This thesis is concerned with a very common disorder of iron homeostasis: iron deficiency. The specific focus is the manner in which iron deficiency influences physiological responses to hypoxia in humans. This work is predicated on observations made over many decades in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that variations in the bioavailability of iron have important consequences for certain biological processes known to depend on oxygen availability. Three separate but related studies together form the basis for this thesis. The first two, Study A and Study B, adopt a similar approach in recruiting healthy volunteers who differ according to iron status, yielding iron-deficient and iron-replete groups in both cases. In Study A, the behaviour of the pulmonary circulation is investigated during a sustained hypoxic exposure, before and after an intravenous infusion of iron. In Study B, skeletal muscle metabolism is explored, both at the level of high-energy phosphate metabolism and the integrated physiological responses to exercise on a cycle ergometer. In the third study, Study C, a different approach is taken, recruiting patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and exploring the prevalence and associations of iron deficiency in this condition. Chapters 2 and 3 describe experiments using sustained hypoxia in a normobaric chamber, during which the pulmonary circulation is assessed non-invasively using Doppler echocardiography. These reveal augmented hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in iron-deficient individuals, who also exhibit greater sensitivity to the effects of an infusion of intravenous iron. Additionally, the way in which certain circulating mediators important for iron haemostasis change over the course of these hypoxic exposures, and how iron status influences these responses, is explored. Chapter 4 reports the findings of experiments using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, which demonstrate abnormal whole-body metabolism in iron-deficient individuals during large muscle-mass exercise, despite the absence of a clear defect in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Intravenous iron is found to have significant effects to alter the lactate threshold in healthy individuals, but the effects are more striking in iron-deficient individuals. Collectively, these experiments imply that iron deficiency promotes a more glycolytic phenotype. Chapter 5 explores iron deficiency in COPD, a condition in which pulmonary vascular disease, hypoxia and skeletal muscle dysfunction coexist, and examines some of the difficulties in assessing iron status in the setting of a chronic inflammatory disorder. Iron deficiency is found to be common, and unexpectedly associated with significantly more severe hypoxaemia, in patients with COPD. Possible reasons for these findings, and their clinical implications, are considered. Chapter 6 provides a summary of the main conclusions to be drawn from the studies presented in this thesis.

Está bem estabelecido que o diabetes melito está associado a uma série de distúrbios clínicos que envolvem a alteração no metabolismo de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios. Tem-se observado aumento importante da morbidade e mortalidade associadas a esta doença, sendo que dentre as causas, em ambos os tipos de diabetes (1 e 2), têm-se o aumento de fatores de risco, como o sobrepeso ou obesidade e o estilo de vida sedentário. A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tem apresentado grande potencialidade para utilização preventiva e terapêutica no diabetes graças à atividade biotiva dos seus compostos (metilxantinas, polifenóis e saponinas), capazes de alterar o metabolismo tecidual energético tanto em protocolos experimentais com animais de laboratório quanto humanos. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elucidar o efeito da administração do chá de mate em ratos Wistar diabéticos, tendo como foco o metabolismo tecidual muscular e hepático. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a indução do diabetes experimental com injeção de estreptozotocina (65 mg/kg, i.p.) e posteriormente tratados com o extrato aquoso de erva-mate através da água de beber por 30 dias. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e os tecidos (soro, músculo, fígado e tecido adiposo retroperitoneal e epididimal) foram coletados para análise. / There is a well known relationship between metabolic disturbances and clinical events related to diabetes and a dangerous prevalence increase worldwide for both types of this disease (diabetes type 1 and 2). This enhancement is caused by overweight, sedentary lifestyle and other risk factors associated to occidental habits. Yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has been presented a potential use to preventive and therapeutical aspects of diabetes due to its bioactive fractions (methylxanthines, saponins and polyphenols), which have a capability to improve energetic metabolism in murine models and human. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of yerba-mate on hepatic and muscle energetic metabolism of diabetic rats. To perform the diabetes inducing protocol Wistar rats received streptozotocin (65mg/kg i.p.), then the mate treatment protocol was performed daily and offered as a drink tea. After a 30-day treatment, the animals were weighed and euthanized to evaluate metabolic parameters on liver, adipose tissue, muscle and serum.

