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by Law Shui Chee Annie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-125). / Abstract --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Taxonomy and classification --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Life cycle --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Marketing value --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Nutritional content --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background of calcium --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Calcium requirements for human --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The biological role of calcium --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Calcium as a regulator --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Binding of calcium --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Uptake of calcium --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Calcium transport --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Application of calcium on mushroom cultivation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- Calcium effect on mushroom --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Background of manganese --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- The biological role of manganese --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Uptake of manganese --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Manganese requirements of humans --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Manganese deficiency --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Use of manganese --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Influence of pH on manganese toxicity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Effects of manganese on enzymes --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.8 --- Application of manganese on mushroom cultivation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purpose of Study --- p.19 / Chapter 2. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1 --- Organisms --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Maintenance of cultures --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- Identification of two strains --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Determination of growth rate --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Mating type reaction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of different concentrations of calcium and manganese on the life cycle of the fungi --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Spore germination --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Preparation of mycelium homogenate --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Vegetative growth --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Fruiting initiation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Fruiting --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Fruiting yield (Biological efficiency) --- p.32 / Chapter 3. --- RESULTS --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Identification of two strains --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Determination of growth rate --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Fruitbody morphology --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Mating type reaction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of calcium and manganese on the life cycle of the fungus --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Spore germination --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Vegetative growth --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fruiting initiation in vitro --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fruiting --- p.58 / Chapter 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on spore germination --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on vegetative growth --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Biomass study --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Glucose utilization --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Protein secretion --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Orthophosphate utilization --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Ammonia content study --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Metal content study --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on fruiting initiation --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on fruiting --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Fruiting yield (biological efficiency) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Metal content in fruitbodies --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur contents in fruitbodies" --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Amino acid content in fruitbodies --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5 --- Response of different stages towards metals --- p.115 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.116 / Chapter 6. --- REFERENCES --- p.117 / Chapter 7. --- APPENDIX --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1 --- Preparation of reagents for determination of orthophosphate content --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Stock standard 100.0 mg P/L --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Working stock standard solution 10.0 mg P/L --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Stock ammonium molybdate solution --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.4 --- Stock antimony potassium tartrate solution --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.5 --- Molybdate color reagent --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.6 --- Ascorbic acid reducing solution --- p.127 / Chapter 7.1.7 --- Sodium hydroxide-EDTA rinse --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2 --- Preparation of reagents for determination of ammonia content --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Stock standard 100.0 mgN/L as NH3 in 2 M KC1 --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Working standards --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Potassium chloride and standards diluent --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- EDTA solution --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Buffer --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.6 --- Salicylate-nitroprusside color reagent recipe --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.7 --- Hypochlorite reagent --- p.128

by Ching Mei Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-145). / List of Tables --- p.I / List of Figures --- p.III / Abbreviations --- p.VII / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Present situation of municipal solid wastes in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Landfill in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Landfill leachate --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Generation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Quality --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Environmental hazard --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Other alternatives --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3 --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Production and nature --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Availability --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Physical and chemical properties --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Capabilities to degrade phenolic compounds --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Potential uses --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4 --- Proposal and exp erimental plan --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2 --- Physical and chemical analyses of pollutants --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Basic studies on removal capacities on potential pollutants --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- "Removal of dyes, metals and ammonia" --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Applied studies on removal of pollutants --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Treatment of landfill leachate --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Microcosm to examine the decomposition of refuse --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of spent mushroom compost and landfill leachate --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Removal capacities of spent mushroom compost --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Biosorption of dyes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Evercion yellow --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Evercion navy H-ER blue --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Congo red --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Biosorption of metals --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Lead --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Iron --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Cadmium --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Removal of ammonia --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Basic study --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Applied removal of ammonia from landfill leachate --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.1 --- Effect of indigenous micro-organims in landfill leachate --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.2 --- Effect of spent mushroom compost and glucose --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.3 --- Effect of sugar cane waste extract --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.4 --- Effect of sugar cane waste and concentration of glucose --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Removal by spent mushroom compost --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Identification of two spent mushroom compost micro-organisms --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Pentachlorophenol-degrading abilities of the two micro-organisms --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- A microcosm to examine the decomposition of refuse --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- pH --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Salinity --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5.3 --- Turbidity --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.5.4 --- Ammonia content --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.5.5 --- Orthophosphate content --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.6 --- "Inorganic, organic and total carbon contents" --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.7 --- Metals --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.8 --- Gases production --- p.112 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of the spent mushroom compost --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- Removal abilities of pollutants by the spent mushroom compost --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Metals and dyes --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Adsorption specificity --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3 --- Decomposition of refuse --- p.129 / Chapter 4.4 --- Removal of ammonia in landfill leachate --- p.132 / Chapter 4.5 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.135 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Reference --- p.137 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Appendix --- p.146

