Future cellular networks are expected to support extremely high data rates and user capacities. This thesis investigates the downlink of a wireless cellular system that takes advantage of multiple antennas at base stations and mobile stations, frequency reuse across all cells, and cooperation among base stations. We identify asynchronous interference resulting from multi-cell communication as a key challenge, prove the existence of a downlink/uplink duality in that case, and present a linear precoding scheme that exploits this duality. Since this result is not directly extendable to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), we propose a `hybrid' algorithm for two cooperating base stations, which combines linear and nonlinear precoding. This algorithm minimizes the sum mean squared error of the system and is extendable to OFDM. Finally, we consider the problem of user selection for multiuser precoding in OFDM-based systems. We extend an available single-cell user selection scheme to multiple cooperating cells.

Direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) technique is one of the significant multiplexing technologies used in wireless communication services. In the DS-CDMA framework, all users have been assigned distinct signature code sequence to achieve multiple accesses within the same frequency band, and allow signal separating at the receiver. Under multipath fading environment with near-far effect, the current CDMA systems employed the RAKE receiver, to enhance the system performance. It is known that if training data is available the minimum mean squares error (MMSE) multiuser receiver, in which the average power of the receiver output is minimized subject to appropriate constraints, could be obtained by solving directly by the constrained Wiener estimation solution. However, if this is not the case, the blind multiuser receiver is an alternative approach to achieve desired performance closed to the one with the MMSE approach. In this thesis, based on the max/min criterion, the blind multiuser receiver, with linear constraints, is devised. Here constraint equations are written in parametric forms, which depend on the multipath structure of the signal of interest. Constraint parameters are jointly optimized with the parameters of the linear receiver to obtain the optimal parameters. In consequence, the sliding window linearly constrained RLS (SW-LC-RLS) algorithm is employed to implement the optimal blind receiver, with max/min approach. This new proposed scheme can be used to deal with multiple access interference (MAI) suppression for the environments, in which the narrow band interference (NBI) due to other systems is joined suddenly to the DS-CDMA systems, and having serious near-far effect. Under such circumstance, the channel character due to the NBI and near-far effect will become violent time varying, such that the conventional LC-RLS algorithm as well as LC-LMS algorithms could not perform well. Via computer simulation it confirms that our proposed scheme has better capability for MAI suppression in DS-CDMA systems than other existing schemes, and is more robust against the NBI and near-far problems.

The direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is one of the significant techniques for wireless communication systems with multiple simultaneous transmissions. The main concern of this thesis is to propose a new linearly constrained constant modulus modified conjugate gradient (LCCM-MCG) adaptive filtering algorithm to deal with problem of channel mismatch associated with the multiple access interference (MAI) in DS-CDMA system over multipath fading channel. In fact, the adaptive filtering algorithm based on the CM criterion is known to be very attractive for the case when the channel parameters are not estimated perfectly. The proposed LCCM-MCG algorithm is derived based on the so-called generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC). It has the advantage of having better stability and less computational complexity compared with conventional recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm, and can be used to achieve desired performance for multiuser RAKE receiver. Moreover, with the MCG algorithm it requires only one recursive iteration per incoming sample data for updating the weight vector, but still maintains performance comparable to the RLS algorithm. From computer simulation results, we show that the proposed LCCM-MCG algorithm has fast convergence rate and could be used to circumvent the effect due to channel mismatch. Also, the performance, in terms of bit error rate (BER), is quite close to the LCCM-RLS algorithm suggested in [18], and is superior to the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm proposed in [7].

Ultrawideband (UWB) is one of the promising technologies for future short-range high data rate communications (e.g. for wireless personal area networks) and longer range low data rate communications (e.g. wireless sensor networks).Despite its various advantages and potentials (e.g. low-cost circuitry, unlicensed reuse of licensed spectrum, precision ranging capability etc.), UWB also has its own challenges. The goal of this dissertation is to identify and address some of those challenges, and provide a framework for practical UWB transceiver design.In this dissertation, various modulation options for UWB systems are reviewed in terms of their bit error rate (BER) performances, spectral characteristics, modem and hardware complexities, and data rates. Time hopping (TH) code designs for both synchronous (introduced an adaptive code assignment technique) and asynchronous UWB impulse radio (IR) systems are studied. An adaptive assignment of two different multiple access parame ters (number of pulses per symbol and number of pulse positions per frame)is investigated again considering both synchronous and asynchronous scenarios, and a mathematical framework is developed using Gaussian approximations of interference statistics for different scenarios. Channel estimation algorithms for multiuser UWB communication systems using symbol-spaced (proposed a technique that decreases the training size), frame-spaced (proposed a pulse-discarding algorithm for enhanced estimationperformance), and chip-spaced (using least squares (LS) estimation) sampling are analyzed.A comprehensive review on multiple accessing andinterference avoidance/cancellation for IR-UWB systems is presented.BER performances of different UWB modulation schemes in the presence of timing jitter are evaluated and compared in static and multipath fading channels, and finger estimation error, effects of jitter distribution, and effects of pulse shape are investigated. A unified performance analysis app roach for different IR-UWB transceiver types (stored-reference, transmitted-reference, and energy detector) employing various modulation options and operating at sub-Nyquist sampling rates is presented. The time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation performance of different searchback schemesunder optimal and suboptimal threshold settings are analyzed both for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath channels.

