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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Study of the Function and Dynamics of Myosin II and Actin in Cytokinesis: A Dissertation

Zhou, Mian 26 May 2009 (has links)
Myosin II and actin are two major components of the ingressing cortex during cytokinesis. However, their structural dynamics and functions during cytokinesis are still poorly understood. To study the role of myosin II in cortical actin turnover, dividing normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were treated with blebbistatin, a potent inhibitor of the non-muscle myosin II ATPase. Blebbistatin caused a strong inhibition of actin filament turnover and cytokinesis. Local release of blebbistatin at the equator caused inhibition of cytokinesis, while treatment in the polar region also caused a high frequency of abnormal cytokinesis, suggesting that myosin II may play a global role. These observations indicate that myosin II ATPase is essential for actin turnover and remodeling during cytokinesis. To further study the mechanism of myosin II and actin recruitment to the cytokinetic furrow, equatorial cortex were observed with total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF-M) coupled with spatial temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) and a new approach termed temporal differential microscopy (TDM). The results indicated at least partially independent mechanisms for the early equatorial recruitment of myosin II and actin filaments. Cortical myosin II showed no detectable directional flow toward the equator. In addition to de novo equatorial assembly, localized inhibition of disassembly appeared to contribute to the formation of the equatorial myosin II band. In contrast, actin filaments underwent a striking, myosin II dependent flux toward the equator. However, myosin II was not required for equatorial actin concentration, suggesting that there was a flux-independent, de novo mechanism. The study was then extended to retraction fibers found typically on mitotic adherent cells, to address the hypothesis that they may facilitate post-mitotic spreading. Cells with retraction fibers showed increased spreading speed in post-mitotic spreading compared to cells without retraction fibers. In addition, micromanipulation study suggested that retraction fibers may guide the direction of post-mitotic spreading. Focal adhesion proteins were present at the tips of retraction fibers, and may act as small nucleators for focal adhesions reassembly that help cell quickly respread and regrow focal adhesions. These findings may suggest a general mechanism utilized by adherent cells to facilitate post-mitotic spreading and reoccupy their previous territory.
2

Papel da via receptor AT1/proteina Gi e da proteína motora miosina IIA no aumento da atividade do NHE3 pela angiotensina II em túbulo proximal renal / Role of the AT1 receptor/Gi protein pathway and the myosin IIA motor protein in the upregulation of NHE3 activity by angiotensin II in the renal proximal tubule

Crajoinas, Renato de Oliveira 25 September 2017 (has links)
A isoforma 3 do trocador Na+ /H+ (NHE3), presente em membrana apical, é a proteína de transporte que medeia a maior parte da reabsorção de NaCl e NaHCO3- em túbulo proximal renal. A fosforilação direta do NHE3 por PKA na serina 552 é um dos mecanismos pelos quais a sua atividade pode ser inibida. A ligação da angiotensina II (Ang II) ao receptor AT1 (AT1R) em túbulo proximal estimula a atividade do NHE3 por diferentes vias de sinalização. Entretanto, não foram ainda bem estabelecidos os efeitos da ativação da via AT1R/Gi, com consequente diminuição nos níveis de cAMP, na regulação do NHE3. A Ang II pode ainda estimular a atividade do NHE3 por promover a sua translocação da base para o corpo das microvilosidades, entretanto, o papel da proteína motora miosina IIA nesta translocação em resposta à Ang II ainda não foi estabelecido. Sendo assim esta tese teve como objetivos: (1) testar a hipótese de que a Ang II diminui os níveis de fosforilação do NHE3 mediados pelo cAMP/PKA na serina 552 aumentando a sua atividade por reduzir os níveis de cAMP e (2) testar a hipótese de que a miosina IIA participa da redistribuição do NHE3 da base para o corpo das microvilosidades em túbulo proximal renal em condições de estímulo da reabsorção de sódio, como ocorre em resposta à Ang II. Visando avaliar os efeitos da ativação da via AT1R/Gi na regulação do NHE3, verificamos, por meio da técnica de recuperação do pH dependente de Na+, que, em condições basais, a Ang II estimulou a atividade do NHE3, mas não alterou a atividade