Abstract The first part of this research was focused on the relationship between injury severity and cell death mechanisms after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. The major blood supply to the thoracolumbar spinal cord comes from the segmental arteries originating from the thoracoabdominal aorta. Paraplegia cause by spinal cord ischemia is a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Previous studies indicated that ischemia-reperfusion injury of the central nervous system causes two distinct types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis. It was also implicated that the intensity of injury can somehow affect the cell death mechanisms. In the first series of our experiments, by occluding the descending thoracic aorta with or without simultaneously inducing hypovolemic hypotension in rats, we established a model of experimental spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (SCIR) in which the injury severity can be controlled. Recordings of carotid blood pressure (CBP) and spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) showed that aortic occlusion induced dramatic CBP elevation but SCBF drop in both the normotensive (NT) and hypotensive (HT) groups. However, the HT group demonstrated significantly lower SCBF during aortic occlusion, and much slower elevation of SCBF after reperfusion, and extremely poor neurological performance. Spinal cord lesions were characterized by infarction associated with extensive necrotic cell death, but little apoptosis and caspase-3 activity. In contrast, in the NT group, SCIR resulted in minor tissue destruction associated with persistently abundant apoptosis, augmented caspase-3 activity, and favorable functional outcome. The relative sparing of motoneurons in the ventral horns from apoptosis might have accounted for the minor functional impairment in the NT group. The severity of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was found to have substantial impact on the histopathological changes and cell death mechanisms, which correlated with neurological performance. These findings implicate that injury severity and duration after injury are two critical factors to be considered in therapeutic intervention. Based on the knowledge that bPrevious studies have implicated both excitotoxicity and apoptosis are involved in the pathogenesis of SCIR injury, we proposedtested the possibility that the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (dizocilpine maleate: (MK801) and the protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) would produce a synergic effect in the treatment of SCIR injury. In the second series of experiments, I/R iSpinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by a thoracic aortic occlusion and blood volume reduction, followed by reperfusion and volume restoration. ischemia-reperfusion Rats were treated with vehicle, MK801, cycloheximide, or combination of MK801 and cycloheximide in combination. The MK801 and combined therapy group got a better recovery of hHind limb motor function recovery was better in the MK801 and combined-therapy groups than in the control and cycloheximide groups. On the 7th day after ischemia-reperfusion injury, all three treated groups showed significantly higher neuronal survival rates (NSR) than that of the control group. Among the three treated groups, the combined-treatment group showed the highest NSR. In addition, the Ttherapeutic effect of the combined-treatment group (27.4% increase of NSR) iwas better than the anticipated by the addition of MK801 and cycloheximide based on NSR data group. The number of apoptotic cells of was significantly reduced in the cycloheximide group and the combined-treatment group, as compared to that of the control group. It was unchanged in the MK-801 group. These results suggest that combined treatments directed at blocking both NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic necrosis and caspase-mediated apoptosis might have synergic therapeutic potential in reducing SCIR injury. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), play important roles in the transduction of stressful signals and the integration of cellular responses. Although it has been generally held that the JNK and p38 pathways are related to cell death and degeneration, while the ERK pathway, cell proliferation and survival, controversy still exists. The roles of the ERK pathway in I/R injury of the CNS, in particular, remain to be clarified, because contradictory data have been reported by different investigators. Given this controversy, in the third series of experiments, we examined in injured spinal cords the temporal and spatial profiles of ERK1/2 activation following SCIR, and the effects of inhibiting the kinase that phosphorylates ERK1/2, MEK. The results showed that I/R