Está bem estabelecido que o diabetes melito está associado a uma série de distúrbios clínicos que envolvem a alteração no metabolismo de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios. Tem-se observado aumento importante da morbidade e mortalidade associadas a esta doença, sendo que dentre as causas, em ambos os tipos de diabetes (1 e 2), têm-se o aumento de fatores de risco, como o sobrepeso ou obesidade e o estilo de vida sedentário. A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tem apresentado grande potencialidade para utilização preventiva e terapêutica no diabetes graças à atividade biotiva dos seus compostos (metilxantinas, polifenóis e saponinas), capazes de alterar o metabolismo tecidual energético tanto em protocolos experimentais com animais de laboratório quanto humanos. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elucidar o efeito da administração do chá de mate em ratos Wistar diabéticos, tendo como foco o metabolismo tecidual muscular e hepático. Para tanto, ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a indução do diabetes experimental com injeção de estreptozotocina (65 mg/kg, i.p.) e posteriormente tratados com o extrato aquoso de erva-mate através da água de beber por 30 dias. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e os tecidos (soro, músculo, fígado e tecido adiposo retroperitoneal e epididimal) foram coletados para análise. / There is a well known relationship between metabolic disturbances and clinical events related to diabetes and a dangerous prevalence increase worldwide for both types of this disease (diabetes type 1 and 2). This enhancement is caused by overweight, sedentary lifestyle and other risk factors associated to occidental habits. Yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has been presented a potential use to preventive and therapeutical aspects of diabetes due to its bioactive fractions (methylxanthines, saponins and polyphenols), which have a capability to improve energetic metabolism in murine models and human. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of yerba-mate on hepatic and muscle energetic metabolism of diabetic rats. To perform the diabetes inducing protocol Wistar rats received streptozotocin (65mg/kg i.p.), then the mate treatment protocol was performed daily and offered as a drink tea. After a 30-day treatment, the animals were weighed and euthanized to evaluate metabolic parameters on liver, adipose tissue, muscle and serum.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Instituto Dr. Josà Frota / Foram investigados os efeitos metabÃlicos da L-alanil-glutamina nas concentraÃÃes sanguÃneas e teciduais dos metabÃlitos (piruvato, lactato, glicose, acetoacetato, 3-hidroxibutirato, corpos cetÃnicos e ATP) em ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia/reperfusÃo do membro pÃlvico. Utilizaram-se 96 ratos adultos, machos, distribuÃdos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos numericamente iguais e prÃ-tratados com soluÃÃo salina 2,0 mL (G-1 e G-3) ou L-alanil-glutamina 0,75 g Kg-1(G-2 e G-4), durante 7 dias. Uma hora apÃs a Ãltima gavagem, todos os ratos foram submetidos ao pinÃamento da artÃria ilÃaca esquerda ou operaÃÃo simulada. ApÃs 3 horas a pinÃa foi removida; nos grupos simulados realizou-se nova intervenÃÃo cirÃrgica. Amostras (mÃsculo, fÃgado, rim e sangue) foram coletadas ao final da isquemia mÃxima (T-0) e durante a reperfusÃo (1, 3 e 6h). Os metabÃlitos foram determinados por ensaio enzimÃtico e expressos como MÃdia  E.P.M. Testes nÃo paramÃtricos (Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn) foram utilizados para a anÃlise