da PKA e nem afetou os níveis de fosforilação do NHE3 na serina 552 em uma linhagem de células de túbulo proximal (OKP). Entretanto, na presença da forskolin (FSK), agente que eleva os níveis intracelulares de cAMP, a Ang II foi capaz de contrapor-se ao efeito inibitório da FSK sobre o NHE3 por promover redução na concentração de cAMP, diminuição da atividade da PKA e, consequentemente, diminuição nos níveis de fosforilação da serina 552. Todos os efeitos da Ang II foram bloqueados quando um pré-tratamento com Losartan, antagonista do receptor AT1, foi feito nas células OKP, destacando a contribuição da via AT1R/proteína Gi no aumento da atividade do NHE3 pela Ang II. Observamos que a inibição da proteína Gi com PTX (toxina pertussis) diminuiu a atividade do NHE3 em células OKP e que a PTX diminuiu a atividade do NHE3 assim como preveniu o efeito estimulatório da Ang II sobre a atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal de ratos Wistar. Adicionalmente, com a intenção de avaliar os efeitos da miosina IIA na redistribuição do NHE3, constatamos que a blebistatina, inibidor da miosina IIA, preveniu completamente o aumento de atividade do NHE3 mediado pela Ang II em ratos Wistar e que o uso da blebistatina foi capaz de prevenir o aumento do NHE3 na superfície de células OKP tratadas com Ang II. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a Ang II contrapõe-se aos efeitos do cAMP/PKA sobre a fosforilação e a atividade do NHE3 pela ativação da via AT1R/Gi e que a miosina IIA desempenha um papel na mediação da regulação da atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal renal de ratos em resposta à Ang II. Sugerem ainda que a desfosforilação do NHE3 na serina 552 pode representar um evento chave na regulação do manuseio de sal tubular proximal pela Ang II na presença de hormônios natriuréticos que promovem o aumento dos níveis de cAMP e da fosforilação do transportador e que a miosina IIA está envolvida na regulação do tráfego do NHE3 em túbulo proximal renal / The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), expressed on the apical membrane, is responsible for most NaCl and NaHCO3 - reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. Direct phosphorylation of NHE3 by PKA at serine 552 is one of the mechanisms by which its activity is inhibited. Binding of angiotensin II (Ang II) to the AT1 receptor (AT1R) in the proximal tubule stimulates NHE3 activity through multiple signaling pathways. However, the effects of AT1R/Gi activation and subsequent decrease in cAMP accumulation on NHE3 regulation are not well established. Ang II can also stimulate NHE3 activity by promoting its translocations from the base to the body of the microvilli, however, the role of the myosin IIA motor protein in this translocation in response to Ang II is not yet established. Therefore, the aims of this thesis are: (1) to test the hypothesis that Ang II decreases the cAMP/PKA-mediated NHE3 phosphorylation levels at serine 552 increasing its activity by reducing cAMP levels and (2) to test the hypothesis that myosin IIA participates in the NHE3 redistribution from the base to the body of the microvilli in the renal proximal tubule under conditions in which sodium reabsorption is stimulated, such as in response to Ang II. In order to evaluate the effects of AT1R/Gi pathway activation on NHE3 regulation, by means the intracellular pH recovery technique, we verified that under basal conditions, Ang II stimulated NHE3 activity but did not affect PKA-mediated NHE3 phosphorylation at serine 552 in opossum kidney (OKP) cells. However, in the presence of the cAMP-elevating agent forskolin (FSK), Ang II counteracted FSK-induced NHE3 inhibition, reduced intracellular cAMP concentrations, lowered PKA activity, and prevented the FSK-mediated increase in NHE3 serine 552 phosphorylation. All effects of Ang II were blocked by pretreating OKP cells with the AT1R antagonist Losartan, highlighting the contribution of the AT1R/Gi pathway in Ang II-mediated NHE3 upregulation under cAMP-elevating conditions. We also verified that Gi protein inhibition by pertussis toxin treatment decreased NHE3 activity both in vitro and in vivo and, more importantly, prevented the stimulatory effect of Ang II on NHE3 activity in Wistar rat proximal tubules. Additionally, we assessed the effects of myosin IIA on NHE3 redistribution, and found that blebbistatin, a myosin IIA inhibitor, completely prevented the increase of Ang II-mediated NHE3 activity in Wistar rats and that blebbistatin was able to prevent the increase of NHE3 on the Ang II-treated OKP cells surface. Collectively, our results suggest that Ang II counteracts the effects of cAMP/PKA on NHE3 phosphorylation and inhibition by activating the AT1R/Gi pathway and that myosin IIA plays a role in mediating the NHE3 activity regulation in the rat renal proximal tubule in response to Ang II. Furthermore, these findings support the notion that NHE3 dephosphorylation at serine 552 may represent a key event in the regulation of renal proximal tubule sodium handling by Ang II in the presence of natriuretic hormones that promote cAMP accumulation and transporter phosphorylation, and that myosin IIA is involved in NHE3 trafficking regulation in the renal proximal tubule
