late Iron Age or even the mediaeval period. The site appears to have a continuous presence of human activities through a period of 3000 years, manifested through a horizontal stratigraphy. In order to study this site of abstruse character a multidisciplinary approach is used, where archaeology, paleoecology, and spatiality are combined. The conceptual framework of the study is that landscapes are the result of socio-ecological processes over time. To frame the data provided by chosen methods, theoretical frameworks of cultural niche construction theory and landscape patchiness applied, which provide insight of the socio-ecological systems present at Ängesviken during the last 3000 years. During the Iron Age, the site was used for pastoralism, combined with hunting. The archaeological and geographical context of Ängesviken indicate that the site might have been connected with other regions through networks of trade during this period. During the mediaeval period there is a reorganisation of the outlands, leading to a phase of regrowth, but the site could possibly still have been utilised as hunting grounds as there are mediaeval villages in the region. In the early modern period and modern period, the site is once again used for pastoralism. Today, the utilisation of the site has changed towards modern forestry and occasional hunting of elk. The continuous presence at Ängesviken could be explained by the resources the outlands provided. This case study indicates that the far-reaching networks of trade during the Iron Age led to a process of local modification of the ecosystem driven by an external market. This study shows that the anthropogenic modification of the boreal forest's ecosystem has a longer history in eastern Jämtland than traditionally has been thought. The investigation of Ängesviken highlights the importance of researching abstruse and previously uncertain sites from a multidisciplinary approach, as the different datatypes complement each other and results in a deeper knowledge of the site and the socio-ecological systems in a long-term perspective. / Uppsatsen består av en fallstudie av en arkeolgosik lokal vid namn Ängesviken i östra Jämtland. Platsen ligger i ett område som vid första anblick ter sig perifeiellt placerat i utmarkerna till medeltida byar och tidigmoderna fäbodar. Tidigare har en vikingatida byggnad sam en intilligande grav undersökts arkeologiskt. Arkeologiska undersökningar har visat att människor tycks ha använt platsen under en 3000-års period, men hur platsen använts eller påverkats av denna användning har arkeologin inte kunnat påvisa. För att undersöka mänskliga aktiviteter vid Ängesviken under de senaste 3000 åren, samt hur dessa aktiviteter påverkat landskapet, undersöks platsen från ett tvärvetenskapligt perspektiv. Arkeologi kombineras med paleoekologi och rumslig analys. Det konceptuella ramverket för undersökningen bygger på historisk ekologi där kulturell nische konstruktion kombineras med "landscape patchiness". "Landscape patchiness" har sitt ursprung ur ekologin och lägger fokus på lakala vegetationsstrukturer. De äldsta praktikerna på platsen är ännu inte fullt ut klargjorda men platsens läge i landskapet ter sig som en trolig orsak till de första aktiviteterna. Pollenanalysen visar att området används för djurhållning under järnåldern, en aktivitet som kom att förändra landskapets struktur och platsens ekologi. Järnålderns kulturella nische ter sig multifunktionell där djurhållning har kombinerats med andra nyttjanden av utmarksresurser. Pollenanalysen visar att platsen verkar överges under medeltid för att sedan åter brukas för djurhållning under tidigmodern och modern tid. Undersökningen visar på vikten av tvärvetenskapliga undersökningar av otydliga och tidigare svårtolkade arkeologiska lokaler och sammanhang inom det Skandinaviska inlandet.