estatÃstica. O nÃvel de significÃncia foi de p<0,05. NÃo foi evidenciada elevaÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes de lactato, piruvato e glicose durante a lesÃo de isquemia ou reperfusÃo, comparando-se os grupos tratados com soluÃÃo salina (G-1 vs. G-2). Por outro lado houve reduÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes de corpos cetÃnicos em tecido muscular no tempo de isquemia mÃxima e hiperglicemia durante o perÃodo de reperfusÃo. Houve elevaÃÃo nas concentraÃÃes hepÃticas de lactato e glicose muscular e reduÃÃo de lactato no mesmo tecido, nos ratos prÃ-tratados com o dipeptÃdeo. Observou-se ainda, nos mesmos animais, elevaÃÃo das concentraÃÃes de corpos cetÃnicos no fÃgado, no sangue, no mÃsculo e nas concentraÃÃes renais de lactato. Conclui-se, portanto, que o modelo de pinÃamento da artÃria ilÃaca esquerda promove alteraÃÃes metabÃlicas decorrentes da lesÃo de isquemia/reperfusÃo. O dipeptÃdeo L-ALA-GLN induz aumento nas concentraÃÃes hepÃticas de lactato, promove elevaÃÃo de glicose muscular e reduÃÃo de lactato no mesmo tecido indicando aumento no âturn overâ de glicose. O dipeptÃdeo causou aumento da cetogÃnese, cetonemia e captaÃÃo de corpos cetÃnicos durante a reperfusÃo, assim como hiperlactacemia e aumento nas concentraÃÃes renais de lactato. Maior atividade glicolÃtica em tecidos perifÃricos, via ativaÃÃo do ciclo malato-aspartato, levou a diminuiÃÃo da resistÃncia insulÃnica com possÃvel queda de insulinemia, com aumento da cetogÃnese. / A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of L-alanyl-glutamine upon blood and tissue concentrations of metabolites (pyruvate, lactate, glucose, acetoacetato, 3-hydroxybutyrate, ketone bodies and ATP) in Wistar rats subjected to ischemia/reperfusion of hind limb. Ninety-six adult male rats were randomized in 4 groups and pre-treated with saline 2.0 mL (G-1,G-3) or L-alanyl-glutamine solution 0.75 mgKg-1(G-2, G-4) during 7 days. One-hour after the last gavage all rats were submitted to clamping of the left iliac artery or sham operation. The clamp was removed after 3 h; sham rats were operated once more. Muscle, liver, kidney and blood samples were collected at the end of ischemia and at 1-3-6 h during reperfusion. Metabolites were submitted to enzymatic analyses. Results were expressed as Mean  S.E.M. Non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn) were utilized for statistical analyses. P<0.05 was accepted as significant. Lactate, pyruvate and glucose concentrations did not increase during ischemia or reperfusion in rats pre-treated with saline (G-1 vs. G-2). On the other hand ketone bodies concentrations were decreased in T-0 and blood glucose was elevated during reperfusion. Liver lactate and muscle glucose were increased and lactate concentration was decreased in L-alanyl-glutamine pre-treated rats. Ketone bodies were elevated in the liver, muscle and blood and renal lactate was also elevated in the aforementioned rats. It is concluded that the model utilized in this study promotes significant metabolic alterations due to ischemia/reperfusion injury. L-Ala-Gln dipeptide induced increased hepatic lactate and muscle glucose concentrations and decreased of muscle lactate concentrations point out to increased turnover of glucose. L-Ala-Gln also induced increased ketogenesis, ketonemia and ketone bodies uptake during reperfusion along with increased lactacidemia and kidney lactate concentrations. Increased glycolytic activity in peripheral tissues via malate-aspartate shuttle activation lead to decreased insulin resistance with possible decrease in plasma insulin levels and increased ketogenesis.