3

Papel da via receptor AT1/proteina Gi e da proteína motora miosina IIA no aumento da atividade do NHE3 pela angiotensina II em túbulo proximal renal / Role of the AT1 receptor/Gi protein pathway and the myosin IIA motor protein in the upregulation of NHE3 activity by angiotensin II in the renal proximal tubule

Renato de Oliveira Crajoinas 25 September 2017 (has links)
A isoforma 3 do trocador Na+ /H+ (NHE3), presente em membrana apical, é a proteína de transporte que medeia a maior parte da reabsorção de NaCl e NaHCO3- em túbulo proximal renal. A fosforilação direta do NHE3 por PKA na serina 552 é um dos mecanismos pelos quais a sua atividade pode ser inibida. A ligação da angiotensina II (Ang II) ao receptor AT1 (AT1R) em túbulo proximal estimula a atividade do NHE3 por diferentes vias de sinalização. Entretanto, não foram ainda bem estabelecidos os efeitos da ativação da via AT1R/Gi, com consequente diminuição nos níveis de cAMP, na regulação do NHE3. A Ang II pode ainda estimular a atividade do NHE3 por promover a sua translocação da base para o corpo das microvilosidades, entretanto, o papel da proteína motora miosina IIA nesta translocação em resposta à Ang II ainda não foi estabelecido. Sendo assim esta tese teve como objetivos: (1) testar a hipótese de que a Ang II diminui os níveis de fosforilação do NHE3 mediados pelo cAMP/PKA na serina 552 aumentando a sua atividade por reduzir os níveis de cAMP e (2) testar a hipótese de que a miosina IIA participa da redistribuição do NHE3 da base para o corpo das microvilosidades em túbulo proximal renal em condições de estímulo da reabsorção de sódio, como ocorre em resposta à Ang II. Visando avaliar os efeitos da ativação da via AT1R/Gi na regulação do NHE3, verificamos, por meio da técnica de recuperação do pH dependente de Na+, que, em condições basais, a Ang II estimulou a atividade do NHE3, mas não alterou a atividade da PKA e nem afetou os níveis de fosforilação do NHE3 na serina 552 em uma linhagem de células de túbulo proximal (OKP). Entretanto, na presença da forskolin (FSK), agente que eleva os níveis intracelulares de cAMP, a Ang II foi capaz de contrapor-se ao efeito inibitório da FSK sobre o NHE3 por promover redução na concentração de cAMP, diminuição da atividade da PKA e, consequentemente, diminuição nos níveis de fosforilação da serina 552. Todos os efeitos da Ang II foram bloqueados quando um pré-tratamento com Losartan, antagonista do receptor AT1, foi feito nas células OKP, destacando a contribuição da via AT1R/proteína Gi no aumento da atividade do NHE3 pela Ang II. Observamos que a inibição da proteína Gi com PTX (toxina pertussis) diminuiu a atividade do NHE3 em células OKP e que a PTX diminuiu a atividade do NHE3 assim como preveniu o efeito estimulatório da Ang II sobre a atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal de ratos Wistar. Adicionalmente, com a intenção de avaliar os efeitos da miosina IIA na redistribuição do NHE3, constatamos que a blebistatina, inibidor da miosina IIA, preveniu completamente o aumento de atividade do NHE3 mediado pela Ang II em ratos Wistar e que o uso da blebistatina foi capaz de prevenir o aumento do NHE3 na superfície de células OKP tratadas com Ang II. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a Ang II contrapõe-se aos efeitos do cAMP/PKA sobre a fosforilação e a atividade do NHE3 pela ativação da via AT1R/Gi e que a miosina IIA desempenha um papel na mediação da regulação da atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal renal de ratos em resposta à Ang II. Sugerem ainda que a desfosforilação do NHE3 na serina 552 pode representar um evento chave na regulação do manuseio de sal tubular proximal pela Ang II na presença de hormônios natriuréticos que promovem o aumento dos níveis de cAMP e da fosforilação do transportador e que a miosina IIA está envolvida na regulação do tráfego do NHE3 em túbulo proximal renal / The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), expressed on the apical