No description available.

No description available.

Sparse regression codes (SPARCs) are a recently introduced coding scheme for the additive white Gaussian noise channel, for which polynomial time decoding algorithms have been proposed which provably achieve the Shannon channel capacity. One such algorithm is the approximate message passing (AMP) decoder. However, directly implementing these decoders does not yield good empirical performance at practical block lengths. This thesis develops techniques for improving both the error rate performance, and the time and memory complexity, of the AMP decoder. It focuses on practical and efficient implementations for both single- and multi-user scenarios. A key design parameter for SPARCs is the power allocation, which is a vector of coefficients which determines how codewords are constructed. In this thesis, novel power allocation schemes are proposed which result in several orders of magnitude improvement to error rate compared to previous designs. Further improvements to error rate come from investigating the role of other SPARC construction parameters, and from performing an online estimation of a key AMP parameter instead of using a pre-computed value. Another significant improvement to error rates comes from a novel three-stage decoder which combines SPARCs with an outer code based on low-density parity-check codes. This construction protects only vulnerable sections of the SPARC codeword with the outer code, minimising the impact to the code rate. The combination provides a sharp waterfall in bit error rates and very low overall codeword error rates. Two changes to the basic SPARC structure are proposed to reduce computational and memory complexity. First, the design matrix is replaced with an efficient in-place transform based on Hadamard matrices, which dramatically reduces the overall decoder time and memory complexity with no impact on error rate. Second, an alternative SPARC design is developed, called Modulated SPARCs. These are shown to also achieve the Shannon channel capacity, while obtaining similar empirical error rates to the original SPARC, and permitting a further reduction in time and memory complexity. Finally, SPARCs are implemented for the broadcast and multiple access channels, and for the multiple description and Wyner-Ziv source coding models. Designs for appropriate power allocations and decoding strategies are proposed and are found to give good empirical results, demonstrating that SPARCs are also well suited to these multi-user settings.

abstract: Underwater acoustic communications face significant challenges unprecedented in radio terrestrial communications including long multipath delay spreads, strong Doppler effects, and stringent bandwidth requirements. Recently, multi-carrier communications based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) have seen significant growth in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, thanks to their well well-known robustness against severely time-dispersive channels. However, the performance of OFDM systems over UWA channels significantly deteriorates due to severe intercarrier interference (ICI) resulting from rapid time variations of the channel. With the motivation of developing enabling techniques for OFDM over UWA channels, the major contributions of this thesis include (1) two effective frequencydomain equalizers that provide general means to counteract the ICI; (2) a family of multiple-resampling receiver designs dealing with distortions caused by user and/or path specific Doppler scaling effects; (3) proposal of using orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) as an effective multiple access scheme for UWA communications; (4) the capacity evaluation for single-resampling versus multiple-resampling receiver designs. All of the proposed receiver designs have been verified both through simulations and emulations based on data collected in real-life UWA communications experiments. Particularly, the frequency domain equalizers are shown to be effective with significantly reduced pilot overhead and offer robustness against Doppler and timing estimation errors. The multiple-resampling designs, where each branch is tasked with the Doppler distortion of different paths and/or users, overcome the disadvantages of the commonly-used single-resampling receivers and yield significant performance gains. Multiple-resampling receivers are also demonstrated to be necessary for UWA OFDMA systems. The unique design effectively mitigates interuser interference (IUI), opening up the possibility to exploit advanced user subcarrier assignment schemes. Finally, the benefits of the multiple-resampling receivers are further demonstrated through channel capacity evaluation results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011

[pt] Este trabalho propõe um receptor multiusuário híbrido para utilização em um sistema DS/CDMA com modulação M-PSK e codificação convolucional. O receptor proposto é composto por um receptor decorrelator ao final do qual é realizada uma decodificação convolucional por grupos. Resultados de desempenho obtidos por simulações para grupos de dois usuários são apresentados e comparados com o desempenho do receptor convencional, formado por um banco de filtros casados, e com o desempenho do receptor decorrelator já proposto na literatura. / [en] This work proposes a hybrid multiuser receiver for a DS/CDMA system employing M-PSK modulation and convolutional coding. The proposed receiver is composed by a decorrelator receiver followed by a group convolutional decoder. Perfomance results obtained by simulation for groups of two users are presented and compared to the performance of a conventional receiver, composed of a bank of matched filters, and to the decorrelator receiver itself.

