Grâce à leurs propriétés de différenciation, les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) constituent aujourd’hui un outil en médecine régénérative. La moelle osseuse reste une des plus utilisées. Une diminution de la capacité de prolifération et de différenciation des CSM-MO, au cours des passages, a été montrée. En parallèle, certaines études montrent que l'impact de l'âge du donneur sur les propriétés de CSM-MO reste encore controversé. Le but de notre étude était de mieux comprendre l'effet de l'âge du donneur mais aussi des passages en culture sur la capacité de prolifération et de différenciation des CSM de moelle osseuse. Les échantillons ont été séparés en 4 groupes en fonction de l’âge des donneurs (<20 ans; 20-40 ans; 40-60 ans; >60 ans) et les analyses ont été réalisés lors de la culture de cellules pendant 5 passages. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la capacité de prolifération de CSM-MO obtenues à partir de donneurs jeunes est supérieure à celle de cellules des donneurs âgés. De plus, cette capacité de prolifération diminue en fonction des passages en culture. En parallèle, la capacité des cellules à former des colonies, mesurée par le test CFU-F, diminue légèrement en fonction de l’âge des donneurs mais de façon importante en fonction du passage. Enfin, la capacité de différenciation des CSM-MO vers les trois types cellulaires étudiés, diminue en fonction des passages de cellules mais également en fonction de l’âge des donneurs. Notre étude montre que les propriétés des CSM issues de moelle osseuse sont modifiées lors de l’amplification in vitro mais aussi en fonction de l’âge des donneurs / Today with their properties of differentiation into specific cells types, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be used in regenerative medicine. Bone marrow (BM) is the better characterized one. The researchers have proven that with increasing passage number in culture the proliferation and differentiation potential of MSC decrease. In parallel many researchers have showed the impact of donor age on MSC properties remains controversial. The aim of our study was to better understand the effect of donor age but also culture passages on the proliferation and differentiation ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. The samples were separated into 4 groups depending on the donor age (<20 years; 20-40 years; 40-60 years; > 60 years) and The samples were cultured for 5 passages. The results obtained show that the MSC proliferative capacity obtained from young donors is greater than that of cells from older donors. In addition, the proliferative capacity decreases with increasing passage number in culture. In parallel, the ability of colony-forming unit-fibroblast, measured by the CFU-F assay, decreases slightly depending on the age of the donors but significantly depending on the passage. Finally, the MSC differentiation ability decreases according to the passage of the cells but also depending on the donor age. Our study shows that the properties of bone marrow derived MSC are modified not only during amplification in vitro but also in terms of donor age