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 roat_tc_dr_rcla.pdf: 3118917 bytes, checksum: 7fa7780c7ad97251c717e1fa8f9219e5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Apis mellifera é um organismo de grande interesse para estudos neurobiológicos, pois além de apresentar um cérebro estruturalmente simples, se comparado ao dos vertebrados, apresenta características próprias relacionadas ao comportamento social, com capacidade de memória e aprendizagem. As colônias destas abelhas são constituídas por machos e fêmeas, as fêmeas dividindo-se em duas castas, operárias e rainhas. Sabendo-se que as castas e os machos de A. mellifera apresentam morfologia, fisiologia e padrões comportamentais bastante distintos que, por sua vez, estão, em boa parte representados no polimorfismo cerebral, o presente trabalho visou desvendar como essas diferenças se estabelecem a partir do cérebro larval, basicamente igual para todos. Sendo A. mellifera uma espécie holometábola a transformação das estruturas larvais para as dos adultos ocorre durante a metamorfose, ou seja, durante a pupação. Para melhor compreensão, o estudo iniciou-se com a caracterização das diferenças morfológicas entre os cérebros de operárias, rainhas e machos recém emergidos. A partir da verificação de quais eram as estruturas que mais se diferenciavam entre as classes de indivíduos que compõem a colônia, foram escolhidas para ter sua diferenciação acompanhada os corpos pedunculados, os lobos ópticos e a pars intercerebralis no protocérebero e os lobos antenais no deutocérebro. Dessas estruturas foi feito um estudo comparativo entre operárias, rainhas e zangões usando preparações para microscopia de luz, mensurações da área ocupada por alguns de seus componentes, estudos estruturais de outros, bem como uma estimativa das taxas de multiplicação, e mortes celulares com técnicas citoquímicas e imunocitoquímicas. Esses estudos foram iniciados com larvas no último estágio larval... / Apis mellifera is an interesting model to neurobiological studies due to the simplicity of its brain commanding the complex behaviors demanded by the eusocial relationships and its capacity of learning and memorizing. The colonies of this bee consist of males and females. The females are differentiated in two castes: workers and queens. The castes and males from A. mellifera have distinct morphology, physiology and behavior correlated with their functions in the society and represented by some brain polymorphism. In this context the aim of the present study was clear up how the adult brain differences are established parting from the larval brain basicalIy equal to alI kinds of individuaIs. A. melliftra is a holometabolous insect and therefore, the change of the larval structures to the adult ones occurs during pupation or metamorphosis. In order to have a better vision of the differences found among the adult brains. was done a comparative morphological study of the brain from newly emerged workers, queens and males. The results showed that the brain structures more distinct among the individual classes were the mushroom bodies, optic lobes and pars intercerebralis from the protocerebrum and the antennal lobes from the deutocerebrum. Those were choose for have their differentiation accompanied during metamorphosis. Comparative studies of the structures among workers, queens and males were done using light and electronic microscopy, measuring the areas occupied from some of their components and estimative of the rates of mitosis and cell death using cytochemical and immuno-histochemical techniques. These studies started in the last larval instar and continued in pre-pupae, white, pink, brown, and black eyed pupae until black body pupae. Besides a search for differential protein expression among the individual classes whole brain was done... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Vast- quantities of lignocellulosic materials, representing potential substrates for the cultivation of speciality mushrooms, are produced annually in South Africa. A number of these materials are derived as waste products of the timber and agricultural industries, e.g. Maranti (Shorea spp.) and Port Jackson Willow (Acacia longifolia) respectively. The screening of various wood-degrading fungi, which are cultivated worldwide for their production of speciality mushrooms, indicated that under the environmental conditions considered, certain species were adapted to cultivation on these lignocellulosic wastes (Pleurotus species) whereas others were not (Lentinus edodes and Flammulina velutipes). Furthermore, intra- and interspecies specific differences in the growth and production potential of the various lignocellulolytic fungi investigated on synthetic and natural medium were discovered. Biochemical and genetical investigations of these strains indicated differences between and within species which were often significant. Species varied qualitatively and quantitatively in the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced, which was loosely correlated with productivity on the different media investigated. Genetical studies, using RAPD fingerprinting, indicated that the Pleurotus genus is highly variable which supports the observed differences in growth, yield and enzymatic activity between different strains and species.

