A Latin square of order n is an n × n array in which each row and column contains symbols from an n-set, S = {a1,...,an}, exactly once. If two Latin squares L1 and L2 of the same order can be joined such that each of the n^2 ordered pairs (ai,aj) appears exactly once, then L1 and L2 are said to be orthogonal. This project will involve a variation of this idea. We define orthogonality of two Latin squares Lm and Ln, for m < n, as follows: When we place an m × m Latin square Lm inside an n × n Latin square Ln, in all possible ways, the so obtained m^2 ordered pairs (ai,aj) are always distinct. We first investigate the situation when m = 2 and n = p, where p is a prime.

D.Litt. et Phil.

Submitted by Grasiela Spada (gra_spada@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-04T19:00:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação versão final Grasiela com ficha.pdf: 1520627 bytes, checksum: 3dd15c6cc496cb7b511da71484798917 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-06-04T19:28:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 spada_g_me_botfca.pdf: 1520627 bytes, checksum: 3dd15c6cc496cb7b511da71484798917 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 spada_g_me_botfca.pdf: 1520627 bytes, checksum: 3dd15c6cc496cb7b511da71484798917 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A literatura sobre adubação e nutrição de espécies nativas é escassa, as espécies florestais apresentam comportamentos distintos, sobretudo quanto às exigências nutricionais, o desafio deste trabalho foi encontrar qual a melhor condição nutricional para o desenvolvimento da paineira (Ceiba speciosa A. St. Hil). Objetivou-se avaliar e monitorar o crescimento inicial e a nutrição mineral da paineira em resposta a diferentes doses de adubação. O ensaio foi composto por quatro experimentos distintos (doses de N, P, K e V%), cada um com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se vasos plásticos preenchidos com 50 dm³ de um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, alocados em estufa plástica. Mensalmente avaliou-se o diâmetro do colo, altura das mudas e teor de clorofila nas folhas. O ensaio foi encerrado 150 dias após o plantio das mudas e além das avaliações anteriores, foram determinados a área foliar, a massa seca de raízes, caules e folhas, e os teores e quantidades absorvidas de macro e micronutrientes pelo material vegetal. Dos elementos estudados, o fósforo é o nutriente mais exigido, sendo que o potássio e o nitrogênio não afetaram o crescimento inicial da espécie. Para o tipo de solo e condições estudadas, recomenda-se adubação fosfatada de 250 mg dm-3 e saturação por bases do solo de 50% para o plantio em condições de campo. / The literature about nutrition and fertilization of native species is scarce, forestry species exhibit different behavior, especially regarding nutritional requirements, the challenge of this work was to find what the best nutritional conditions for the development of the cotton tree (Ceiba speciosa A. St. – Hil). This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the initial growth and mineral nutrition of paineira in response to different doses of fertilizer. The test consisted of four separate experiments (doses of N, P, K and V%), each with six treatments and four replications arranged in a completely randomized design, using plastic pots filled with 50 dm- ³ of a Dark Rhodic Hapludox allocated in greenhouse. Monthly evaluated the lap diameter, plant height and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The research was terminated 150 days after seedlings planting and beyond previous evaluations were determined leaf area, dry weight of roots, stems and leaves, as well as the levels and amounts of macro and micronutrients absorbed by plant material. The elements studied, the phosphorus is the most required nutrient, being that nitrogen and potassium did not affect the initial growth of the specie. For soil type and measurements conditions is recommended phosphorus fertilization of 250 mg dm-3 and liming of 50% for planting under field conditions. / 151982/2012-0

Malgré l'importance reconnue des forêts tropicales humides dans la régulation du climat et du cycle global du carbone, la biogéochimie des forêts tropicales reste moins bien appréhendée que celle d'autres biomes. En particulier, il existe encore de larges incertitudes quant aux limitations nutritives des processus ou encore sur le rôle de la diversité pour les fonctions écosystémiques. La diversité spécifique élevée des arbres de forêt amazonienne se traduit localement par une forte hétérogénéité de la qualité des apports de litière foliaire, ces apports constituant une ressource primordiale d'énergie et de nutriments pour les organismes saprophages. Cependant les conséquences d'une telle hétérogénéité des litières pour le fonctionnement souterrain sont encore peu connues dans ce milieu. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'établir une compréhension mécaniste des effets de la qualité des apports de litière ainsi que du rôle de leur diversité sur la décomposition. J'ai combiné des fertilisations factorielles de carbone (C), d'azote (N) et de phosphore (P) à l'utilisation d'une large gamme de stœchiométrie C : N : P des litières (issues de différentes espèces d'arbres) en forêt tropicale de Guyane française et en laboratoire pour évaluer la nature et l'étendue des contraintes énergétiques et nutritives imposées par la qualité des litières sur les activités des décomposeurs. Bien que la perte en masse des litières dans ce système d'étude apparait largement expliquée par la qualité des différentes formes de C des litières, suggérant un fort contrôle de la disponibilité en énergie sur la décomposition, les ajouts externes de C n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence cette apparente contrainte énergétique. Cependant, je montre que la décomposition des litières tropicales est limitée conjointement par N et P, et que l'amplitude de cette co-limitation est fortement reliée à la disponibilité en P des litières ainsi qu'à leur stœchiométrie N : P. Ainsi, même si le P apparaît plus profondément limitant dans ce système (en accord avec l'hypothèse généralement admise d'un fort déficit en P en forêt tropicale humide), l'accès à l'N foliaire semble également contraindre la décomposition. Je mets également en évidence des effets de diversité des mélanges de litières, pour la plupart synergiques (les taux de décomposition observés des mélanges étaient généralement plus élevés que ceux prédits à partir des taux de décomposition des espèces seules) et largement amplifiés par la présence de la faune détritivore. De plus, en présence de faune, il apparait qu'une forte dissimilarité stœchiométrique dans les mélanges de litières favorise des effets synergiques. Autrement dit, l'association de litières ayant des stœchiométries dissimilaires semble favoriser un meilleur équilibre nutritionnel pour la faune saprophage, stimulant ainsi la décomposition. Finalement, je montre que ces effets synergiques dans les mélanges sont renforcés à travers les effets à long terme des apports de litières issus des différentes espèces d'arbres contribuant à ces mélanges. Ce résultat suggère que la complémentarité de l'utilisation des ressources émerge à travers des interactions à long terme entre les arbres et les organismes décomposeurs. / The high tree species diversity in Amazonian rainforest translates into a high variation of leaf litter quality input to the soil. These inputs constitute a major resource of nutrients and energy for saprophageous organisms, particularly in tropical rainforests growing on old and highly weathered soils and consequently impoverished in rock-derived mineral nutrients. However the consequences of such leaf litter heterogeneity for belowground functioning are still poorly understood. In this thesis, I aim to develop a better mechanistic understanding of leaf litter quality effects and litter diversity on decomposition. Using a factorial fertilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and a wide range of leaf litter C : N : P stoichiometries (derived from different tree species) in French Guiana rainforest and in laboratory, I aim to assess the nature and the extent of energetic and nutritional constraints imposed by litter quality on decomposer activities. Although the litter mass loss in this study system is greatly explained by the litter C quality, suggesting a strong control of energy availability on decomposition, external C additions do not alleviate this apparent energetic constraint. However, I find that litter decomposition is conjointly limited by N and P and that the extent of this NP co-limitation is widely related to leaf litter P content and to litter N : P stoichiometry. Thus, even if P appears more profoundly limiting in this system (in accordance to the well-recognized P deficiency hypothesis in tropical rainforest), the litter N access seems also constrain the decomposition. Moreover, I find significant litter diversity effects in litter mixtures and most of them are synergistics (observed mass loss in mixture was more often higher than predicted mass loss on the basis of single species decomposition). These litter diversity effects are largely higher in presence of soil fauna and increase with stoichiometric dissimilarity in mixtures. In other words, the association of stoichiometrically dissimilar litter appear promote a better nutritional balance for the saprophageaous fauna, and thus, stimulate the decomposition. Finally, I show that synergistic effects in mixtures are reinforced toward long-term presence of tree species contributing to the litter mixtures. This result suggest that complementarity effects on mixed litter decomposition may emerge through long-term interactions between aboveground and belowground biota.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1850989 bytes, checksum: 1b7fad3f3bc9a88aad77619448b8cc02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-25 / Although it is an important coffee-producing region, Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais is lacking information on the fertilization of coffee tree in high density cropping systems. The study was carried out in order to evaluate the response of adensed coffee tree plantations to N, P and K fertilizations, in the region of Zona da Mata, in Minas Gerais state, aiming to enhance fertilizer recommendations for this crop. Results of three experiments, conducted in dystrophic Oxisols, at the Carlos Eloy Heringer Coffee Research Center (CEPEC), located in Martins Soares-MG, were evaluated. The experiments were designed in randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme. In the first one, the coffee variety Yellow Catucaí 6 / 30 (6666 plants per hectare) was used. Plot