Abstract: Human skeletal muscle is an essential source of various cellular progenitors with potential therapeutic perspectives. Muscle-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (mrMSCs) are thought to be involved in the development of several regenerative disorders such as fatty degeneration, heterotopic ossification and fibrosis. Identifying the cell population responsible for these pathologies will help better understand the underlying mechanisms and lead to more efficient treatment. We first developed an isolation method and culture conditions for the proliferation and maintenance of the adherent fraction of human skeletal muscle derived cells. To further enrich the cell population as multipotent progenitors, we used fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and known mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) markers. The enriched cell populations obtained were tested for their multipotent capabilities towards the osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. The CD73 + CD 105+ CD90- subset of human skeletal muscle adherent cells displayed robust multipotence to all three lineages under the appropriate differentiation conditions. Clonal differentiation assays confirmed that all three lineages stem from a single multipotent progenitor. Furthermore, this cell subset was able to differentiate into brown adipocyte-like cells, expressing UCP1 at the RNA and protein levels following prolonged stimulation with rosiglitazone (ROS). This result suggests that this cell subset could also represent a human cell model for brown adipogenesis. The cell isolation and enrichment method presented in this thesis represent a novel technique to obtain human mrMSCs. This method holds great promise for future clinical applications with the enriched cell populations since they are expanded in a defined medium, which supports inter-laboratory reproducibility. Furthermore, the phenotypic markers chosen for the FACS isolation are well conserved amongst donors in the proposed conditions, limiting donor-to-donor variability.||Résumé: Le muscle squelettique humain est une source essentielle de cellules progénitrices ayant plusieurs applications thérapeutiques potentielles. Les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses du muscle squelettique humain (hmrMSCs) semblent être impliquées dans des pathologies telles l’ossification hétérotopique, la dégénérescence graisseuse et la fibrose. L’identification de la population cellulaire à l’origine de ces pathologies permettrait de mieux comprendre les mécanismes derrières celles-ci et aiderait à la création de traitements plus efficaces. Nous avons d’abord mis au point une méthode d'isolement et déterminer des conditions de culture pour la prolifération et le maintien en culture de la fraction cellulaire adhérente dérivée du muscle squelettique humain. Par le biais de la cytométrie en flux et des marqueurs connus des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (MSC), nous avons pu enrichir les cellules stromales multipotentes. Le potentiel ostéogénique, adipogénique et chondrogénique des populations cellulaires enrichies a été évalué par des essais de différenciation. La sous-population de cellules CD73[indice supérieur +]CD105[indice supérieur +]CD90[indice supérieur -] a montré une multipotence robuste sur les trois lignées étudiées. Des essais de différenciation clonale ont confirmés que les trois lignées obtenues proviennent tous d’un progéniteur multipotent commun. De plus, cette sous-population cellulaire avait la capacité de se différencier en cellule de gras brun, démontrée par une expression élevée d’UCP1 au niveau génique et protéique suivant une stimulation continue avec le rosiglitazone (ROS). Ce résultat suggère que cette sous-population cellulaire pourrait également représenter un modèle pour l’adipogenèse vers le gras brun. La méthode d’enrichissement présentée représente une nouvelle technique afin d’obtenir des hmrMSCs. Elle semble prometteuse pour de futures applications cliniques employant ces cellules, étant donné qu’elles sont amplifiées dans un milieu défini permettant une reproductibilité interlaboratoire. De plus, les marqueurs de phénotype choisis pour l’enrichissement par cytométrie en flux sont bien conservés entre individus, limitant la variabilité inter-donneur.[symboles non conformes]

Origin of mammalian somatic cells in the developing testes remains unclear. This origin could be explained by established cell culture derived from testes of Xenopus tropicalis juvenile male. The expression profile of the cell culture showed transcription of some pluripotency genes, somatic Sertoli and peritubular myoid cell markers and last but not least, the mesenchymal stem cell markers. Conversely, germ cell genes were downregulated. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed expression of Vimentin, Sox9 and α-smooth muscle actin, indicating that the testicular cell culture is a common mesenchymal progenitor of the Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells and that the cell culture did not arise from spermatogonial stem cells undergoing incomplete reprogramming in vitro. Testing of X. tropicalis cell culture during induction of differentiation in vitro revealed that these cells are probably multipotent with the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The ability to derive multipotent stem cells from the juvenile testes opens new possibilities of using these cells for biotechnology and medicine. Keywords: Testicular somatic cells, Xenopus tropicalis, progenitor, mesenchymal stem cells, induction of differentiation, multipotency

Sertoli cells (SCs) are somatic cells of testicular tissue that are involved in spermatogenesis and maturation of germ cells. They are currently being extensively studied for their immunomodulatory abilities, and recent studies have shown that they share some properties with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Detailed characterization of SCs and clarification of their role in testicular tissue is crucial for potential use of SCs as a therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. Cell culture of Xenopus tropicalis immature Sertoli cells (XtiSCs) and Mus musculus (mSCs) Sertoli cells were established in the Laboratories of Developmental Biology and Immunoregulations, Faculty of Science, Charles University. Previous research has characterized XtiSCs and demonstrated their multipotent potential by in vitro differentiation into a mesodermal line. Following this research, one of the goals of the diploma project was the induction of in vitro differentiation of XtiSC into other cell types, which would verify the differentiation potential of XtiSCs. The mSC expression profile confirmed the somatic origin of this culture as well as the transcription of Sertoli cell gene markers. Differentiation of mSCs along the mesodermal line into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes has been successfully induced in vitro....