membrane, is responsible for most NaCl and NaHCO3 - reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. Direct phosphorylation of NHE3 by PKA at serine 552 is one of the mechanisms by which its activity is inhibited. Binding of angiotensin II (Ang II) to the AT1 receptor (AT1R) in the proximal tubule stimulates NHE3 activity through multiple signaling pathways. However, the effects of AT1R/Gi activation and subsequent decrease in cAMP accumulation on NHE3 regulation are not well established. Ang II can also stimulate NHE3 activity by promoting its translocations from the base to the body of the microvilli, however, the role of the myosin IIA motor protein in this translocation in response to Ang II is not yet established. Therefore, the aims of this thesis are: (1) to test the hypothesis that Ang II decreases the cAMP/PKA-mediated NHE3 phosphorylation levels at serine 552 increasing its activity by reducing cAMP levels and (2) to test the hypothesis that myosin IIA participates in the NHE3 redistribution from the base to the body of the microvilli in the renal proximal tubule under conditions in which sodium reabsorption is stimulated, such as in response to Ang II. In order to evaluate the effects of AT1R/Gi pathway activation on NHE3 regulation, by means the intracellular pH recovery technique, we verified that under basal conditions, Ang II stimulated NHE3 activity but did not affect PKA-mediated NHE3 phosphorylation at serine 552 in opossum kidney (OKP) cells. However, in the presence of the cAMP-elevating agent forskolin (FSK), Ang II counteracted FSK-induced NHE3 inhibition, reduced intracellular cAMP concentrations, lowered PKA activity, and prevented the FSK-mediated increase in NHE3 serine 552 phosphorylation. All effects of Ang II were blocked by pretreating OKP cells with the AT1R antagonist Losartan, highlighting the contribution of the AT1R/Gi pathway in Ang II-mediated NHE3 upregulation under cAMP-elevating conditions. We also verified that Gi protein inhibition by pertussis toxin treatment decreased NHE3 activity both in vitro and in vivo and, more importantly, prevented the stimulatory effect of Ang II on NHE3 activity in Wistar rat proximal tubules. Additionally, we assessed the effects of myosin IIA on NHE3 redistribution, and found that blebbistatin, a myosin IIA inhibitor, completely prevented the increase of Ang II-mediated NHE3 activity in Wistar rats and that blebbistatin was able to prevent the increase of NHE3 on the Ang II-treated OKP cells surface. Collectively, our results suggest that Ang II counteracts the effects of cAMP/PKA on NHE3 phosphorylation and inhibition by activating the AT1R/Gi pathway and that myosin IIA plays a role in mediating the NHE3 activity regulation in the rat renal proximal tubule in response to Ang II. Furthermore, these findings support the notion that NHE3 dephosphorylation at serine 552 may represent a key event in the regulation of renal proximal tubule sodium handling by Ang II in the presence of natriuretic hormones that promote cAMP accumulation and transporter phosphorylation, and that myosin IIA is involved in NHE3 trafficking regulation in the renal proximal tubule
4

Role of Supervillin, a Membrane Raft Protein, in Cytoskeletal Organization and Invadopodia Function

Crowley, Jessica Lynn 12 February 2009 (has links)
Crucial to a cell’s ability to migrate is the organization of its plasma membrane and associated proteins in a polarized manner to interact with and respond to its surrounding environment. Cells interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) through specialized contact sites, including podosomes and invadopodia. Tumor cells use F-actin-rich invadopodia to degrade ECM and invade tissues; related structures, termed podosomes, are sites of dynamic ECM interaction and degradation. We show here that supervillin (SV), a peripheral membrane protein that binds F-actin and myosin II,reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton and potentiates invadopodial function. Overexpressed SV increases the number of F-actin punctae, which are highly dynamic and co-localize with markers of podosomes and invadopodia. Endogenous SV localizes to the cores of Src-generated podosomes in COS-7 cells and with invadopodia in MDA-MB-231 cells. EGFP-SV overexpression increases the average amount of matrix degradation; RNAi-mediated downregulation of SV decreases degradation. Cortactin, an essential component of both podosomes and invadopodia, binds SV sequences in vitro and contributes to the formation of EGFP-SV induced punctae. Additionally, SV affects cortactin localization,which could provide