injury induced an immediate phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the spinal cord, which was alleviated by a MEK inhibitor, U0126. The control group was characterized by poorer neurological outcome, more severe tissue destruction, pronounced apoptosis, and lower neuronal survival. In contrast, the U0126-treated group demonstrated more apparent improvement of hind limb motor function, less tissue destruction, lack of apoptosis, and higher neuronal survival. In addition, administration of U0126 also significantly increased the activation of nuclear factor-£eB (NF-£eB) and the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (c-IAP2). These findings implicate that the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection afforded by ERK1/2 inhibition may be through the NF-£eB-c-IAP2 axis. The activation of the MEK-ERK signaling pathway appeared to be harmful in SCIR injury. Strategies aimed at blocking this pathway may bear potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of SCIR injury. The second part of the research was focused on the pathophysiology of surgery-associated paraspinal muscle injury and measures to protect surgically violated paraspinal muscles. The wide dissection and forceful retraction of paraspinal muscles which are often required for posterior spinal sugery may severely jeopardize the muscles structurally and functionally. Immediate posteoperative pathological changes in the surgically violated paraspinal muscles may cause severe pain and a delay of patient ambulation. Long-term sequelae of surgical injury of paraspinal muscles include chronic back pain and impaired back muscle strength. Ironically, being a common complication of posterior spinal surgery, paraspinal muscle injury is so often neglected. Limited previous data indicate that the underlying pathophysiology of muscle damage involve both mechanical and ischemic mechanisms. We hypothesized that surgical dissection and retraction may produce oxidative stress within the paraspinal muscles. Meanwhile, we also proposed that the oxidative stress may trigger certain protective mechanisms within the insulted muscles. The first part of our study was a human study conducted to assess the significance of oxidative stress, and the relationship between it and the stress response mediated by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) induction within paraspinal muscles under intraoperative retraction. A group of patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis treated with posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion, pedicle fixation and laminectomy were enrolled. Multifidus muscle specimens were harvested intraoperatively before, at designated time points during, and after surgical retraction. Muscle samples were analyzed for HSP70 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Both HSP70 expression and MDA production within multifidus muscle cells were increased significantly by retraction. HSP70 expression then dropped after a peak at 1.5 hr of retraction, whereas MDA levels remained elevated even after release of retractors for reperfusion of the muscles. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evidence indicated that the decline of HSP70 synthesis within muscle cells after prolonged retraction was the result of severe muscle damage. These results highlighted the noxious impact of intraoperative retraction on human paraspinal muscles, and the significance of oxidative stress at the cellular and molecular levels. It is also implicated that intraoperative maneuvers aimed at reducing the oxidative stress within the paraspinal muscles may help attenuating surgery-associated paraspinal muscle damage. Given the findings of the first part of our study, and the knowledge that inflammation is a major postoperative pathological finding in surgically injured paraspinal muscles, we proceeded to examine the roles of two important inflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and nuclear factor (NF)-£eB, in the pathogenesis of retraction-associated paraspinal muscle injury. A rat model of paraspinal muscle dissection and retraction that mimicks the conditions in human posterior spinal surgery was established. In the control group, paraspinal muscles were dissected from the spine through a dorsal incision, and then laterally retracted. Paraspinal muscle specimens were harvested before, and at designated time points during and after persistent retraction. The time course of NF-£eB activation as well as the expression of COX-2 were examined. Severity of inflammation was evaluated based on histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. NF-£eB activation was inhibited by the administration of pyrrolidine dithiolcarbamate (PDTC) in the PDTC-treated group. In the control group, retraction induced an early