Ácidos graxos w-3 são conhecidos por melhorar a sensibilidade à insulina e a homeostase da glicose em modelos animais de resistência à insulina (RI). Esses efeitos tem sido relacionados a diferentes mecanismos e estudos recentes sugerem um papel importante da mitocôndria. Por isso, avaliamos a influência da suplementação com óleo de peixe (fonte rica em w-3) sobre a fisiologia mitocondrial no músculo esquelético resistente à insulina. Camundongos C57B1/6 machos, 8 semanas/idade, foram distribuídos em 4 grupos: dieta normolipídica (C), dieta hiperlipídica (H), C + óleo de peixe (CP) and H + óleo de peixe (HP). O menor consumo de O2 induzido pela dieta hiperlipídica foi associado à elevada produção de EROs, à menor trancrição de PGC1a, ATM, NRF1 e TFAM, e também à redução da fosforilação de Akt. Esses efeitos foram parcialmente prevenidos pelo óleo de peixe, que elevou a respiração, bem como o conteúdo de ICATs, a ativação de Akt e AMPK, e expressão de ATM, catalase e proteínas envolvidas na biogênese e função mitocondrial (PGC1a, PPARa, CPT1). A suplementação com óleo de peixe protege contra a RI no músculo esquelético reduzindo a produção de EROs, que parece exercer papel central na regulação da função mitocondrial através de mecanismo envolvendo a proteína ATM. / Omega-3 fatty acids are suggested to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in animal models of insulin resistance. These beneficial effects have been linked to different mechanisms and recent studies suggest that it may also converge to mitochondria. So we evaluated the influence of fish oil (FO), a dietary source of w-3, on mitochondrial physiology in skeletal muscle of high-fat fed mice. C57B1/6 male mice, 8 weeks-old, were randomly divided in 4 groups: control diet (C), high-fat diet (H), C + FO (CP) and H + FO (HP). The lower O2 consumption induced by high-fat diet was associated with elevated ROS production, decreased transcription of PGC1a, ATM, NRF1 and TFAM, and also reduced Akt phosphorylation. These effects were partially prevented by FO, increasing muscle O2 consumption, as well as ICAT content, activation of Akt, AMPK, and up-regulating mRNA expression of ATM, catalase and mitochondrial proteins (PGC1a, PPARa, CPT1). Dietary FO protected mice from diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by reducing ROS production, which may exert a key role in the regulation of mitochondrial function through a mechanism involving the protein ATM.

The overall objective of this thesis was to examine mechanisms involved in the acute regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-handling properties by second messenger signaling pathways in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The aim of the first study (Chapter Two) was to characterize changes in the kinetic properties of sarco(endo)-plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) proteins in cardiac and skeletal muscles in response to b-adrenergic, Ca2+-dependent calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. The aim of the second study (Chapter Three) was to determine if insulin signaling could acutely regulate SERCA kinetic properties in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The aim of the final study (Chapter Four) was to determine if alterations in plasma glucose, epinephrine and insulin concentrations during exercise are able to influence SR Ca2+-handling properties in contracting human skeletal muscle. Data collected in Chapter Two and Chapter Three were obtained using tissue prepared from a group of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats (9 weeks of age; mass = 280 ?? 4 g: X ?? S.E). Crude muscle homogenates (11:1 dilution) were prepared from selected hind limb muscles (soleus, SOL; extensor digitorum longus, EDL; the red portion of gastrocnemius, RG; and the white portion of gastrocnemius, WG) and the left ventricle (LV). Enriched SR membrane fractions, prepared from WG and LV, were also analyzed. A spectrophotometric assay was used to measure kinetic properties of SERCA, namely, maximal SERCA activity (Vmax), and Ca2+-sensitivity was characterized by both the Ca50, which is defined as the free Ca2+-concentration needed to elicit 50% Vmax, and the Hill coefficient (nH), which is defined as the relationship between SERCA activity and Ca2+f for 10 to 90% Vmax. The observations made in Chapter Two indicated that b-adrenergic signaling, activated by epinephrine, increased (P<0.05) Ca2+-sensitivity, as shown by a left-shift in Ca50 (i.e. reduced Ca50), without altering Vmax in LV and SOL but had no effect (P<0.05) on EDL, RG, or WG. Further analysis using a combination of cAMP, the PKA activator forskolin, and/or the PKA inhibitor KT5270 