a mechanism for SV action at invadopodia. The formation of cholesterol-rich membrane rafts is one method of plasma membrane organization. A property of membrane rafts is resistance to extraction with cold Triton X-100 and subsequent flotation to low buoyant densities. The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in many signaling events localized to membrane rafts, but interactions between actin and raft components are not well characterized. Our laboratory isolated a heavy detergent resistant membrane fraction from neutrophils, called DRM-H, that contains at least 23 plasma membrane proteins. DRM-H is rich in cytoskeletal proteins, including fodrin, actin, myosin II, as well as supervillin. DRM-H also contains proteins implicated in both raft organization and membrane-mediated signaling. DRM-H complexes exhibit a higher buoyant density than do most DRMs (referred to as DRM-L), which are deficient in cytoskeletal proteins. By using similar purification methods, I find that COS-7 cells also contain cytoskeleton-associated DRMs. In addition, when transfected into COS-7 cells, estrogen receptor (ER)α associates with DRM-H, while ERβ is seen in both DRM-L and DRM-H populations, suggesting a role for DRM-H in nongenomic estrogen signaling. Thus, the cytoskeleton-associated DRM-H not limited to hematopoietic cells and could constitute a scaffold for membrane raftcytoskeleton signaling events in many cells. Taken together, our results show that SV is a component of cytoskeleton-associated membrane rafts as well as podosomes and invadopodia, and that SV plays a role in invadopodial function. SV, with its connections to both membrane rafts and the cytoskeleton, is well situated to mediate cortactin localization, activation state, and/or dynamics of matrix metalloproteases at the ventral cell surface for proper matrix degradation through invadopodia. The molecular dissection of invadopodia formation and function may contribute to a greater understanding of in vivo invasion, and thus, tumor cell metastasis.
5

Development of a Substrate with Photo-Modulatable Rigidity for Probing Spatial and Temporal Responses of Cells to Mechanical Signals: A Dissertation

Frey, Margo Tilley 01 July 2008 (has links)
Topographical and mechanical properties of adhesive substrates provide important biological cues that affect cell spreading, migration, growth, and differentiation. The phenomenon has led to the increased use of topographically patterned and flexible substrates in studying cultured cells. However, these studies may be complicated by various limitations. For example, the effects of ligand distribution and porosity are affected by topographical features of 3D biological constructs. Similarly, many studies of mechanical cues are compounded with cellular deformation from external forces, or limited by comparative studies of separate cells on different substrates. Furthermore, understanding cell responses to mechanical input is dependent upon reliable measurements of mechanical properties. This work addresses each of these issues. To determine how substrate topography and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) affect cell shape and movement, I studied FAK-null (FAK -/-) and wild type mouse 3T3 fibroblasts on chemically identical polystyrene substrates with either flat surfaces or micron-sized pillars, I found that, compared to cells on flat surfaces, those on pillar substrates showed a more branched shape, an increased linear speed, and a decreased directional stability, which were dependent on both myosin-II and FAK. To study the dynamic responses to changes in substrate stiffness without other confounding effects, I developed a UV-modulatable substrate that softens upon UV irradiation. As atomic force microscopy (AFM) proved inadequate to detect microscale changes in stiffness, I first developed and validated a microsphere indentation method that is compatible with fluorescence microscopy. The results obtained with this method were comparable to those obtained with AFM. The UV-modulatable substrates softened by ~20-30% with an intensity of irradiation that has no detectable effect on 3T3 cells on control surfaces. Cells responded to global softening of the substrate with an initial retraction followed by a gradual reduction in spread area. Precise spatial control of softening is also possible - while there was little response to posterior softening, anterior softening elicited a pronounced retraction and either a reversal of cell polarity or a significant decrease in spread area if the cells move into the softened region. In conclusion, these techniques provide advances in gaining mechanistic insight into cellular responses to topographical and mechanical cues. Additionally, there are various other potential applications of the novel UV-softening substrate, particularly in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