increase of NF-£eB/DNA binding activity in paraspinal muscle cells, which persited throughout the whole course of retraction. COX-2 expression was not detectable until 1 day after surgery, and reached a peak at 3 days. The time course of COX-2 expression correlated with that of inflammatory pathology and MPO activity. Extensive muscle fiber loss and collagen fiber replacement were observed at 7 days after surgery. Pretreatment with PDTC inhibited intraoperative NF-£eB activation and greatly downregulated postoperative COX-2 expression and inflammation in the muscles. Fibrosis following inflammation was also significantly abolished by PDTC administration. These findings indicate that NF-£eB-regulated COX-2 expression and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of surgery-associated paraspinal muscle injury. Therapeutic strategies involving NF-£eB inhibition may be applicable to the prevention of such injury.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第19643号 / 人健博第35号 / 新制||人健||3(附属図書館) / 32679 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 坪山 直生, 教授 山田 重人, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Le rachis lombaire est à la fois capable de répondre à des exigences de stabilité pour protéger les structures neurologiques ou ostéo-ligamentaires et de mouvement pour assumer les gestes de la vie quotidienne, professionnelle et sportive. La lombalgie, pathologie multifactorielle, s'accompagne de perturbations musculaires, réflexes ou comportementales. La complexité de ces adaptations explique pourquoi il est encore difficile de savoir comment un sujet devient lombalgique ou pourquoi il le reste. Ce travail de recherche s'est focalisé sur l'étude de certaines adaptations du rachis lombaire en situation aiguës ou chroniques. Les objectifs étaient d'analyser l'influence (i) des tissus de soutien sur le comportement musculaire lombaire (ii) du gainage abdominal sur l'efficience des membres inférieurs, (iii) de la fatigue des érecteurs spinaux sur la réponse réflexe chez le sujet sain et (iv) d'un programme de rééducation chez le lombalgique. Les résultats obtenus soulignent le rôle central de l'effecteur neuromusculaire lombaire. Le maintien de certaines postures entraîne des adaptations mécaniques (pression intramusculaire) et métaboliques (oxygénation musculaire) limitant l'efficience des érecteurs spinaux. Le renforcement abdominal, probablement par son action stabilisatrice lombaire, modifie la raideur du système tronc -membres inférieurs et peut-être l'aptitude au saut vertical. Une fatigue lombaire induite provoque une adaptation réflexe chez le sujet sain (gain d'amplitude et peut-être de latence) pour compenser la perte de force. Enfin, un programme de restauration fonctionnelle permettrait, chez le lombalgique chronique, de modifier les capacités d'anticipation en limitant les activations musculaires exagérées et la réponse réflexe à une perturbation, évoquant l'émergence de nouvelles stratégies d'adaptation. Ce travail suggère la possibilité de nouvelles approches dans un cadre sportif ou médical. / The lumbar spine is able to meet both stability requirements for protecting neurological and osteoligamentous spine structures and movement requirements for performing professional, sports, and daily life activities. Low back pain, a multi-factorial disease, is associated with abnormal muscle function, neuromuscular alterations, and adverse behavioural reactions. The complexity and the variability of all these changes explain why the exact cause of back pain remains unknown. This thesis focused on the study of the lumbar spine adaptations in various acute or chronic situations. The goal was to explore (i) the influence of posture and passive contributions on paraspinal muscle pressure and oxygenation adaptations, (ii) the consequences of abdominal reinforcement on trunk and leg stiffness, (iii) the effects of induced paraspinal fatigue or (iv) rehabilitation programs on reflex modulation in healthy subjects and chronic low back pain patients, respectively. The results emphasize the central role of the neuromuscular lumbar effector. Maintaining certain postures causes mechanical and oxygenation paraspinal muscular changes that may explain passive limitations on paraspinal muscle efficiency; the modifications induced by abdominal training in healthy subjects suggest a possible role of the spine on trunk and leg stiffness changes; a paraspinal muscle fatigue paradigm illustrates the reflex modulation which compensates a loss of force; finally, a functional restoration program designed for chronic low back pain disorders targets neuromuscular behaviour changes via modulation of the trunk reflex response, thus advocating a possible way to increase the range of control strategies. This work opens the door for new therapeutic strategies.

