Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-09. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000330614.pdf: 1911021 bytes, checksum: 1c9e12516eef603ca15070be2274491f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O cultivo de organismos aquáticos (Aqüicultura) no Brasil, na ultima década teve um crescimento de 925%, enquanto que a pesca neste período apresentou um declínio de 1,7%. A produção de 235.000 toneladas, originárias da aqüicultura, colocam o Brasil na posição de 19o produtor mundial e 2o da América Latina. Os moluscos cultivados no litoral sul e sudeste são responsáveis pela produção de 12.500 mil toneladas. Esta produção comercial é resultado de 40 anos de atividades de pesquisa e extensão de universidades e instituições públicas e privadas, estaduais e federais. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica são revistas as ações científicas, políticos, tecnológicos que proporcionaram a evolução da mitilicultura no Brasil e principalmente em Santa Catarina, onde o cultivo de mexilhões é desenvolvido comercialmente há mais de 15 anos. Este estudo demonstrou que as primeiras informações biológicas sobre esta espécie ocorreram em São Paulo na década de 60. Entretanto informações sobre tecnologia de cultivo ocorreram na década de 70 no Rio de Janeiro, através do projeto Cabo Frio. Posteriormente nos anos 80, as pesquisas foram intensificadas em São Paulo, pelo Instituto de Pesca. Neste período a atividade era desenvolvida apenas em nível experimental, situação que se reverte na década de 90, quando as pesquisas são realizadas intensamente em Santa Catarina e se iniciou um programa de repasse de tecnologia para as comunidades pesqueiras entre a UFSC-EPAGRI. A UNIVALI, inserem-se nesta atividade em meados da década de 90, desenvolvendo trabalhos principalmente na área de monitoramento ambiental e desenvolvimento de tecnologia. A expectativa é que nos próximos anos o cultivo de moluscos seja desenvolvido de maneira comercial também em outros estado do Brasil, como tem-se observado em São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e, recentemente, no Espírito Santo. Percebe-se...

Orientadora: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins / Banca: Maria Madalena Zocoller Borba / Banca: Adriano Weidner Cacciatori Marenzi / Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes / Banca: Sérgio Ostini / Resumo: O cultivo de organismos aquáticos (Aqüicultura) no Brasil, na ultima década teve um crescimento de 925%, enquanto que a pesca neste período apresentou um declínio de 1,7%. A produção de 235.000 toneladas, originárias da aqüicultura, colocam o Brasil na posição de 19o produtor mundial e 2o da América Latina. Os moluscos cultivados no litoral sul e sudeste são responsáveis pela produção de 12.500 mil toneladas. Esta produção comercial é resultado de 40 anos de atividades de pesquisa e extensão de universidades e instituições públicas e privadas, estaduais e federais. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica são revistas as ações científicas, políticos, tecnológicos que proporcionaram a evolução da mitilicultura no Brasil e principalmente em Santa Catarina, onde o cultivo de mexilhões é desenvolvido comercialmente há mais de 15 anos. Este estudo demonstrou que as primeiras informações biológicas sobre esta espécie ocorreram em São Paulo na década de 60. Entretanto informações sobre tecnologia de cultivo ocorreram na década de 70 no Rio de Janeiro, através do projeto Cabo Frio. Posteriormente nos anos 80, as pesquisas foram intensificadas em São Paulo, pelo Instituto de Pesca. Neste período a atividade era desenvolvida apenas em nível experimental, situação que se reverte na década de 90, quando as pesquisas são realizadas intensamente em Santa Catarina e se iniciou um programa de repasse de tecnologia para as comunidades pesqueiras entre a UFSC-EPAGRI. A UNIVALI, inserem-se nesta atividade em meados da década de 90, desenvolvendo trabalhos principalmente na área de monitoramento ambiental e desenvolvimento de tecnologia. A expectativa é que nos próximos anos o cultivo de moluscos seja desenvolvido de maneira comercial também em outros estado do Brasil, como tem-se observado em São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e, recentemente, no Espírito Santo. Percebe-se... / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A utilização de materiais de referência certificados em análise química é requisito importante em sistemas de garantia da qualidade, pois permite que métodos analíticos sejam validados e que seja obtida a rastreabilidade metrológica de resultados. Isso permite que se obtenham resultados válidos e comparáveis entre si, tanto no espaço quanto no tempo. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas todas as etapas para o preparo de um material de referência de mexilhão nacional, desde a coleta até as etapas de processamento tais como liofilização, moagem, envase e esterilização. Foram utilizados princípios internacionalmente aceitos para a avaliação da homogeneidade e da estabilidade do material, utilizando-se as técnicas analíticas de análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental e espectrometria de absorção atômica. Por meio da organização de programa colaborativo, com a participação de laboratórios nacionais e estrangeiros, foi realizada a caracterização química do material de referência de mexilhão, com determinação de elementos que ocorrem na faixa de porcentagem em massa a mg kg-1, no total de 47 elementos, além de alguns radionuclídeos naturalmente presentes no material. Com a aplicação de técnicas estatísticas adequadas, considerou-se que há possibilidade de certificação de 11 desses elementos: As, Ca, Cl, Co, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se, Th e Zn. Esse estudo pode ser considerado passo importante no desenvolvimento metrológico nacional, pois demonstra que a produção e caracterização de materiais de referência biológicos, de mexilhão em particular, é viável no Brasil, como ferramenta de garantia da qualidade para estudos ambientais e nutricionais realizados no país. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Population dynamics of many intertidal organisms are highly influenced by the abundance and distribution of planktonic larvae in the water column and their arrival on the shore. The brown mussel, Perna perna was used to investigate two of the primary processes that affect population size and dynamics, larval availability and settlement, on the south coast of South Africa. Perna perna is a dominant species on rocky shores of the southern and eastern coasts of South Africa. It creates three-dimensional beds that provide habitats for many other species and hence promotes biodiversity. Larval availability and settlement were examined at different spatial and temporal scales using a nested experimental design. To detect possible relationships between larval availability and settlement, the studies were simultaneous. Two sites, 4km apart, were chosen to investigate mussel settlement patterns. Within each site, three locations (300m from each other) were selected. At each location, five artificial settler collectors were placed at approximately 20cm intervals. Collectors were replaced at a range of time intervals, from daily to seasonal, for 16 months. Each intertidal location was paired with an offshore station, 500m from the shore, where larval availability was measured. At each offshore station, three vertical hauls were collected twice a month using a plankton net. Plankton sampling lasted for 14 months and was designed to examine variability on three temporal scales: seasonal, lunar and daily. The results showed no correlation between the distribution of larvae in the water and settlers on the shore. While larvae were abundant in the water at the start of sampling, they became very rare throughout the rest of the study at both sites and all locations. In contrast, distinct peaks of settler abundance were observed during the seasonal settlement study. In addition to the expected, strong temporal variation that emerged from both studies at all time scales, spatial patterns of variability were also observed. While no spatial effect was detected for the larvae in the water column, there was distinct spatial variation in settlement at the location level: some locations always showed higher settlement than others. These results suggest that, on scales of hundreds of meters to kilometers, larval availability and settlement are very unpredictable in time and that differential delivery of larvae occurs from nearshore waters to the shore. Although the effect of the state of the moon (new or full) was not significant in either study, more settlers seemed to arrive on the shore during new moon. Wind direction did not correlate significantly with settlement. However, the dropping of offshore winds and the prevalence of onshore winds, which are characteristic of summer, may be linked to the start of settlement. Nevertheless, further investigations on tidal or lunar cycles and on the influence of wind on surface currents are required to clarify the effects of moon and wind on settlement.