Pour les prochaines générations de systèmes de communications sans fil, un défi majeur est de poursuivre l'augmentation de l' efficacité spectrale de ces systèmes pour satisfaire la montée croissante des demandes en débit, tout en revoyant à la baisse la consommation énergétique des équipements et répondre ainsi aux objectifs des ''communications vertes’’. L'une des stratégies permettant de traiter ce problème sont les communications multiantennes multi-utilisateurs (MU-MIMO), notamment lorsque le nombre d'antennes devient très grand (Massive MIMO). Il est alors possible d'adresser de multiples utilisateurs simultanément grâce à une opération linéaire de précodage spatial. Le but de cette thèse consiste à optimiser l’efficacité spectrale des systèmes MU-MIMO dans le cas d'un nombre d'antennes qui reste modéré, et une consommation énergétique faible. Nous avons donc étudié les techniques de précodage à haute efficacité énergétique basées sur la notion de filtre adapté au canal, tels que la technique MRT (maximum ratio transmission), EGT (equal gain transmission) et TR (time reversal). Notre travail s'est concentré sur l’analyse théorique des performances de ces techniques. Nous avons de plus introduit un nouveau schéma de transmission, nommé PFBO (partial frequency bandwidth overlay), visant à améliorer l’efficacité spectrale des systèmes MU-MIMO à faible nombre d'antennes et pour de faibles niveaux de rapports signal à bruit (SNR). Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié l'efficacité spectrale du schéma PFBO dans le cas de transmissions mono-porteuses et multi-porteuses. Les taux de recouvrement optimaux fournissant une capacité système maximale dans le cas de transmissions MISO et MIMO à deux utilisateurs ont été identifiés. Puis l'étude a été étendue aux cas MU-MIMO avec un nombre arbitraire d'utilisateurs. Nous avons modélisé précisément le comportement du canal équivalent après précodage, en utilisant respectivement les techniques EGT, TR et MRT. De nouvelles bornes de capacité non disponibles dans la littérature ont alors été obtenues et ont montré une précision satisfaisante. Dans la deuxième partie, le taux d'erreur binaire pour le schéma PFBO a été étudié sur canal plat et canal de Rayleigh. Les expressions du taux d'erreurs binaires ont été obtenues. En particulier, nous avons proposé un modèle statistique pour rendre compte du comportement du canal après précodage ainsi que de l'interférence inter-utilisateur. Une première proposition de modèle a été introduite pour les systèmes EGTMIMO à deux utilisateurs utilisant une modulation BPSK. Ce modèle a été également validé dans le cas d'une modulation QPSK ou pour de multiples utilisateurs. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons combiné le principe du schéma PFBO aux systèmes OFDM à spectre étalé (SSOFDM). Nous avons analysé les performances théoriques de ce système sur canal plat et canal de Rayleigh. Les expressions de taux d'erreurs binaires ont été établies et validées par simulations. Nous avons alors pu montrer que la composante SS permettait d'améliorer les performances du schéma PFBO lorsque le taux de recouvrement restait modéré. / For the next generations of wireless communication systems, getting higher spectral efficiencies is remaining a big challenge to answer the explosively increasing demand of throughput. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of equipments and the transmitting power density have to be reduced to achieve the objective of ‘’green communications’’. One of the most promising strategies to deal with such issues is using multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) schemes, namely for large-scale antenna systems. It becomes then possible to simultaneously serve multiple simple device users using linear spatial precoding techniques. The objective of this thesis is to optimize the spectral efficiency of MU-MIMO systems in the context of moderate-scale antenna arrays and low energy consumption. Hence, we studied different high-energy efficiency precoding techniques based on matched filtering approach, such as maximum ratio transmission (MRT), equal gain transmission (EGT) and time reversal (TR). We were interested in the theoretical performance analysis of these techniques. In addition, we introduced a scheme based on partial frequency bandwidth overlay (PFBO) to improve and adapt the spectral efficiency of a MU-MIMO system at low signal to noise ratio (SNR) regime. In a first part, we studied the spectral efficiency of the proposed PFBO scheme with both single-carrier and multi-carrier modulations. We identified the optimal bandwidth overlap ratios that provide the maximum achievable rate for two-user SIMO and MIMO systems. Then the study was extended to a more general MU-MIMO case with an arbitrary number of users. We precisely modeled the channel behavior after precoding when using EGT, TR and MRT techniques. New closed-form capacity lower bounds not available in the literature were then obtained and shown to be satisfactory accurate. In the second part, the bit error rate (BER) performance of PFBO scheme was studied for both flat fading channels and theoretical Rayleigh channels. Closed-form BER equations were obtained. Particularly, we proposed a statistical model to reflect the behavior of the non-flat fading channel after precoding and to take into account the correlated interference terms that occur in a two-user EGT-MIMO system using BPSK modulation. This model was also validated in case of QPSK modulation and with more users. In the last part, we proposed to combine our PFBO principle with spread-spectrum OFDM techniques (SS-OFDM). We analyzed the theoretical BER performance of such a scheme using flat fading channels and theoretical Rayleigh channels. New closed-form BER approximation equations were then established and compared through simulations. Eventually, we showed that the SS component of the proposed system provides performance gains that depend on the overlap ratio used in the PFBO scheme.