indicated that the reduced Ca50 in LV was activated by cAMP- and PKA-signaling mechanisms. However, although the reduced Ca50 in SOL was cAMP-dependent, it was not influenced by a PKA-dependent mechanism. In contrast to the effects of b-adrenergic signaling, CaMKII activation increased SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity, as shown by a left-shift in Ca50 and increased nh, without altering SERCA Vmax in LV but was without effect in any of the skeletal muscles examined. The PKC activator PMA significantly reduced SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity, by inducing a right-shift in Ca50 and decreased nH in the LV and all skeletal muscles examined. PKC activation also reduced Vmax in the fast-twitch skeletal muscles (i.e. EDL, RG and WG), but did not alter Vmax in LV or SOL. The results of Chapter Three indicated that insulin signaling increased SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity, as shown by a left-shift in Ca50 (i.e. reduced Ca50) and an increased nH, without altering SERCA Vmax in crude muscle homogenates prepared from LV, SOL, EDL, RG, and WG. An increase in SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity was also observed in enriched SERCA1a and SERCA2a vesicles when an activated form of the insulin receptor (A-INS-R) was included during biochemical analyses. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were conducted and indicated that IRS-1 and IRS-2 proteins bind SERCA1a and SERCA2a in an insulin-dependent manner. However, the binding of IRS proteins with SERCA does not appear to alter the structural integrity of the SERCA Ca2+-binding site since no changes in NCD-4 fluorescence were observed in response to insulin or A-INS-R. Moreover, the increase in SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity due to insulin signaling was not associated with changes in the phosphorylation status of phospholamban (PLN) since Ser16 or Thr17 phosphorylation was not altered by insulin or A-INS-R in LV tissue. The data described in Chapter Four was collected from 15 untrained human participants (peak O2 consumption, VO2peak= 3.45 ?? 0.17 L/min) who completed a standardized cycle test (~60% VO2peak) on two occasions during which they were provided either an artificially sweetened placebo (PLAC) or a 6% glucose (GLUC) beverage (~1.00 g CHO per kg body mass). Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis at rest, after 30 min and 90 min of exercise and at fatigue in both conditions to allow assessment of metabolic and SR data. Glucose supplementation increased exercise ride time by ~19% (137 ?? 7 min) compared to PLAC (115 ?? 6 min). This performance increase was associated with elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and reduced catecholamine concentrations during GLUC compared to PLAC. Prolonged exercise reduced (p<0.05) SR Ca2+-uptake, Vmax, Phase 1 and Phase 2 Ca2+-release rates during both PLAC and GLUC. However, no differences in SR Ca2+-handling properties were observed between conditions when direct comparisons were made at matched time points between PLAC and GLUC. In summary, the results of the first study (Chapter Two) indicate that b-adrenergic and CaMKII signaling increases SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity in the LV and SOL; while PKC signaling reduces SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity in all tissues. PKC activation also reduces Vmax in the fast-twitch skeletal muscles (i.e. EDL, RG, and WG) but has no effect on Vmax in the LV and SOL. The results of the second study (Chapter Three) indicate that insulin signaling acutely increases the Ca2+-sensitivity of SERCA1a and SERCA2a in all tissues examined, without altering the Vmax. Based on our observations, it appears that the increase in SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity may be regulated, in part, through the interaction of IRS proteins with SERCA1a and SERCA2a. The results of the final study (Chapter Four) indicate that alterations in plasma glucose, epinephrine and insulin concentrations associated with glucose supplementation during exercise, do not alter the time course or magnitude of reductions in SERCA or Ca2+-release channel (CRC) function in working human skeletal muscle. Although glucose supplementation did increase exercise ride time to fatigue in this study, our data does not reveal an association with SR Ca2+-cycling measured in vitro. It is possible that the strength of exercise signal overrides the hormonal influences observed in resting muscles. Additionally, these data do not rule out the possibility that glucose supplementation may influence E-C coupling processes or SR Ca2+-cycling properties in vivo.