6

Distribuição do tipo de fibras musculares e sua correlação genotípica na doença de Pompe / Muscle fiber type distribution and genotype correlation in the Pompe disease

Matsunaga, Erika Midoli 27 February 2009 (has links)
A doença de Pompe (GSDII), autossômica recessiva, é causada pela deficiência da enzima lisossomal que degrada o glicogênio, -glucosidase ácida (GAA). O quadro clínico varia de acordo com a idade de início da doença, grau de progressão e envolvimento dos tecidos: predominantemente cardíaco e muscular esquelético na forma de início-precoce (FIP) e mais restrito no músculo esquelético na forma de início-tardio (FIT). A sobrevida média na FIP é de 9-12 meses. Com avanço dos métodos histológicos, histoquímicos e imunoistoquímicos intensificou-se a análise estrutural e funcional dos tipos de fibras musculares. O estudo da vascularização também é de importância pelo aporte nutricional e funcional das fibras. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a correlação da distribuição do tipo de fibras com a forma de apresentação clínica da doença de Pompe, seu genótipo correspondente e a quantidade residual da enzima GAA. Analisou-se 10 biópsias musculares de pacientes FIP e 09 de FIT comparados com o grupo controle, pareados por idade e gênero. Os pacientes foram selecionados segundo dados clínicos e laboratoriais, sendo feito o seqüenciamento de toda parte codificante do gene e Western Blotting (WB) com anticorpo monoclonal 15362-157, cedido pela Genzyme (primário 1:200 e secundário 1:10.000). A confirmação do diagnóstico foi feita através da medida da atividade residual de GAA em papel filtro, da presença de miopatia vacuolar com grânulos PAS e fosfatase ácida positivos em biópsia muscular e pela presença de mutação no gene GAA. A reação de imunoistoquímica foi realizada para fibras tipo I (lenta), tipo II (rápida) e densidade capilar (ulex), utilizando anticorpos monoclonais, respectivamente: antimiosina lenta (1:80), anti-miosina rápida (1:40) da Novocastra e ulex da Vector (1:800). A contagem das fibras foi realizada por 2 observadores em todo fragmento do corte transversal da biópsia com auxílio de um programa semi-automatizado. Observou-se predomínio de fibras tipo II em ambos os gêneros na FIP e predomínio de fibras tipo I em mulheres e tipo II em homens, na FIT. Aumento da densidade capilar, em comparação com os controles, foi notada em ambas as formas IP e IT. Verificou-se em média 90% de fibras vacuoladas nos casos FIP com completa distorção da arquitetura, enquanto na FIT, a porcentagem de fibras vacuoladas foi variável (0-88%). Como alguns genes constitutivos influenciam na distribuição das fibras musculares, como o gene ACE, o polimorfismo deste gene foi analisado quanto aos genótipos I/I, D/D e I/D. Observou-se ausência de concordância entre o genótipo do ACE e a distribuição de fibras em 60% dos casos da FIP e FIT, atribuindo-se o resultado da distribuição do tipo de fibras como parte da patologia da doença de Pompe. A gravidade da doença variou inversamente com a quantidade de enzima residual, sendo compatível com o quadro clínico do paciente. A presença de mutação deletéria em ambos os alelos foi observada em 3/10 casos de IP, sendo que todos os 3 casos apresentaram ausência total de enzima no WB. Há maior envolvimento de fibras tipo II em GSDII, sem depleção da microcirculação muscular. Estudos demonstram que a remoção do depósito de glicogênio ocorre diferencialmente nos tipos de fibra, sendo menos eficiente nas fibras tipo II. O achado do presente estudo poderá ter implicações na resposta à recente terapêutica proposta por reposição enzimática. / The glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII), autosomal recessive disorder, is caused by the deficiency of GAA (acid -glucosidase) a lysossomal enzyme that degrades the glycogen. The clinical findings are in accordance to great variability of age onset, degree of disease progression and extent of tissue involvement: predominantly cardiac and skeletal muscle in the infantile form (I) and more restricted to the skeletal muscle in the late-onset form (LO). The average survival time of the infantile form is 9-12 months. With advances of the histological, histochemical and imunohistochemical methods structural and functional analysis of muscle fiber types were intensified. The study of the capillary density is