La connaissance de l’anatomie des muscles paravertébraux lombaires et la compréhension de leur mode d’action représentent un enjeu majeur de la prise en charge des lombalgies. L’expérience chirurgicale montre que les muscles paravertébraux constituent une volumineuse masse musculaire dépourvue de gros tendons et engainée dans un fascia inextensible. En biomécanique, la force maximale d’un muscle est positivement corrélée à la surface de section des tendons et du corps charnu. Il existe probablement, au niveau lombaire, une étonnante discordance entre le volume musculaire, qui suggère une force élevé, et celui des tendons dont la résistance mécanique est très limitée. Les modèles biomécaniques classiques semblent inappropriées pour décrire le mode d’action des muscles paravertébraux. Selon certains modèles biomécaniques dérivés de la théorie des poutres, l’augmentation de la dureté ou élasticité au sein du compartiment paravertébral serait le mécanisme principal de la stabilisation de la colonne vertébrale.Ces travaux se sont articulés autour de deux grands axes. L’axe anatomique avait pour objectif de vérifier l’hypothèse de la discordance morphologique tendon/muscle des principaux muscles paravertébraux lombaires. L’axe radiologique avait pour objectif la mise en place de protocoles d’élastographie par résonance magnétique et ultrasonore pour l’exploration de l’élasticité des différents muscles paravertébraux lombaires au repos et dans plusieurs postures différentes.Les résultats des travaux anatomiques montrent un ratio de surface tendon/muscle du multifudus et de l’iliocostalis extrêmement bas et une petite surface de section du multifidus suggérant que muscles ne sont pas capables de générer l’extension dorsale de la colonne lors de la contraction musculaire. Ils semblent plutôt stabiliser la colonne vertébrale en lui assurant une certaine rigidité assurée par un volume musculaire conséquent confiné dans une loge inextensible. Au moyen de l’élastographie, nous montrons que l’élasticité des muscles paravertébraux est la plus basse au repos, en décubitus et qu’elle n’est pas influencée par la flexion ou l’extension passive de la colonne, ni par l’étirement du fascia thoracolombaire. L’élasticité augmente lors des positions : assise, debout, penchée en avant et en arrière. Le comportement biomécanique de chaque muscle est différent selon les postures. Ces travaux confirment qu’il existe des modifications significatives de l’élasticité lors de la mise en charge de la colonne. Les lombalgies sont associées à des modifications d’élasticité de la colonne et des muscles paravertébraux observées lors de l’examen clinique, l’élastographie pourrait permettre de les explorer et de les caractériser de façon objective et non invasive. / Knowledge about the anatomy and the mode of action of the lumbar paraspinal muscles is major importance for the management of low back pain. Surgical experience shows that the paraspinal muscles constitute a voluminous muscle mass without large tendons and enclosed in an inextensible fascia. In biomechanics, the maximum strength of a muscle is positively correlated to the cross-sectional area of tendons and the muscle belly. Therefore, there is a paradox between the presumed high strength of the voluminous muscle belly and the low strength of the tendons. Traditional biomechanical models seem inappropriate for describing the mode of action of the paraspinal muscles. According to the beam theory, increasing elasticity within the paraspinal compartment would allow the stabilization of the spine.The work has two broad objectives. The first objective was to assess the assumption that there is an inconsistency betwenn the cross-sectional area of the tendon and of the belly of the main paraspinal muscles, i.e. the multifidus, the longissius and the iliocostalis. The second objective was to establish elastography protocols with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography for the exploration of the elasticity of the paraspinal muscles at rest and in several different postures. Results of the anatomical studies show that the tendon-to-muscle area ratios of the longissimis and the iliocostalis were extremely small, as well as cross-sectional area of the belly of the multifidus. That suggests that paraspinal muscles are not able to provide the dorsal extension of the spine during muscle contraction. Rather, they seem to stabilize the spine by providing it with a certain rigidity ensured by a substantial muscle volume contained in an inextensible compartment. Through elastography, we have shown that the elasticity of the paraspinal muscles was the lowest at rest, in decubitus. Elasticity was not influenced by passive flexion or extension of the spine, nor by the stretching of the thoracolumbar fascia. Elasticity increased during sitting, standing, bending forward and bending backward the compared to decubitus. The biomechanical behaviour of the longissimus, the iliocostalis and multifidus differed according to the postures. This work confirms that there are significant changes in elasticity during standing postures. Low back pain is associated with stiffness changes of the spine and of the paraspinal muscles that have been observed through clinical examination. In the future, elastography could allow exploring low back pain.