treatments, in three replicates, were arranged in a full factorial design [(4x3) +1], consisting of four sources of P (monoammonium phosphate, simple superfosfate, Reactive Algerian rock phosphate and FH 550), three levels (100, 200, and 400 kg / ha / year P2O5) and an additional treatment without application of the nutrient. The subplots were composed of four seasons. The second experiment was conducted with the coffee variety Red Catuaí 44, spaced 1.5 x 0.7 m (9523 plants / ha) with four replications. In plots, treatments consisted of seven doses of N and K (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 600 kg N ha-¹ and K2O) and the subplots of the eight years evaluated. The third experiment was carried out with yellow Catucaí 6 / 30, spaced 2.5 x 0.6 m (6666 plants per hectare), with three replications. In the plots, the treatments were distributed in complete factorial arrangement (5 x 5) with five N (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg / ha / year) and K levels (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg / ha / year of K2O) and the subplots were constituted by the six years evaluated. Data of yield and its bienality were subjected to analysis of variance and regression. The doses of maximum physical (MEF) and economic efficiency (MEE) for N, P and K were calculated. The recommendations for medium MEE generated in each experiment were compared with those obtained through the Manual of recommendations for lime and fertilizers use of Minas Gerais State and through the system named Ferti-UFV Arabica Coffee, based in the principle of Nutritional Balance. There was no yield response to P addition. The doses for maximum economic efficiency of fertilization, for the years in which there was response to fertilization with N and K, ranged from 282 to 495 kg / ha of N and 282 to 495 kg / ha of K2O. Fertilization, mainly with N, reduced the biennial production cycle of the coffee trees. The system Ferti-UFV Café arábica is an adequate decision-support tool for recomending N and K to adensed coffee trees in the region of Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, however, it should be better suited on the recommendation of P. / Embora seja uma importante região produtora de café, a Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais é carente em informações relativas à fertilização de cafeeiros adensados. O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta de cafeeiros adensados à adubação com N, P e K, na região da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, no que concerne à produtividade e à estabilidade da produção, tendo em vista o aprimoramento das recomendações de adubação para esta cultura. Foram avaliados os resultados de três experimentos, todos realizados em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, no Centro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras Eloy Carlos Heringer (CEPEC), localizado no município de Martins Soares, MG. Os três experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. No primeiro experimento, com cafeeiros da variedade Catucaí Amarelo 6/30 (6666 plantas por hectare), com três repetições, os tratamentos foram distribuídos, nas parcelas, em esquema fatorial completo [(4x3)+1], composto por quatro fontes (fosfato monoamônico, Superfosfato Simples, Fosfato Natural Reativo da Argélia e FH 550), três doses de P (100, 200, e 400 kg/ha/ano de P2O5) e um tratamento adicional, sem aplicação de P. As subparcelas foram compostas por quatro safras. O segundo experimento foi conduzido com cafeeiros da variedade Catuaí vermelho 44, no espaçamento de 1,5 x 0,7 m (9523 plantas / ha), com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas os tratamentos consistiram de sete doses de N e K (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 600 kg ha-¹ de N e K2O) e nas subparcelas pelas oito safras avaliadas. O terceiro experimento foi desenvolvido com cafeeiros da variedade Catucaí amarelo 6/30, no espaçamento de 2,5 x 0,6 m (6666 plantas por hectare), com três repetições. Nas parcelas os tratamentos foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial completo (5 x 5), com cinco doses de N (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha/ano) e cinco doses de K (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha/ano de K2O) e as subparcelas foram constituídas pelas seis safras avaliadas. Dados de produtividade e bienalidade foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão. Foi também calculada a dose de máxima eficiência física (MEF) e econômica (MEE) para N, P e K. As recomendações médias referentes à MEE de cada experimento foram comparadas às obtidas por meio do Manual de Recomendações para Uso de Corretivos e Fertilizantes do Estado de Minas Gerais e do sistema de Balanço Nutricional denominado Ferti-UFV Café Arábica. Não houve resposta da produtividade da cultura à adição de P. As doses para máxima eficiência econômica da fertilização, para os anos em que houve resposta à fertilização com N e K, variaram entre 282 495 kg/ha de N e de 282 a 495 kg/ha de K2O. A adubação com N, principalmente, e K reduziu o efeito do ciclo bienal de produção do cafeeiro. O sistema Ferti-UFV Café Arábica mostrou-se adequado para recomendação de N e K para cafeeiros (Coffea arábica) adensados na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, devendo, contudo, ser melhor ajustado quanto à recomendação de P.

Phosphorus plays a crucial role in modern p-block chemistry.1 One reason for that is the diagonal relationship between phosphorus and carbon.2 Comparable to carbon and its chemistry, phosphorus tends to form homoatomic bonds, which is explainable by the relatively high P–P single bond energy (ca. 200 kJ/mol).3 Thus, a plethora of poly-phosphorus compounds are reported in the last decades comprising of fascinating bonding motifs4 and interesting applications in coordination5-7 and synthetic8-11 chemistry, as well as in ligand design.12,13 A crucial point in the chemistry of polyphosphanes is of course the formation of P–P bonds. Numerous synthetic procedures are established and reviewed including salt metathesis,4a,14 dehalosilylation15 and dehalostannylation16 reactions, base promoted dehydrohalogenation reactions17 and dehydrogenative coupling reactions mediated by main group compounds18 or catalysis by transition metals.5,19 Moreover, dialkylamino-substituted phosphanes are used in condensation reactions to form P–P bonds since the early 1960’s. Yet these reactions need elevated temperatures, somewhat limiting the formation of polyphosphorus compounds as stated by the few examples reported.17d,20 The application of pyrazolyl-substituted phosphanes in P–P bond formation reactions is a relatively young field of research.21 Their synthesis and general chemical behavior as well as advantages in comparison to dialkylamino-substituted phosphanes is discussed in the following chapter.

The linear relationship between a conservative element and salinity during mixing of water masses is widely used to study biogeochemistry in estuaries and the oceans. Even though nutrient ratios are widely used to determine the limiting nutrient in aquatic environments, the rules of nutrient ratios change through the mixing of freshwater and seawater are still unstudied. This study provides general rules for nutrient ratios change via mixing. A simple mixing model is developed with the aims to illustrate that nutrient ratio is a nonlinear function of salinity, thus, shift in limiting nutrient over the salinity gradient can be simply a result of river water and seawater mixing, albeit complicated by biological consumption or remineralization. This model explains a natural phenomenon that rivers contain relatively high dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) ratios start to decrease the ratios as salinity increases when seawater contains higher SRP:DIN ratios. Although additional sources of P have been implicated as the cause for such change, this change can be a result of riverine water and seawater mixing. Four mixing rules are presented here to explain the factors governing the change in nutrient ratios vs. salinity; thus, answering why in some cases variations in nutrient loading and in other cases mixing triggers changes to seasonal limitation status in some estuaries. Shift in nutrient ratios can be explained by the change in nutrient inventories via mixing. After the P-limited riverine water shifts in N limitation by mixing with N-limited seawater, new production of the estuary in general becomes limited by the amount of N inputs from the riverine water and the seawater. The result may help to explain a current consensus that N and not P riverine loadings lead to eutrophication in estuaries which are influenced by P-limited riverine waters. Further, new production which is generated by N-limited riverine input and N-limited seawater input mainly depends on the amount of N inputs from the riverine water and the seawater.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guerreiro_cpv_me_botfca.pdf: 1017400 bytes, checksum: d341f246940fdfb1c64e51a02bb40eba (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento, a absorcao de N, P e K e a producao de À-ecdisona da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, cultivada em funcao de diferentes doses de adubacao organica com esterco de galinha curtido. O experimento foi conduzido Fazenda Santo Antonio do Araqua, Bairro Cataneo Angelo, municipio de Sao Manuel, SP. As analises foram feitas no Laboratorio do Departamento de Producao Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas, Campus Botucatu, SP, no Laboratorio de Analises da Fazenda Experimental de Sao Manuel, Sao Manuel, SP e no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Geneticos Vegetais e Fotoquimica do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Campinas, SP. A determinacao do À- ecdisona foi realizada no Laboratorio de Residuos de Pesticidas na Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariuna, SP. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x6 com quatro repeticoes de 8 plantas uteis. Os blocos foram constituidos de 6 epocas de colheita: 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 dias apos a emergencia e de 5 doses de esterco de galinha curtido. As adubacoes utilizadas foram: 0 (testemunha), 15, 30, 45 e 60 t/ha. O desenvolvimento foi avaliado pelas variaveis: comprimento e diametro do caule e raiz, numero de folhas, fitomassa seca, area foliar, distribuicao de fitomassa seca, razao de area foliar, area foliar especifica, taxa assimilatoria liquida, e taxa de 2 crescimento relativo. Avaliou-se a absorcao de N, P e K nas diferentes partes da planta e a producao de À-ecdisona de P. glomerata Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade de Liliefors e de homogeneidade de Cochran & Bartlett. Tambem foram submetidos a analise de variancia e ao teste de separacao de medias de Scott Knott, a 1 e 5% de probabilidade. Quando ocorreu interacao entre as colheitas e adubacao o resultado foi avaliado por meio de regressao... / The aim of this study was to assess the development; N, P and K absorption and À-ecdisone production of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, cultivated at differents quantities of organic adubation with tanned chicken dung. The field tial was conduced at Fazenda Santo Antonio do Araqua, district of Cataneo Angelo, Sao Manuel - SP. The analisys were done at Laboratorio do Departamento de Producao Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas, Campus Botucatu, SP, at Laboratorio de Analises da Fazenda Experimental de Sao Manuel, Sao Manuel, SP and at Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Geneticos Vegetais e 4 Fitoquimica do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Campinas, SP. The À-ecdisone determination was done at Laboratorio de Residuos de Pesticidas na Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariuna, SP. A randomized blocks design was used, with four replications of 8 plants for each treatment. It was done six harvests: at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after germination and 5 differents quantites of adubation with tanned chicken dung. The adubation was: 0 (proof), 15, 30, 45 and 60 t/ha. The plant growth was evaluated using the following variables: stem and roots diametric and length, leaf number, leaf area, dry mass, dry mass distribution, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilatory rate and relative growth area. Absorption of N, P and K at differents parts of tha plant and b-ecdisone production. The results were submited to normality test of Liliefors and homogeneity test Cochran & Bartlett. The results were submited to analysis of variance and means separation test of Scott Knott, all at 5% of probability. When interpolation occurred between harvest and adubation the result was avaliated using regression analysis. The results showed that at field trial conditions P. glomerata plants responded 30 and 45 t/ha of tanned chicken dung, and the more economicably... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

M.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans-Nederlands) / Most stories are presented in the text through the mediation of some 'angle of vision' or a specific perspective. Not only is the story told from a certain 'point of view' as far as the narrator is concerned, but it is often presented in such a way that different 'perspectives' concerning certain matters are clearly voiced by character and statement. As far as the drama as genre is concerned, perspective can be described as the narrator's angle of vision, the way that certain aspects of life are seen in their relation to each other as well as the varying attitudes towards these aspects of life. The aim of this scription is to discuss perspective and its place in the drama introductory and then to concentrate on the way in which it is manifested in a few dramas from N P van Wyk Louw of which the most important will be Die pluimsaad waai ver, staged in 1966 in commemoration of South Africa becoming a republic in 1961.

M.A. (Afrikaans) / The particular manner in which N.P. van Wyk Louw makes use of the adjective in his work RAKA, soon becomes evident to the reader. The grammatical approach taken in this study endeavours to emphasise the manner in which, and the frequency with which the adjective is applied as well as its functional relationship within the structure of the text. Lexical relationships involving the adjective in this specificwork serve as a basis upon which this study has been formulated. Initially" adjectives in the mentioned work have been identified from a theoretical point of view. Further more the nature" of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships are examined against the background of their potential to function as lexical cohesive elements within the specific textual context. Particular attention is given to the colour adjective owing to the frequency of its use in the work. The study reveals the important role of the colour adjective in the text: Areas of different semantic representation are drawn together, important structural elements of character, time and place are identified while the importance of changing character perspectives are manifested by the functioning of this type of adjective. Adjectives other than colour adjectives are subjected to analysis in terms of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations established in the text. This study emphasises the significance of the cohesive role played by the adjective in the macrostructure of the text. Lastly, it can be concluded that while this study has concentrated on grammatical research, students of literature will benefit from a literary study of the adjective in RAKA.