also important for nutritional and functional aspects. The objective of the present work is to analyze the correlations of the fiber type distribution to clinical presentation, genotype and residual GAA enzymatic activity. We analyzed 10 muscle biopsies of infantile and 09 of late-onset patients and compared to age and gender matched controls. The patients were selected according to clinical and laboratorial data, molecular diagnosis by full gene sequencing, and Western Blotting (WB) with monoclonal antibody 15362-157, courtesy Genzyme Science Group (primary 1:200 and secondary 1:10.000). Diagnostic confirmation was made by GAA enzymatic measurement in DBS, presence of vacuolar myopathy in muscle biopsy, and presence of mutation in GAA gene. The imunohistochemical study was carried out by detection of type I (slow), type II (fast) fibers and capillaries, using monoclonal antibodies, respectively: anti-slow myosin (1:80), anti-fast myosin (1:40) (Novocastra) and ulex (1:800) (Vector). Morphometry was performed by 2 observers using a half-automatized program. Type II fiber predominance was observed in both gender in the infantile form, type I fiber predominance in women and type II predominance in men with LO. Increase of the capillary density, in comparison to controls was noticed in both forms. 90% of vacuolated fibers with complete distortion of fiber architecture were demonstrated in I cases, while in LO, the percentage of vacuolated fibers ranged from 0 to 88%. As some constitutive gene, like ACE, influence muscle fiber distribution, its polymorphisms I/I, D/D and I/D gene were analyzed. Absence of agreement was observed between ACE genotype and fiber type distribution in 60% of I and LO cases, which was attributed as consequence of Pompe disease pathology itself. The disease severity varied inversely to the amount of residual GAA enzymatic activity, being compatible with the patient clinical findings. The presence of deleterious mutation in both alleles was observed in 3/10 infantile cases, and all 3 presented total enzyme absence at WB. A greater fiber type II involvement was observed in GSDII, without decrease in muscle capillary density. Recent studies demonstrated that glycogen deposit removal occurs distinctively in different fiber types, being less efficient in type II fibers. The present findings might have implications in the reply to the recent proposed enzyme replacement therapy.
7

Distribuição do tipo de fibras musculares e sua correlação genotípica na doença de Pompe / Muscle fiber type distribution and genotype correlation in the Pompe disease

Erika Midoli Matsunaga 27 February 2009 (has links)
A doença de Pompe (GSDII), autossômica recessiva, é causada pela deficiência da enzima lisossomal que degrada o glicogênio, -glucosidase ácida (GAA). O quadro clínico varia de acordo com a idade de início da doença, grau de progressão e envolvimento dos tecidos: predominantemente cardíaco e muscular esquelético na forma de início-precoce (FIP) e mais restrito no músculo esquelético na forma de início-tardio (FIT). A sobrevida média na FIP é de 9-12 meses. Com avanço dos métodos histológicos, histoquímicos e imunoistoquímicos intensificou-se a análise estrutural e funcional dos tipos de fibras musculares. O estudo da vascularização também é de importância pelo aporte nutricional e funcional das fibras. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a correlação da distribuição do tipo de fibras com a forma de apresentação clínica da doença de Pompe, seu genótipo correspondente e a quantidade residual da enzima GAA. Analisou-se 10 biópsias musculares de pacientes FIP e 09 de FIT comparados com o grupo controle, pareados por idade e gênero. Os pacientes foram selecionados segundo dados clínicos e laboratoriais, sendo feito o seqüenciamento de toda parte codificante do gene e Western Blotting (WB) com anticorpo monoclonal 15362-157, cedido pela Genzyme (primário 1:200 e secundário 1:10.000). A confirmação do diagnóstico foi feita através da medida da atividade residual de GAA em papel filtro, da presença de miopatia vacuolar com grânulos PAS e fosfatase ácida positivos em biópsia muscular e pela presença de mutação no gene GAA. A reação de imunoistoquímica foi realizada para fibras tipo I (lenta), tipo II (rápida) e densidade capilar (ulex), utilizando anticorpos monoclonais, respectivamente: antimiosina lenta (1:80), anti-miosina rápida (1:40) da Novocastra e ulex da Vector (1:800). A contagem das fibras foi realizada por 2 observadores em todo fragmento do corte transversal da biópsia com auxílio de um programa semi-automatizado. Observou-se predomínio de