Past research suggested that greater rhythmic complexity in musical behavior increases affiliation in small groups. The current research tested the hypothesis that musical behavior including melody would promote affiliation. In the current experiment, a video showed models either singing nonsense syllables in unison or speaking identical syllables in synchrony. Participants were assigned to either imitate, or merely listen to, the videos. Participants perceived both the synchronous speaking condition and singing conditions as musical behavior. In the imitate conditions, synchronous speaking produced more affiliation and ingroup favoritism and less embarrassment than singing, whereas in the listen-only conditions, affiliation, ingroup favoritism, and embarrassment did not differ between singing and speaking. Reported happiness and fun were greater in the imitate conditions. The successfulness of imitation, coded by judges, was less, and self-reported difficulty was greater, in the singing condition compared to the synchronous speaking condition. Ratings of success at imitation were positively related to affiliation, positive affect, and ingroup favoritism. Ratings of success were also related to the average trait approach motivation, agreeableness, and emotional stability of the groups. The results partially supported the hypothesis that musical behavior promotes affiliation. However, performance of the sound-making task was much worse in the singing condition than in the synchronous speaking condition. Because melody was confounded with failure at the sound-making activity, the effect of melody on affiliation is difficult to interpret. Future research should examine the effect of melody on affiliation when melody is not confounded with failure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Bernardo Mulin.pdf: 2087435 bytes, checksum: 8c5c76fa888872496f60575ee0938212 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aimed to describe different relationships established between music and human experience, investigating how people perceive, experience and make sense of this kind of experience. Therefore, at first it was held an exploratory research on the subject, in which it resorted to literature from different areas that study the music. This step led to important reflections about the possibilities and difficulties of investigating the musical experience, with the conductor axis of reflection and subsequent design of the research method, three references: Types of Musical behaviors described by Theodor W. Adorno, Music Therapy as na educational course and favoring of musical experience and the Phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty perception. Secondly, trying to get even closer to the experience, it was adopted a phenomenological perspective, which was placed in suspension possible theoretical frameworks that explain the musical experience. For this, it was used for investigation the musical experience the Sound-Musical History, a material in which the research subjects recorded their musical experiences from a chronological organization (family descendants to adult life) and specific questionnaires about their habits and musical preferences. The research subjects were three students of the specialization course in Music Therapy aged from 29 to 33 years. Four aspects quite present in the research subjects' reports stood constituting an interesting cutout for description of musical experiences of the subjects, the places where the musical experiences were favored, people who shared or generated these experiences, the sound sources and references to artistic and cultural universe. All these four aspects were called Sound-Musical Context. How nomothetic analysis results that laced the musical experiences of the subjects, it was observed that the elements of the Sound-Musical Context provide direct contact of the subject with the music, and so these aspects can be considered as the "objective factors "the musical experience, while the way that subjects relate and attach meaning to them, the" subjective aspects "of the experience. A trajectory of continuity in the musical experience that starts from the contact with the music and the sounds of the surroundings, from the musical actions and constituting the preferred musical experiences of each subject, were also observed. Therefore, the Sound-Musical Context, when designed from a chronological perspective, can clarify some nuances of the complex relationship between music and human experience, helping to get the structure of the phenomenon of musical experience. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo descrever diferentes relações estabelecidas entre música e experiência humana, investigando como as pessoas percebem, vivenciam e atribuem sentido a este tipo de experiência. Para tanto, num primeiro momento realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória sobre o tema, na qual se recorreu a literatura de diversas áreas que estudam a música. Este passo conduziu a importantes reflexões sobre as possibilidades e as dificuldades de se investigar a experiência musical, tendo como eixo condutor da reflexão e posterior delineamento do método de pesquisa, três referenciais: os tipos de comportamentos musicais descritos por Theodor W. Adorno, a Musicoterapia enquanto campo de estudo e favorecimento da experiência musical e a Fenomenologia da Percepção de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Num segundo momento, tentando aproximar-se ainda mais da experiência vivida, adotou-se uma perspectiva fenomenológica, na qual colocou-se em suspensão possíveis referenciais teóricos que explicariam a experiência musical. Para isso, utilizou-se para investigação da experiência musical o Histórico Sonoro-Musical, um material no qual os sujeitos de pesquisa registraram suas vivências musicais a partir de uma organização cronológica (da descendência familiar a vida adulta) e questionários específicos sobre seus hábitos e preferências musicais. Os sujeitos de pesquisa foram três alunos do curso de especialização em Musicoterapia com idades entre 29 e 33 anos. Quatro aspectos bastante presentes se destacaram constituindo um interessante recorte para descrição das experiências musicais, os lugares em que as experiências musicais foram favorecidas, as pessoas que compartilharam ou geraram estas experiências, as fontes sonoras e as referências ao universo artístico-cultural. O conjunto destes quatro aspectos foi denominado Contexto Sonoro-Musical. Como resultados da análise nomotética que entrelaçou as experiências musicais dos sujeitos de pesquisa, pôde-se verificar que os elementos do Contexto Sonoro-Musical propiciam o contato direto do sujeito com a música, e assim, tais aspectos podem ser considerados como os fatores objetivos da experiência musical, enquanto que a forma que os sujeitos se relacionam e atribuem sentido aos mesmos, os aspectos subjetivos da experiência. Uma trajetória de continuidade na experiência musical que se inicia a partir do contato com a música e os sons do entorno, passando às ações musicais e constituindo as experiências musicais preferenciais de cada sujeito, também pôde ser observada. Dessa forma, o Contexto Sonoro-Musical, quando concebido a partir de uma perspectiva cronológica, pode esclarecer algumas nuances da complexa relação entre música e experiência humana, contribuindo para se chegar a estrutura do fenômeno da experiência musical.