The general biology and seasonality of breeding of intertidal populations of the brown mussel Perna perna in South Africa are reasonably well known, but we have little information on variability either within or among populations. Synchronous spawning offers adaptive advantages to externally breeding animals. Firstly, it enhances fertilization rates and therefore the species' reproductive fitness. Secondly, spawning can also be timed to coincide with environmental conditions conducive to larval settlement and development. In addition, synchronisation of spawning will influence the synchrony of settlement. Synchronisation of larval settlement, in turn, has implications for popUlation biology, as highly pulsed settlement is likely to lead to density-dependant mortality of recruits and uncoupling of adult/recruit densities, while poorly synchronised settlement will not. Generally, sea temperature and food availability are considered the key factors underlying the initiation and the duration of the breeding cycle of mussels. However, there are proximate local cues that trigger the proliferation, maturation and release of gametes. In this study, the hypothesis tested is that factors that control food availability affect gonad development and so influence synchrony among populations. Much of the published work on spawning is based on observations of the presence of larvae in the plankton, or on settlement. A more reliable method correlates the sequence of gonad development throughout the year with changes in length-weight relationships, using histology. This study is also designed to investigate temporal differences in the timing of the breeding cycle between sheltered and exposed sites along the south coast of South Africa by histological analysis of the reproductive tissue (the gonad) and by dry weight/shell length regreSSIOns. To do this, these two techniques were applied to six mussel populations at three III ocalities that were separated on scales of about 10-20km. Within each locality, two study sites were .dentified. One was exposed to strong wave action and one was sheltered. A few hundred meters ;eparated these sites. The first technique used length-weight regressions as an indication of mussel ~ondition. Abrupt decreases in the dry body weight of a hypothetical standard animal were taken to indicate periods of spawning. Regressions were assessed for samples of 40 mussels taken from each site at intervals of 4 weeks over 13 months. The results were analysed using a 3-way ANCOV A, with dry weight as the dependent variable, shell length as a covariate, and site, exposure and month, as independent variables. The second approach used the more reliable and detailed method of assessing the annual reproductive cycle using histological sections of the gonad. Histological sections of gonads from thirty female mussels, sampled monthly from each site, were examined in the laboratory. Each gonad was categorized into one of six arbitrary developmental stages based on ovary morphology. Synchrony in spawning was examined by comparison of gonad developmental stages of individuals within and among populations. The data were analysed by 3-way nested ANOV A with mean gonad index for each population as the dependent variable, month as an independent variable and exposure nested in site. The results obtained from both techniques showed strong synchronisation among different popUlations, regardless of the scales at which they were separated. The data also indicated good synchrony within populations and, again among populations, regardless of the degree of exposure. The results also indicated that the gonad condition varied significantly at each site, exposure level and month. However, there were significant interactions among these three factors. This means that on a broader seasonal scale the six mussel populations were reasonably synchronised, but on finer monthly scales, there were temporal differences in duration of gametogenic events. The implication is that ovary development is cued by environmental factor(s) that operate on scales of at least 7-20 km rather than more localised events that may affect food availablity either through aggregation of food (local hydrography at different localities) or food delivery to the shore (degree of wave action at different sites.) / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

Freshwater burrowing mussels (unionids) play a vital role in freshwater ecosystems through nutrient cycling and promoting biodiversity. They have unique life histories directly related to aquatic vertebrates during an obligate parasitic larval stage, known as glochidia. Human interference has largely impacted mussel populations causing them to become the most endangered group of animals in North America. Genetic data has revealed taxonomic issues related to valve morphology, such as valve plasticity and cryptic speciation, that has caused identification issues in the field. Using both genetic and morphometric methods, I determined the phylogenetic placement of an isolated population of mussels within the tribe Lampsilini. I also investigated whether this population was a morph of a previously known Lampsilin species or if they were worthy of being treated as an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) or an undescribed species. In addition, I expanded the known phylogeny of Lampsilin by including three species (Lampsilis fasciola, Lampsilis hydiana, Ligumia subrostrata) not included in previous phylogenies. Genetic analysis involved sequencing cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 16s ribosomal RNA (rrnL) genes and producing maximum likelihood trees with bootstrap values for each gene individually and combined. Genetic results showed that an population from an isolated pond (named Junk Pond in this study) were closely related to members of the genus Ligumia (pondmussels), with Ligumia subrostrata being their closest relative. Morphologically, these Junk Pond mussels were noticeably different from other Ligumia species, so genetic and morphometric data was used to try and characterize this population of mussels from Junk Pond. The genetic distance between these two groups, measured using K2P distance method, were like the distances of other known sister species within Lampsilini. Morphometric analysis involved landmark and semi-landmark analyses to quantify the differences of the internal and external shapes of the shell, respectively, and determine differences that could be species defining characteristics. Landmark analysis results showed that Ligumia subrostrata and the Junk Pond mussels had similar internal valve structures though semi-landmark results showed differences among all groups including L. subrostrata and the Junk Pond mussels. I determined that this isolated population, due to its geographic isolation, genetic differences, variant shell morphology, and limited population size, should be treated as an ESU. The expanded Lampsilin tree showed a few differences involving Ligumia nasuta that did not support a previously published tree. Many other relationships within this phylogeny agreed with previously published works. The isolated population of the Junk Pond mussels are worthy of future research using more genetic data, such as COI, and morphometric work involving other Lampsilin members in order to conclude whether this group are worthy of being recognized as an undescribed species.