To investigate the role of muscles in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), our group was initially interested in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) diseases where a muscular degeneration often leads to scoliosis. Few years ago the studies with those patients provided interesting results but were obtained only from few patients. To increase that number, the present project was initiated but recruitment of new DMD patients from Marie-Enfant hospital was found impossible. As an alternative, patients with Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) were recruited since they also suffer from a muscular deficiency which often induces a scoliosis. So, 4 FA patients and 4 healthy controls have been chosen to closely match the age, weight and body mass indexes (BMI) of the patients were enrolled in our experiments. As in the previous study, electromyography (EMG) activity of paraspinal muscles were recorded on each side of the spine during three types of contraction at 2 different maximum voluntary contractions (MVC). Moreover, the volume and skinfold thickness of these muscles were determined from ultrasound images (US) in order to facilitate the interpretation of EMG signals recorded on the skin surface. For the 3 FA right scoliotic patients, EMG activity was most of the time larger on the concave side of the deviation. The opposite was found for the 4th one (P4, left scoliosis, 32°) for whom EMG activity was larger on the convex side; it should however be noted that all his signals were of small amplitude. This was associated to a muscle weakness and a large skinfold thickness (12 mm) vs 7 mm for the 3 others. As for the paraspinal muscle volume, it was present on the convex side of P1, P3 and P4 and on the concave side for P2. As for skinfold thickness over this muscle, it was larger on the concave side for P1 and P2 and the opposite for P3 and P4. At the apex of each curve, the volume and skinfold thickness differences were the largest. Although the study covers only a small number of FA patients, the presence of larger EMG signals on the concave side of a spinal deformation is similar to pre-scoliotic DMD patients for whom the deformation is in its initial stage. It thus seems that our FA patients with more EMG activity on their concave side could see progression of their spinal deformation in the coming months in spite of their already important Cobb angle. / Pour étudier le rôle des muscles dans le développement de la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA), d’abord notre groupe était intéressé par la myopathie de Duchenne (DMD) où une dégénérescence musculaire conduit souvent à la scoliose. Il y a quelques années, des résultats intéressants étaient obtenus par les études avec ces patients, mais seulement de quelques patients. Pour augmenter ce nombre, le présent projet a été lancé, mais le recrutement de nouveaux patients atteints de DMD a été trouvé impossible dans l’hôpital de Marie-Enfant. Comme alternative, les patients atteints de l’ataxie de Friedriech (AF) ont recruté qui provoque un affaiblissement musculaire menant souvent à une scoliose. Ainsi, 4 patients AF et 4 jeunes sains asymptomatiques constituant le groupe contrôle ont été recruté dans nos expériences. Comme dans l’étude précédente, les signaux électromyographiques (EMG) des muscles paraspinaux ont été captés lors de 3 types de contraction à deux différentes contractions volontaires maximales. En outre, l'épaisseur du pli cutané et du volume de ces muscles ont été déterminées à partir des images échographiques en vue de faciliter l’interprétation des signaux EMG enregistrés à la surface de la peau. Pour les 3 patients présentaient une scoliose à droite, une activité EMG a été la plupart du temps plus grande sur le côté concave de la déviation. Le contraire a été trouvé chez le 4ième patient (scoliose à gauche, 32°) chez qui l’activité EMG était plus grande sur le côté convexe. Il est à noter que ses signaux EMG étaient très faibles dû à une faiblesse musculaire et à une épaisseur du pli cutané plus grande (12 mm vs 7 mm) pour les 3 autres. En ce qui concerne le volume des muscles paraspinaux, il était plus grand du côté convexe pour P1, P3 et P4 et du côté concave pour P2. Quant à l'épaisseur du pli cutané au-dessus des paraspinaux, il était plus grand du côté concave pour P1 et P2 et c’était l'inverse pour P3 et P4. Ces différences de volume et d'épaisseur du pli cutané étaient plus grandes au voisinage de l’apex des courbes scoliotiques. Bien que l'étude ne porte que sur un petit nombre de patients atteints de l’ataxie de Friedreich (AF), la présence de signaux EMG plus grands du côté concave de leur déformation vertébrale est à le semblable de ce que nous avons observé chez les patients DMD chez qui une scoliose débutait, une plus grande activité EMG a été détectée sur le côté concave. Il semble donc que les patients AF ayant une activité EMG plus grande du côté concave, pourraient voir leur déformation progresser au cours des prochains mois malgré le fait que leur angle de Cobb soit déjà important.