fibras tipo II em ambos os gêneros na FIP e predomínio de fibras tipo I em mulheres e tipo II em homens, na FIT. Aumento da densidade capilar, em comparação com os controles, foi notada em ambas as formas IP e IT. Verificou-se em média 90% de fibras vacuoladas nos casos FIP com completa distorção da arquitetura, enquanto na FIT, a porcentagem de fibras vacuoladas foi variável (0-88%). Como alguns genes constitutivos influenciam na distribuição das fibras musculares, como o gene ACE, o polimorfismo deste gene foi analisado quanto aos genótipos I/I, D/D e I/D. Observou-se ausência de concordância entre o genótipo do ACE e a distribuição de fibras em 60% dos casos da FIP e FIT, atribuindo-se o resultado da distribuição do tipo de fibras como parte da patologia da doença de Pompe. A gravidade da doença variou inversamente com a quantidade de enzima residual, sendo compatível com o quadro clínico do paciente. A presença de mutação deletéria em ambos os alelos foi observada em 3/10 casos de IP, sendo que todos os 3 casos apresentaram ausência total de enzima no WB. Há maior envolvimento de fibras tipo II em GSDII, sem depleção da microcirculação muscular. Estudos demonstram que a remoção do depósito de glicogênio ocorre diferencialmente nos tipos de fibra, sendo menos eficiente nas fibras tipo II. O achado do presente estudo poderá ter implicações na resposta à recente terapêutica proposta por reposição enzimática. / The glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII), autosomal recessive disorder, is caused by the deficiency of GAA (acid -glucosidase) a lysossomal enzyme that degrades the glycogen. The clinical findings are in accordance to great variability of age onset, degree of disease progression and extent of tissue involvement: predominantly cardiac and skeletal muscle in the infantile form (I) and more restricted to the skeletal muscle in the late-onset form (LO). The average survival time of the infantile form is 9-12 months. With advances of the histological, histochemical and imunohistochemical methods structural and functional analysis of muscle fiber types were intensified. The study of the capillary density is also important for nutritional and functional aspects. The objective of the present work is to analyze the correlations of the fiber type distribution to clinical presentation, genotype and residual GAA enzymatic activity. We analyzed 10 muscle biopsies of infantile and 09 of late-onset patients and compared to age and gender matched controls. The patients were selected according to clinical and laboratorial data, molecular diagnosis by full gene sequencing, and Western Blotting (WB) with monoclonal antibody 15362-157, courtesy Genzyme Science Group (primary 1:200 and secondary 1:10.000). Diagnostic confirmation was made by GAA enzymatic measurement in DBS, presence of vacuolar myopathy in muscle biopsy, and presence of mutation in GAA gene. The imunohistochemical study was carried out by detection of type I (slow), type II (fast) fibers and capillaries, using monoclonal antibodies, respectively: anti-slow myosin (1:80), anti-fast myosin (1:40) (Novocastra) and ulex (1:800) (Vector). Morphometry was performed by 2 observers using a half-automatized program. Type II fiber predominance was observed in both gender in the infantile form, type I fiber predominance in women and type II predominance in men with LO. Increase of the capillary density, in comparison to controls was noticed in both forms. 90% of vacuolated fibers with complete distortion of fiber architecture were demonstrated in I cases, while in LO, the percentage of vacuolated fibers ranged from 0 to 88%. As some constitutive gene, like ACE, influence muscle fiber distribution, its polymorphisms I/I, D/D and I/D gene were analyzed. Absence of agreement was observed between ACE genotype and fiber type distribution in 60% of I and LO cases, which was attributed as consequence of Pompe disease pathology itself. The disease severity varied inversely to the amount of residual GAA enzymatic activity, being compatible with the patient clinical findings. The presence of deleterious mutation in both alleles was observed in 3/10 infantile cases, and all 3 presented total enzyme absence at WB. A greater fiber type II involvement was observed in GSDII, without decrease in muscle capillary density. Recent studies demonstrated that glycogen deposit removal occurs distinctively in different fiber types, being less efficient in type II fibers. The present findings might have implications in the reply to the recent proposed enzyme replacement therapy.

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