This diploma thesis focuses on the phenomena of multiphase flow in a steam generator as a one of probable causes of tubes and tubesheet weld cracking. In the first part of the work, a research was carried out focusing on the boiling and the phenomenon of two-phase flow in technical applications, its characteristics and properties. The thesis continuous with an overview of available numerical multiphase models in the ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 and a research of previously published works focused on two-phase flow with the presence of boiling. The research is followed by a description of the particular boiler, which is part of the nitric acid production plant in the chemical company DUSLO, a.s., its operating conditions and a more detailed description of the issue that is being addressed in this thesis. The second part of the work continuous with a description of the computational model, including a description of the geometry of the model and used simplifications, the computational mesh and the description of boundary conditions. Important part is the description of calculation setting of steady-state and transient CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent. Finally, the results of the two-phase flow calculation are presented and then discussed in the conclusions.

Les mélanges multiphasiques en déséquilibre de vitesse sont habituellement modélisés à l'aide d'un modèle à 6 ou 7 équations (Baer and Nunziato, 1986). Ces modèles sont très efficaces pour traiter des mélanges avec effets d'interpénétration. Ils peuvent aussi être utilisés pour traiter des problèmes à interface dans lesquels il est nécessaire de respecter les conditions d'interface (continuité de la vitesse normale et de la pression). Ceci est réalisé à l'aide de solveurs de relaxation mécanique (Saurel and Abgrall, 1999). Une autre méthode consiste à utiliser un modèle à une vitesse et une pression (Kapila et al., 2001). Cependant, de nombreuses applications font intervenir des interfaces instables entre fluides. On traite habituellement ces zones de mélanges turbulents en utilisant un modèle à une vitesse et en résolvant spatialement les diverses instabilités. Dans de nombreuses applications cela devient impossible en raison du trop grand nombre de « jets » et de « bulles ». De plus, on rencontre des difficultés numériques y compris pour le calcul d'une instabilité isolée (Liska and Wendroff, 2004). Dans ce manuscrit, nous abordons le problème de la modélisation des zones de mélange avec des modèles multiphasiques. Cela pose un sérieux problème de modélisation pour des écoulements évoluant d'une situation où l'interface est bien définie (une seule vitesse) vers une configuration de mélange de fluides à plusieurs vitesses. Cette question a été abordée par Besnard and Harlow (1988), Youngs et al. (1989), Chen et al. (1996), Glimm et al. (1999), Saurel et al. (2003) par exemple. / Multiphase mixtures with velocity disequilibrium are usually modelled with 6 or 7 equations models (Baer and Nunziato, 1986). These models are very efficient to model mixtures with velocity drift effects. They can also be used to model interfacial flows where the respect of interface conditions (continuous normal velocity and pressure) is mandatory. Such aim is usually achieved with the help of stiff mechanical relaxation solvers (Saurel and Abgrall, 1999). Another option is to use single pressure and single velocity models (Kapila et al., 2001). However, many applications involve unstable fluid-fluid interfaces for which flow conditions range from well separated fluids to fully mixed ones. The usual way to deal with these turbulent mixing zones is to use a single velocity flow model and to resolve spatially the various instabilities. However, spatial resolution of these instabilities in many applications is impossible as too many ‘jets' and ‘bubbles' are present. Also, numerical difficulties and large inaccuracies are present even for an isolated instability computation (Liska and Wendroff, 2004). In this work, we address the issue of mixing zone modelling with multiphase flow models. This poses the serious difficulty of model derivation for flows conditions ranging from well defined interfaces (single velocity) to fluid mixtures evolving with several velocities. This issue has been addressed by Besnard and Harlow (1988), Youngs et al. (1989), Chen et al. (1996), Glimm et al. (1999), Saurel et al. (2003) to cite a few. In Saurel et al. (2010) an extension of the Kapila et al. (2001) model was done to deal with permeation effects through material interfaces.

In this paper, a novel approach for tracking moving structures in multiphase flows over larger axial ranges is presented, which at the same time allows imaging the tracked structures and their environment. For this purpose, ultrafast electron beam X-ray computed tomography (UFXCT) is being extended by an image-based position control. Application is scanning and tracking of, for example, bubbles, particles, waves and other features of multiphase flows within vessels and pipes. Therefore, the scanner has to be automatically traversed with the moving structure basing on real-time scanning, image reconstruction and image data processing. In this paper, requirements and different strategies for reliable object tracking in dual image plane imaging mode are discussed. Promising tracking strategies have been numerically implemented and evaluated.