To investigate the role of muscles in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), our group was initially interested in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) diseases where a muscular degeneration often leads to scoliosis. Few years ago the studies with those patients provided interesting results but were obtained only from few patients. To increase that number, the present project was initiated but recruitment of new DMD patients from Marie-Enfant hospital was found impossible. As an alternative, patients with Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) were recruited since they also suffer from a muscular deficiency which often induces a scoliosis. So, 4 FA patients and 4 healthy controls have been chosen to closely match the age, weight and body mass indexes (BMI) of the patients were enrolled in our experiments. As in the previous study, electromyography (EMG) activity of paraspinal muscles were recorded on each side of the spine during three types of contraction at 2 different maximum voluntary contractions (MVC). Moreover, the volume and skinfold thickness of these muscles were determined from ultrasound images (US) in order to facilitate the interpretation of EMG signals recorded on the skin surface. For the 3 FA right scoliotic patients, EMG activity was most of the time larger on the concave side of the deviation. The opposite was found for the 4th one (P4, left scoliosis, 32°) for whom EMG activity was larger on the convex side; it should however be noted that all his signals were of small amplitude. This was associated to a muscle weakness and a large skinfold thickness (12 mm) vs 7 mm for the 3 others. As for the paraspinal muscle volume, it was present on the convex side of P1, P3 and P4 and on the concave side for P2. As for skinfold thickness over this muscle, it was larger on the concave side for P1 and P2 and the opposite for P3 and P4. At the apex of each curve, the volume and skinfold thickness differences were the largest. Although the study covers only a small number of FA patients, the presence of larger EMG signals on the concave side of a spinal deformation is similar to pre-scoliotic DMD patients for whom the deformation is in its initial stage. It thus seems that our FA patients with more EMG activity on their concave side could see progression of their spinal deformation in the coming months in spite of their already important Cobb angle. / Pour étudier le rôle des muscles dans le développement de la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA), d’abord notre groupe était intéressé par la myopathie de Duchenne (DMD) où une dégénérescence musculaire conduit souvent à la scoliose. Il y a quelques années, des résultats intéressants étaient obtenus par les études avec ces patients, mais seulement de quelques patients. Pour augmenter ce nombre, le présent projet a été lancé, mais le recrutement de nouveaux patients atteints de DMD a été trouvé impossible dans l’hôpital de Marie-Enfant. Comme alternative, les patients atteints de l’ataxie de Friedriech (AF) ont recruté qui provoque un affaiblissement musculaire menant souvent à une scoliose. Ainsi, 4 patients AF et 4 jeunes sains asymptomatiques constituant le groupe contrôle ont été recruté dans nos expériences. Comme dans l’étude précédente, les signaux électromyographiques (EMG) des muscles paraspinaux ont été captés lors de 3 types de contraction à deux différentes contractions volontaires maximales. En outre, l'épaisseur du pli cutané et du volume de ces muscles ont été déterminées à partir des images échographiques en vue de faciliter l’interprétation des signaux EMG enregistrés à la surface de la peau. Pour les 3 patients présentaient une scoliose à droite, une activité EMG a été la plupart du temps plus grande sur le côté concave de la déviation. Le contraire a été trouvé chez le 4ième patient (scoliose à gauche, 32°) chez qui l’activité EMG était plus grande sur le côté convexe. Il est à noter que ses signaux EMG étaient très faibles dû à une faiblesse musculaire et à une épaisseur du pli cutané plus grande (12 mm vs 7 mm) pour les 3 autres. En ce qui concerne le volume des muscles paraspinaux, il était plus grand du côté convexe pour P1, P3 et P4 et du côté concave pour P2. Quant à l'épaisseur du pli cutané au-dessus des paraspinaux, il était plus grand du côté concave pour P1 et P2 et c’était l'inverse pour P3 et P4. Ces différences de volume et d'épaisseur du pli cutané étaient plus grandes au voisinage de l’apex des courbes scoliotiques. Bien que l'étude ne porte que sur un petit nombre de patients atteints de l’ataxie de Friedreich (AF), la présence de signaux EMG plus grands du côté concave de leur déformation vertébrale est à le semblable de ce que nous avons observé chez les patients DMD chez qui une scoliose débutait, une plus grande activité EMG a été détectée sur le côté concave. Il semble donc que les patients AF ayant une activité EMG plus grande du côté concave, pourraient voir leur déformation progresser au cours des prochains mois malgré le fait que leur angle de Cobb soit déjà important.