by Lau Wing Chung. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985 / Bibliography: leaves 209-236

The purpose of this research is two fold. First to improve pest management of the sciarid fly (Diptera: Sciaridae) by better defining its relation to mushroom production. Secondly, to explore some of the factors and aspects of the biology of the fly which may increase room to room dispersal rates of adults. The effects of different generations of production room Lycoriella mali Fitch infestations and seasons on yield were explored. In models regressing densities of different generations to mushroom yield, significant negative slopes (p=.05) existed in all models. However, flies did not account for as much yield variance as hypothesized (16.43%). Yield is greatest during the winter months when insect pressure is lowest and decreases in summer months when more insects are present. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin 25 WP, Uniroyal Co.) was tested for its effects on fly emergence and oviposition. Diflubenzuron was effective in suppressing fly emergence and remained effective when treated compost was exposed to phase II peak heating. In production room experiments all fly generations had significantly fewer flies in rooms treated with diflubenzuron at fill. L. mali showed a slight preference to oviposition in diflubenzuron treated compost, indicating a possible attractant effect. A criterion table was developed to estimate the age of L. mali. Both younger and larger L. mali carried more ovarioles. The number of ovarioles that L. mali carry dropped significantly after 48 h; this is likely the time the fly becomes parous. The effects of ambient temperature and distance between production rooms on dispersal were explored. The greatest number of dispersing flies were caught during the summer months. As the daily median temperature increased, the number of dispersing flies increased exponentially. Production room blocks on the perimeter of the farm generally had fewer dispersing flies than centrally located production room blocks indicating that it was unlikely that a reservoir population existed outside the farm. Measurements of wing area and age of L. mali captured while dispersing and not dispersing were compared. Dispersing flies had significantly smaller wings than non-dispersers (p=.000). Wing area for dispersing flies decreased along a density gradient, while wing area for non-dispersers did not. The mean age of dispersing flies was not significantly different (p=.082) from non-dispersers, and neither changed along a density gradient. / Graduation date: 1996

In high-speed digital circuits, in order to utilize the space of printed circuit boards(PCB) efficiently, the signal via is a heavily used interconnection structure to communicate different signal layers. However, because of vias are small and irregular structure in the PCB. When we try to simulate these problems with traditional FDTD method. We must using more fine grid to approximate the structure, so it will take a lot CPU memory and computing times. In this author, we try to combine FDTD and FVTD method. Take FVTD method in these partial small structure and magnify grid in a ratio. Finally, combine the larger FDTD grid to achieve reducing the numbers of grids that will save CPU memory and raise computing speed. In addition, we will present another solution that shifting via to replace using small size via based on a method that is using cascaded EBG structure achieve broadband effects to cost down.

Orientador: Maristela Simões do Carmo / Resumo: Nos últimos anos tem sido intensa a busca por atividades agrícolas que conciliem a produção de alimentos com preservação ambiental e viabilidade econômica e social. A globalização modificou as relações econômicas de forma ampla e definida, obrigando todos os setores da economia a realizarem rápidas adaptações para garantir sua participação e sobrevivência no mercado. Essas transformações impactam, de forma gradual e constante, a organização da produção agroindustrial. A eficiência, nos sistemas agroindustriais, provém de relações entre preços e produtividade dos fatores de produção (terra, capital e trabalho) e da tecnologia. São importantes também a minimização dos custos de transação ao longo das cadeias, e um eficiente sistema de coordenação ou de governança. Por outro lado, os cogumelos medicinais podem ser importantes aliados na resolução de muitos problemas, desde o aproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais até a produção de medicamentos utilizados no combate à diversas doenças. O Agaricus blazei é um cogumelo originário da Mata Atlântica brasileira e vem ganhando credibilidade como produto nutracêutico e medicinal em mercados internacionais...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the last years it has been intense the search for agricultural activities that reconcile the production of foods with environmental preservation and economical and social viability. The globalization modified the economical relationship in a wide and defined way, forcing all of the sections of the economy to perform it fast adaptations to guarantee their participation and survival in the market. Those transformations impact, in a gradual and constant way, the organization of the agroindustrial production. The efficiency in the agroindustrial system, comes from relationships between prices and productivity of the production factors (land, capital and work), from technology, and others factors analyzed traditionally, derived of the minimization of the cost transaction along the chains, and of an efficient coordination or governance system. Otherwise, the medicinal mushrooms can be important allies in the resolution of many problems, which go from the utilization of agroindustrial residue to the production of medicaments used to fight several diseases. Agaricus blazei is a mushroom...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor