A prerequisite for a functioning middle ear is an air-filled middle ear cavity. Aeration of the middle ear cavity is controlled by the Eustachian tube. Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube has long been acknowledged as a significant etiological factor in disorders of the middle ear, especially middle ear effusions. Artificial ventilation of the middle ear through the tympanic membrane has been practised for almost two centuries, but with varying degrees of success. In 1954, Armstrong reintroduced the method of inserting a transmyringeal tympanostomy tube into the ear drum. Since that time this ventilatory device has gained wide popularity and several types of tube have been designed. However, an increasing number of clinical reports have shown treatment with tympanostomy tubes to be followed by complications such as tympanosclerosis, atrophy, persistent perforations and cholesteatomas. In the present thesis, experiments were outlined in which the tympanostomy tube - tympanic membrane interaction was studied and in which tympanostomy tubes were also applied in a well-defined type of otitis media. Furthermore, alternative transmyringeal ventilatory procedures such as myringotomies with a delayed healing time were investigated. The results were evaluated with morphological and microbiological methods. Repeated tympanostomy tube insertions in ears of healthy rats caused a remarkable thickening (about 30-fold) of the tympanic membrane of the tubulated quadrants, but even the untouched quadrants were affected. The thickened areas were characterized mainly by an increase in dense connective tissue which also contained sclerotic plaques. The structural changes in the tympanic membrane were still present 3 months after the final ventilation episode. Cleavage of the rat soft palate caused an immediate accumulation of effusion material in the tympanic cavity due to disturbance of Eustachian tube function. The fluid turned purulent within one to two weeks. The microbial flora of the middle ear cavity correlated well with that of the nasopharynx, indicating an ascending infection. Insertion of a tympanostomy tube could prevent the accumulation of effusion material in the meso- and hypotympanon and significantly suppress bacterial growth in the middle ear cavity. Thermal energy-inflicted myringotomies were tested as an alternative method for establishing transmyringeal ventilation. Myringotomies performed either with a CCL-laser or by diathermy showed a delayed healing pattern, most probably due to widespread destruction of the outer keratinized squamous epithelium and damage to the vascular supply. Upon comparison, laser myringotomies appeared more favourable due to their longer closure times, whereas the perforations accomplished by diathermy were often complicated by otorrhea and showed more advanced structural changes. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1985, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Introdução: Este presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever uma técnica cirúrgica alternativa à inserção do tubo de ventilação na membrana timpânica: a miringotomia por radiofreqüência isolada e associada à mitomicina C. Ressaltando-se, então, a importância de um método cirúrgico que proporcione uma execução mais simples, sem necessidade de anestesia geral, e não sujeito às complicações vinculadas ao tubo de ventilação. Método: Estudo experimental randomizado e comparado, em ratos da linhagem Wistar. Foram comparadas as técnicas de miringotomia por microlanceta e por microeletrocautério por radiofreqüência (ponteira 0,3 mm e 0,7 mm) isolada e associada à mitomicina C, considerando o tempo de fechamento timpânico. Resultados: Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre a miringotomia por radiofreqüência e por microlanceta. Ao analisar a técnica por radiofreqüência com ponteira 0,7 mm associada à mitomicina C (teste de Wilcoxon), o P encontrado foi menor que 0,001, demonstrando uma significância estatística. O tempo máximo de fechamento foi de 44 dias e a mediana encontrada foi de 14 dias. Conclusão: A miringotomia por radiofreqüência apresenta uma patência mais prologada que a microlanceta. Ao associar a técnica de radiofreqüência com ponteira de maior diâmetro (0,7 mm) à mitomicina C há uma otimização no tempo de cicatrização da miringotomia. / Introduction. The present study describes the myringotomy by radiofrequency, isolated or associated to mitomycin C, an alternative surgical technique to the insertion of a ventilation tube through the tympanic membrane, and emphasizes the value of this easier surgical procedure requiring no general anesthesia and avoiding the complications that can occur with the ventilation tube. Method. Randomized and compared study in Wistar rats. The time elapsed for tympanic membrane recovery was compared between the myringotomy with microlancet and the myringotomy by radiofrequency (0.3mm and 0.7mm tip) isolated or associated to mitomycin C. Results. There was a statistically significant difference between the procedures. Analysis (Wilcoxon Test) of the myringotomy with 0.7mm tip radiofrequency associated to mitomycin C revealed P <0,001. The longest time for membrane recovery was 44 days with a mean of 14 days. Conclusion. Myringotomy by radiofrequency lasts longer than myringotomy with microlancet. The association of the radiofrequency with 0.7mm tip to mitomycin C enhances the patency of the myringotomy.

Introdução: Este presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever uma técnica cirúrgica alternativa à inserção do tubo de ventilação na membrana timpânica: a miringotomia por radiofreqüência isolada e associada à mitomicina C. Ressaltando-se, então, a importância de um método cirúrgico que proporcione uma execução mais simples, sem necessidade de anestesia geral, e não sujeito às complicações vinculadas ao tubo de ventilação. Método: Estudo experimental randomizado e comparado, em ratos da linhagem Wistar. Foram comparadas as técnicas de miringotomia por microlanceta e por microeletrocautério por radiofreqüência (ponteira 0,3 mm e 0,7 mm) isolada e associada à mitomicina C, considerando o tempo de fechamento timpânico. Resultados: Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre a miringotomia por radiofreqüência e por microlanceta. Ao analisar a técnica por radiofreqüência com ponteira 0,7 mm associada à mitomicina C (teste de Wilcoxon), o P encontrado foi menor que 0,001, demonstrando uma significância estatística. O tempo máximo de fechamento foi de 44 dias e a mediana encontrada foi de 14 dias. Conclusão: A miringotomia por radiofreqüência apresenta uma patência mais prologada que a microlanceta. Ao associar a técnica de radiofreqüência com ponteira de maior diâmetro (0,7 mm) à mitomicina C há uma otimização no tempo de cicatrização da miringotomia. / Introduction. The present study describes the myringotomy by radiofrequency, isolated or associated to mitomycin C, an alternative surgical technique to the insertion of a ventilation tube through the tympanic membrane, and emphasizes the value of this easier surgical procedure requiring no general anesthesia and avoiding the complications that can occur with the ventilation tube. Method. Randomized and compared study in Wistar rats. The time elapsed for tympanic membrane recovery was compared between the myringotomy with microlancet and the myringotomy by radiofrequency (0.3mm and 0.7mm tip) isolated or associated to mitomycin C. Results. There was a statistically significant difference between the procedures. Analysis (Wilcoxon Test) of the myringotomy with 0.7mm tip radiofrequency associated to mitomycin C revealed P <0,001. The longest time for membrane recovery was 44 days with a mean of 14 days. Conclusion. Myringotomy by radiofrequency lasts longer than myringotomy with microlancet. The association of the radiofrequency with 0.7mm tip to mitomycin C enhances the patency of the myringotomy.

Introdução: Este presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever uma técnica cirúrgica alternativa à inserção do tubo de ventilação na membrana timpânica: a miringotomia por radiofreqüência isolada e associada à mitomicina C. Ressaltando-se, então, a importância de um método cirúrgico que proporcione uma execução mais simples, sem necessidade de anestesia geral, e não sujeito às complicações vinculadas ao tubo de ventilação. Método: Estudo experimental randomizado e comparado, em ratos da linhagem Wistar. Foram comparadas as técnicas de miringotomia por microlanceta e por microeletrocautério por radiofreqüência (ponteira 0,3 mm e 0,7 mm) isolada e associada à mitomicina C, considerando o tempo de fechamento timpânico. Resultados: Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre a miringotomia por radiofreqüência e por microlanceta. Ao analisar a técnica por radiofreqüência com ponteira 0,7 mm associada à mitomicina C (teste de Wilcoxon), o P encontrado foi menor que 0,001, demonstrando uma significância estatística. O tempo máximo de fechamento foi de 44 dias e a mediana encontrada foi de 14 dias. Conclusão: A miringotomia por radiofreqüência apresenta uma patência mais prologada que a microlanceta. Ao associar a técnica de radiofreqüência com ponteira de maior diâmetro (0,7 mm) à mitomicina C há uma otimização no tempo de cicatrização da miringotomia. / Introduction. The present study describes the myringotomy by radiofrequency, isolated or associated to mitomycin C, an alternative surgical technique to the insertion of a ventilation tube through the tympanic membrane, and emphasizes the value of this easier surgical procedure requiring no general anesthesia and avoiding the complications that can occur with the ventilation tube. Method. Randomized and compared study in Wistar rats. The time elapsed for tympanic membrane recovery was compared between the myringotomy with microlancet and the myringotomy by radiofrequency (0.3mm and 0.7mm tip) isolated or associated to mitomycin C. Results. There was a statistically significant difference between the procedures. Analysis (Wilcoxon Test) of the myringotomy with 0.7mm tip radiofrequency associated to mitomycin C revealed P <0,001. The longest time for membrane recovery was 44 days with a mean of 14 days. Conclusion. Myringotomy by radiofrequency lasts longer than myringotomy with microlancet. The association of the radiofrequency with 0.7mm tip to mitomycin C enhances the patency of the myringotomy.

Otitis media (OM), one of the commonest of childhood diseases, causes much suffering. OM exists in a variety of forms, two of which are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME). The clinical courses of these conditions differ, AOM usually presenting with earache, fever and/or aural discharge, and the OME usually with hearing impairment. The tympanic membrane (TM) mirrors the events in the middle ear cavity, and pars flaccida (PF) is the initial site of inflammatory changes in the TM. PF is rich in mast cells (MCs), which by releasing various mediators, may trigger TM inflammation. The aims of the present studies were to investigate early inflammatory changes in the TM in rat models of OM; after mast cell degranulation, in response to AOM, and OME, after myringotomy in AOM and in normal ears. Furthermore, we developed a new rat AOM model, that excludes surgical trauma and resembles the natural route of infection in man. AOM and OME elicited the first inflammatory response in PF of the TM. The response to OME was discrete, but a slight increase in macrophages was found. During the first 48 hours of AOM, the inflammatory response was intense, following a bimodal pattern. This reaction is similar to that found after MC degranulation. In AOM, macrophages were the predominant cell in PF, while in pars tensa (PT), polymorphonuclear cells (mainly neutrophils) predominated. When myringotomy was performed in AOM ears, the healing time was shorter than that of myringotomy in normal ears. The highly inflamed lamina propria seemed to promote healing. During early AOM, as well as following myringotomy, fibrin extravasates into PF and PT. This fibrin deposition may be involved in regulating the inflammatory response. Repeated nasal challenge with the otitis media pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae provoked AOM and concomitant TM stimulation reduced the number of AOM cases. This new rat AOM model has the advantage of avoiding trauma in the middle ear cavity, while eliciting an intense inflammatory response in the middle ear cavity (MEC).