The overall objective of this thesis was to examine mechanisms involved in the acute regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-handling properties by second messenger signaling pathways in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The aim of the first study (Chapter Two) was to characterize changes in the kinetic properties of sarco(endo)-plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) proteins in cardiac and skeletal muscles in response to b-adrenergic, Ca2+-dependent calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. The aim of the second study (Chapter Three) was to determine if insulin signaling could acutely regulate SERCA kinetic properties in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The aim of the final study (Chapter Four) was to determine if alterations in plasma glucose, epinephrine and insulin concentrations during exercise are able to influence SR Ca2+-handling properties in contracting human skeletal muscle. Data collected in Chapter Two and Chapter Three were obtained using tissue prepared from a group of 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats (9 weeks of age; mass = 280 ± 4 g: X ± S.E). Crude muscle homogenates (11:1 dilution) were prepared from selected hind limb muscles (soleus, SOL; extensor digitorum longus, EDL; the red portion of gastrocnemius, RG; and the white portion of gastrocnemius, WG) and the left ventricle (LV). Enriched SR membrane fractions, prepared from WG and LV, were also analyzed. A spectrophotometric assay was used to measure kinetic properties of SERCA, namely, maximal SERCA activity (Vmax), and Ca2+-sensitivity was characterized by both the Ca50, which is defined as the free Ca2+-concentration needed to elicit 50% Vmax, and the Hill coefficient (nH), which is defined as the relationship between SERCA activity and Ca2+f for 10 to 90% Vmax. The observations made in Chapter Two indicated that b-adrenergic signaling, activated by epinephrine, increased (P<0.05) Ca2+-sensitivity, as shown by a left-shift in Ca50 (i.e. reduced Ca50), without altering Vmax in LV and SOL but had no effect (P<0.05) on EDL, RG, or WG. Further analysis using a combination of cAMP, the PKA activator forskolin, and/or the PKA inhibitor KT5270 indicated that the reduced Ca50 in LV was activated by cAMP- and PKA-signaling mechanisms. However, although the reduced Ca50 in SOL was cAMP-dependent, it was not influenced by a PKA-dependent mechanism. In contrast to the effects of b-adrenergic signaling, CaMKII activation increased SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity, as shown by a left-shift in Ca50 and increased nh, without altering SERCA Vmax in LV but was without effect in any of the skeletal muscles examined. The PKC activator PMA significantly reduced SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity, by inducing a right-shift in Ca50 and decreased nH in the LV and all skeletal muscles examined. PKC activation also reduced Vmax in the fast-twitch skeletal muscles (i.e. EDL, RG and WG), but did not alter Vmax in LV or SOL. The results of Chapter Three indicated that insulin signaling increased SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity, as shown by a left-shift in Ca50 (i.e. reduced Ca50) and an increased nH, without altering SERCA Vmax in crude muscle homogenates prepared from LV, SOL, EDL, RG, and WG. An increase in SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity was also observed in enriched SERCA1a and SERCA2a vesicles when an activated form of the insulin receptor (A-INS-R) was included during biochemical analyses. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were conducted and indicated that IRS-1 and IRS-2 proteins bind SERCA1a and SERCA2a in an insulin-dependent manner. However, the binding of IRS proteins with SERCA does not appear to alter the structural integrity of the SERCA Ca2+-binding site since no changes in NCD-4 fluorescence were observed in response to insulin or A-INS-R. Moreover, the increase in SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity due to insulin signaling was not associated with changes in the phosphorylation status of phospholamban (PLN) since Ser16 or Thr17 phosphorylation was not altered by insulin or A-INS-R in LV tissue. The data described in Chapter Four was collected from 15 untrained human participants (peak O2 consumption, VO2peak= 3.45 ± 0.17 L/min) who completed a standardized cycle test (~60% VO2peak) on two occasions during which they were provided either an artificially sweetened placebo (PLAC) or a 6% glucose (GLUC) beverage (~1.00 g CHO per kg body mass). Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis at rest, after 30 min and 90 min of exercise and at fatigue in both conditions to allow assessment of metabolic and SR data. Glucose supplementation increased exercise ride time by ~19% (137 ± 7 min) compared to PLAC (115 ± 6 min). This performance increase was associated with elevated plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and reduced catecholamine concentrations during GLUC compared to PLAC. Prolonged exercise reduced (p<0.05) SR Ca2+-uptake, Vmax, Phase 1 and Phase 2 Ca2+-release rates during both PLAC and GLUC. However, no differences in SR Ca2+-handling properties were observed between conditions when direct comparisons were made at matched time points between PLAC and GLUC. In summary, the results of the first study (Chapter Two) indicate that b-adrenergic and CaMKII signaling increases SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity in the LV and SOL; while PKC signaling reduces SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity in all tissues. PKC activation also reduces Vmax in the fast-twitch skeletal muscles (i.e. EDL, RG, and WG) but has no effect on Vmax in the LV and SOL. The results of the second study (Chapter Three) indicate that insulin signaling acutely increases the Ca2+-sensitivity of SERCA1a and SERCA2a in all tissues examined, without altering the Vmax. Based on our observations, it appears that the increase in SERCA Ca2+-sensitivity may be regulated, in part, through the interaction of IRS proteins with SERCA1a and SERCA2a. The results of the final study (Chapter Four) indicate that alterations in plasma glucose, epinephrine and insulin concentrations associated with glucose supplementation during exercise, do not alter the time course or magnitude of reductions in SERCA or Ca2+-release channel (CRC) function in working human skeletal muscle. Although glucose supplementation did increase exercise ride time to fatigue in this study, our data does not reveal an association with SR Ca2+-cycling measured in vitro. It is possible that the strength of exercise signal overrides the hormonal influences observed in resting muscles. Additionally, these data do not rule out the possibility that glucose supplementation may influence E-C coupling processes or SR Ca2+-cycling properties in vivo.

Cell adhesion is essential to cell motility and tissue integrity and is regulated by the Integrin family of transmembrane receptors. Integrin binds to ligand extracellularly and provide anchor to the intracellular cytoskeleton via adhesion scaffolding proteins. In order to link cell to the surrounding matrix Integrin needs to be activated. Intracellular activation signals induce perturbations in Integrin cytoplasmic domain that are translated into a conformational change in extracellular region for high affinity ligand binding. Integrin engagement by matrix, in turn, triggers the assembly of adhesion complexes. Such early adhesions promote cytoskeletal organization with subsequent contractile activity that exerts forces against initial Integrin-matrix adhesions. In response to force, Integrin strengthens the interaction with matrix through its clustering and successive recruitment of additional adhesion components. These bidirectional regulatory loops mediated by such interactions are largely dependent on the unique function of Integrin adhesion components. / We demonstrate a novel role for the PDZ/LIM domain protein Zasp as a core component of Integrin adhesions. Specifically, Zasp colocalizes with Integrins at focal adhesion in cultured cells and myotendinous junctions in Drosophila embryos. In both cases elimination of Zasp modifies Integrin function causing consequently defects in cell spreading and muscle attachment. Zasp supports Integrin adhesion to the extracellular matrix that is required to withstand tensile forces exerted during cell spreading and muscle contraction. Furthermore, we found that the distribution of Zasp in muscle Z-lines is essential to orchestrate the cross-linking of alpha-Actinin and Actin filaments. Disruption of Zasp leads to loss of muscle cytoarchitecture, pointing to a larger role for Zasp in sarcomere assembly. Finally, we demonstrate that Zasp, in addition to alpha-Actinin, physically interacts with the Integrin- and Actin-bound cytoskeletal protein Talin. / Collectively, our results point to a dual role for Zasp as a structural scaffold. First it regulates Integrin adhesion to the extracellular matrix by interacting with the head domain of Talin at the myotendinous junctions. Second, Zasp controls sarcomere assembly by tethering the presarcomeric alpha-Actinin component to the tail domain of Talin. Zasp finding as a crucial adhesion component provides further insights on the mechanism underlying Integrin-mediated adhesion.