During the Late Woodland Period in the American Southeast, the amount of space that any individual group could exploit began to shrink, due to the presence of other groups on the landscape. Resource expansion occurred to augment food supplies, resulting in increased exploitation of mussel beds. Because mussels can be extremely sensitive to the characteristics of the waterways they live in, the specific habitat requirements of these animals can be used to reconstruct the environments they were recovered from. In this thesis I use freshwater mussel assemblages to reconstruct hypothetical aquatic catchments and map them onto modern rivers in the Yazoo River Basin and the Tombigbee River Basin. These are used to test ethnographic models of exploited space. I also use detrended correspondence analysis to test if sites exist in mathematical space like they do in physical space along the Yazoo River basin, as observed in the Tombigbee River basin.

As ecologically sensitive organisms, freshwater mussels serve as environmental indicators in the rivers and lakes they inhabit. The South Fork of the Holston River has been impounded and channelized, which can result in habitat loss of riffle and shoal areas and negatively impact native species. The aim of this study is to analyze river conditions on a roughly 40 mile stretch of the S. Fork Holston River, encompassing the distance from Eastman Chemical Company in Kingsport to Boone Lake. Information has been gathered using mussel assemblages from two archaeological sites, 40SL34 and 40SL330, and two historic collecting events, SFHSkm25.1 and SFHSkm27.0. The computer program UNIO analyzes the ecological preferences of all input taxa to compile a list of river conditions, including flow velocity and substrate. Compiling the assemblages from all four sites has revealed an increase in unfavorable conditions for many species, leading to a loss in mussel diversity. What were once the most abundant species in the archaeological sites, Ptychobranchus subtentus and Fusconaia subrotanda, both prefer to live in riffle areas with fast current. Currently, P. subtentus is listed as endangered while F. subrotanda is listed as a special concern species. The most abundant species for both historic collecting events is Lampsilis fasciola, a species that is tolerant of conditions that are unfavorable for many species. The substrate of the S. Fork Holston River, a sandy-gravel, has remained the same, but evidence suggests that impoundment has resulted in the loss of fast-moving currents and riffle areas.

The changes in population density, growth and biomass of two infaunal, sympatric, suspension-feeding bivalves, Musculus senhousia (Benson, 1842) and Protothaca staminea (Conrad, 1837), have been investigated over an eighteen month period in Tomales Bay, California. M. senhousia, a mussel, displays two basic spawning times, one of which occurs in late spring, while the second spawning takes place in late summer. M. staminea, a venerid, spawns once during late spring. The population density of the mussel ranged from 9,180 m-2 in early spring to 752 m-2 in the fall of 1976. M. staminea had a maximum density of 1,120 m- 2 in the summer, and the minimum of 265 m- 2 coincided with winter. The growth of M. senhousia appears to take place primarily during the spring and summer months, while that of P. staminea occurs in late winter and summer, with a slight recession during the spawning period. The Bertalanffy growth equation was applied to both species and it was found that M. senhousia grows to a shell length of approximately 25 mm in 10 to 11 years; whereas, ~ staminea reaches Q shell height of 37 mm in 15 to 16 years. There was a large seasonal variation in biomass of both species with the greatest difference occurring between winter and spring for the mussel, while that of the venerid took place immediately before and after spawning. Not only were the older age groups better represented in the population of M. senhousia, but also the smaller sizes both experienced higher mortality and tended to predominate in the upper intertidal areas. The densest population of both species occurred between the tidal heights of 1.10 m to .28 m, which occupies the middle lntertidal zone (MLW). The sediment in these areas ranged from coarse to medium sand.