Introduction : Les muscles paravertébraux interviennent en permanence dans les tâches de la vie quotidienne pour la stabilisation et la mobilisation du rachis. Cela nécessite la contribution du métabolisme aérobie musculaire. La lombalgie chronique est caractérisée par un haut niveau de fatigabilité et des sensations de douleur au regard des muscles paravertébraux, qui pourraient être en partie attribués à l’altération des réponses du métabolisme aérobie musculaire, tandis que la pratique d’activités physiques et sportives (APS) pourrait améliorer ces réponses Objectif : L’objectif général était de déterminer la spécificité des réponses du métabolisme aérobie des muscles paravertébraux chez des patients lombalgiques chroniques, avant et après un programme de restauration fonctionnelle, et chez différents athlètes en bonne santé. Méthode : Quatre études ont été menées. Chaque participant a effectué des exercices isocinétiques sous-maximaux d’extension du tronc pendant cinq minutes, afin d’évaluer les réponses du métabolisme aérobie des muscles paravertébraux à l’exercice. Des sujets lombalgiques chroniques ont été appariés et comparés à des sujets sains, puis suivis au cours d’un programme de restauration fonctionnelle, dont la principale composante était l’exercice physique. Des sujets jeunes et en bonne santé, sportifs et non sportifs, ont été comparés entre eux. Résultats/Conclusion : Chez les lombalgiques chroniques, le programme de restauration fonctionnel a permis une accélération des cinétiques de V̇O2, une augmentation de l’oxygénation musculaire, et une augmentation de l’efficience mécanique à l’exercice. Chez les jeunes sportifs, les réponses aérobies étaient aussi améliorées, et la modification de ces réponses était dépendante des modalités d’entrainement. Ces résultats suggèrent que la pratique d’APS améliore la contribution du métabolisme aérobie au cours d’un exercice prolongé d’extension du tronc, au regard des muscles paravertébraux. Il n’y avait pas de différence entre les réponses métaboliques et hémodynamiques à l’exercice des lombalgiques chroniques, et celles des sujets sains, malgré un faible niveau de force maximale, et un haut niveau de fatigabilité musculaire à l’exercice chez les lombalgiques chroniques. Bien que les résultats préliminaires ne témoignent pas d’une altération des réponses chez les lombalgiques chroniques, nos travaux suggèrent que la pratique d’activités physiques pourrait diminuer le niveau de fatigabilité des muscles paravertébraux, et ainsi limiter les risques de blessure et de contre-performance, en améliorant les réponses aérobies à l’exercice. / Introduction: Paraspinal muscles are required continuously during daily tasks for trunk stabilization and mobilization. For this, aerobic metabolism muscle contribution is required. Chronic low back pain is characterized by a high level of fatigability and pain sensations in regard to paraspinal muscles. These symptoms may be attributed to an alteration in aerobic metabolism responses. Conversely, practising physical and sports activities (PSA) could improve these responses.Objective: The main objective was to determine the specificities in aerobic metabolism responses in regard to paraspinal muscles, in chronic low back pain patients following a functional restoration program and in healthy athletes.Method: Four studies have been conducted. Participants performed submaximal trunk extension exercises on an isokinetic dynamometer for five minutes, to assess paraspinal muscle aerobic metabolism responses to exercises. Chronic low back pain patients were paired with and compared to healthy individuals and followed during a functional restoration program, in which physical exercise was the main component. Also, healthy young individuals, with and without sport specialization, were compared with each other.Results/Conclusion: In chronic low back pain patients, the functional restoration program allows an acceleration in V̇O2, kinetics, an increase in paraspinal muscle oxygenation, and an increase in mechanical efficiency to exercise. In young athletes, the aerobic responses were also improved, and the changes in responses depended on the training modalities. Practicing SPA enhances the aerobic metabolism contribution during prolonged trunk extension exercise, in regard to paraspinal muscles. There was no difference in aerobic metabolism responses between the chronic low back pain patients and the healthy individuals, despite weak levels of maximal strength and high levels of muscle fatigability when exercising (for the chronic low back pain patients). Although the preliminary results did not attest to an alteration in aerobic responses in chronic low back pain patients, our results suggest that practising physical activities could limit paraspinal muscle fatigability, which could be a way to prevent injury and disappointing performances, by improving aerobic metabolism responses to exercise.