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Introduction : Les muscles paravertébraux interviennent en permanence dans les tâches de la vie quotidienne pour la stabilisation et la mobilisation du rachis. Cela nécessite la contribution du métabolisme aérobie musculaire. La lombalgie chronique est caractérisée par un haut niveau de fatigabilité et des sensations de douleur au regard des muscles paravertébraux, qui pourraient être en partie attribués à l’altération des réponses du métabolisme aérobie musculaire, tandis que la pratique d’activités physiques et sportives (APS) pourrait améliorer ces réponses Objectif : L’objectif général était de déterminer la spécificité des réponses du métabolisme aérobie des muscles paravertébraux chez des patients lombalgiques chroniques, avant et après un programme de restauration fonctionnelle, et chez différents athlètes en bonne santé. Méthode : Quatre études ont été menées. Chaque participant a effectué des exercices isocinétiques sous-maximaux d’extension du tronc pendant cinq minutes, afin d’évaluer les réponses du métabolisme aérobie des muscles paravertébraux à l’exercice. Des sujets lombalgiques chroniques ont été appariés et comparés à des sujets sains, puis suivis au cours d’un programme de restauration fonctionnelle, dont la principale composante était l’exercice physique. Des sujets jeunes et en bonne santé, sportifs et non sportifs, ont été comparés entre eux. Résultats/Conclusion : Chez les lombalgiques chroniques, le programme de restauration fonctionnel a permis une accélération des cinétiques de V̇O2, une augmentation de l’oxygénation musculaire, et une augmentation de l’efficience mécanique à l’exercice. Chez les jeunes sportifs, les réponses aérobies étaient aussi améliorées, et la modification de ces réponses était dépendante des modalités d’entrainement. Ces résultats suggèrent que la pratique d’APS améliore la contribution du métabolisme aérobie au cours d’un exercice prolongé d’extension du tronc, au regard des muscles paravertébraux. Il n’y avait pas de différence entre les réponses métaboliques et hémodynamiques à l’exercice des lombalgiques chroniques, et celles des sujets sains, malgré un faible niveau de force maximale, et un haut niveau de fatigabilité musculaire à l’exercice chez les lombalgiques chroniques. Bien que les résultats préliminaires ne témoignent pas d’une altération des réponses chez les lombalgiques chroniques, nos travaux suggèrent que la pratique d’activités physiques pourrait diminuer le niveau de fatigabilité des muscles paravertébraux, et ainsi limiter les risques de blessure et de contre-performance, en améliorant les réponses aérobies à l’exercice. / Introduction: Paraspinal muscles are required continuously during daily tasks for trunk stabilization and mobilization. For this, aerobic metabolism muscle contribution is required. Chronic low back pain is characterized by a high level of fatigability and pain sensations in regard to paraspinal muscles. These symptoms may be attributed to an alteration in aerobic metabolism responses. Conversely, practising physical and sports activities (PSA) could improve these responses.Objective: The main objective was to determine the specificities in aerobic metabolism responses in regard to paraspinal muscles, in chronic low back pain patients following a functional restoration program and in healthy athletes.Method: Four studies have been conducted. Participants performed submaximal trunk extension exercises on an isokinetic dynamometer for five minutes, to assess paraspinal muscle aerobic metabolism responses to exercises. Chronic low back pain patients were paired with and compared to healthy individuals and followed during a functional restoration program, in which physical exercise was the main component. Also, healthy young individuals, with and without sport specialization, were compared with each other.Results/Conclusion: In chronic low back pain patients, the functional restoration program allows an acceleration in V̇O2, kinetics, an increase in paraspinal muscle oxygenation, and an increase in mechanical efficiency to exercise. In young athletes, the aerobic responses were also improved, and the changes in responses depended on the training modalities. Practicing SPA enhances the aerobic metabolism contribution during prolonged trunk extension exercise, in regard to paraspinal muscles. There was no difference in aerobic metabolism responses between the chronic low back pain patients and the healthy individuals, despite weak levels of maximal strength and high levels of muscle fatigability when exercising (for the chronic low back pain patients). Although the preliminary results did not attest to an alteration in aerobic responses in chronic low back pain patients, our results suggest that practising physical activities could limit paraspinal muscle fatigability, which could be a way to prevent injury and disappointing performances, by improving aerobic metabolism responses to exercise.