Les conditions de culture de microalgues autotrophes en système ouvert associant microalgues / bactéries ont été étudiées au cours de ce travail de thèse. L'objectif était de développer un procédé de valorisation des nutriments (N, P) contenus dans la phase liquide des digestats issus de méthanisation agricole. Dans un premier temps, une synthèse sur les filières de méthanisation suivi d'un état de l'art sur les microalgues et leurs conditions de culture ont permis de mettre en évidence les principaux paramètres d'influence spécifiques à l'influent étudié, tels que la coloration, et les interactions avec les processus de nitrification/dénitrification. Ainsi, dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes et d'évaluer les impacts des paramètres principaux, un pilote de laboratoire composé de 6 réacteurs de 2,5 litres a été conçu et des analyses spécifiques ont été développées au laboratoire. A partir de ces outils, l'effet de la couleur et de la lumière sur la pénétration de la lumière et sur la croissance algale a été quantifié. Ensuite, l'influence du ratio N/P du milieu a été testée, ce qui a permis de mettre en exergue le stockage du phosphore par les microalgues, leur permettant de continuer leur croissance lorsque le phosphore du milieu est épuisé. Par la suite, le transfert du dioxyde de carbone et son impact sur la croissance des microalgues ont été étudiés. La productivité algale est fonction de la quantité de CO2 fournie à la culture et chute à 0 sans injection. Enfin, l'étude du temps de séjour des solides et de leur fréquence d'extraction a révélé que la nitrification-dénitrification est un mécanisme important d'élimination de l'azote dans une culture algale en continu et en système ouvert. Il peut même s'avérer prédominant par rapport à l'assimilation de l'azote par les microalgues dans certaines conditions. La proportion de chacun de ces processus peut néanmoins être contrôlée par ces paramètres. Ces expérimentations ont par ailleurs permis de mieux comprendre les interactions entre microalgues et bactéries nitrifiantes ainsi que la prédominance des genres d'algues en fonction des conditions de culture. Les microalgues sont de meilleures compétitrices sur le phosphore que les bactéries nitrifiantes. De plus, lorsque le phosphore n'est pas limitant, la nitrification est réduite en proportion de la productivité algale. En cas de limitation en phosphore et avec une faible lumière disponible, les genres d'algues qui se sont montrés dominants sont Scenedesmus sp. et Chlorella sp. Respectivement. Les essais expérimentaux ont été complétés par le développement ou l'adaptation de modèles biocinétiques capables de représenter la croissance algale et l'épuration assez fidèlement. A partir de cette modélisation, différentes configurations ont été simulées pour dimensionner un lagunage algal à haut rendement et ainsi mieux comprendre et apprécier la faisabilité d'une culture algale pour extraire les nutriments des digestats. / The culture conditions of autotrophic microalgae in open system associating microalgae/bacteria were studied in this thesis. The objective was to develop a process to valorize nutrients (N, P) contained in the liquid phase of digestate coming from agricultural methanization. First, a synthesis of anaerobic digestion process followed by a state of art on microalgae and their culture conditions allowed to highlight the main parameters specific to the studied influent, such as coloration, and the interactions with nitrification-denitrification processes. To better understand the mechanisms and study the impact of the main parameters, a laboratory-scale pilot composed of six 2.5L-reactors was designed and specific analyses were developed at the laboratory. With the help of those tools, effects of color and light on light penetration and on microalgae growth were quantified. Then, the study of the N:P ratio of the medium allowed to highlight the phosphorus storage by microalgae, allowing them to continue their growth while the phosphorus of the medium was depleted. Thereafter, the carbon dioxide transfer and its impact on microalgae growth were studied. The algal productivity is a function of the quantity of provided CO2 into the culture and fall to zero without injection. Finally, the study of solid retention time and extraction rate revealed that nitrification-denitrification is an important mechanism for nitrogen removal in a continuous algae culture in open system. This mechanism may even be predominant compared to nitrogen assimilation by microalgae under certain conditions. The proportion of each of these processes may still be controlled by these parameters. These experiments have also provided insight into the interactions between microalgae and nitrifying bacteria and the predominance of algae genera depending on culture conditions. Microalgae are better competitors on phosphorus than nitrifying bacteria. Furthermore, in non-limiting phosphorus conditions, nitrification is reduced in proportion to algal productivity. Scenedesmus and Chlorella proved to be dominant respectively when phosphorus and light are limiting. The experimental trials were completed by the development or the adaptation of biokinetic models able to represent quite accurately microalgae growth and nitrogen removal. From this model, different configurations were simulated to design high rate algal pond and assess the feasibility of the algal culture to extract nutrients from digestate.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoATS_DISSERT.pdf: 2461406 bytes, checksum: 8103c11dd552d0c65bf3fb4420f4c09f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / El presente estudio tiene por objetivo, analizar las pr?cticas pol?ticas-intelectuales de Augusto Tavares de Lyra, perteneciente a una elite que gobern? el estado de R?o Grande del Norte de Brasil, durante los dos primeros decenios de la Rep?blica Vieja , de 1889 a 1918. El recorte temporal considerado tiene inicio al final del siglo XIX, en 1872, a?o de su nacimiento, hasta el a?o 1958, cuando falleci? a los casi ochenta y seis a?os de vida. Mientras tanto, analizaremos vivencias y pr?cticas de Tavares de Lyra como hombre p?blico a partir de los documentos investigados. Utilizamos como soporte principal art?culos, reportajes, discursos y libros escritos por sus contempor?neos. Observamos que las fuentes documentales, tales como mensajes, leyes y decretos gubernamentales, bibliograf?as sobre el per?odo evocado y el archivo del intelectual Tavares de Lyra. Entendemos que, aunque fuera un pol?tico de pr?cticas liberales y empe?ado en reformar el sistema educativo brasilero, ?l fue fruto de un instante de la pol?tica nacional, que privilegi? pocos n?cleos familiares en detrimento de la democracia descrita solamente en la ley, y que por eso, pose?a comprometimiento con las pr?cticas de la Primera Rep?blica. Su legado reside en una obra literaria ligada directamente al Instituto Hist?rico y Geogr?fico Brasileiro y a los estudios realizados, en cuanto jurista y economista, conocedor de los problemas que aflig?an Brasil en esa ?poca / O presente estudo tem por escopo analisar as pr?ticas pol?tico-intelectuais de Augusto Tavares de Lyra, pertencente a uma elite que governou o Rio Grande do Norte, durante os dois primeiros dec?nios da Rep?blica Velha de 1889 a 1918. O recorte temporal firmado tem in?cio no final do s?culo XIX, em 1872, ano de seu nascimento, at? o ano de 1958, quando faleceu aos oitenta e seis anos incompletos, no Rio de Janeiro. No entanto, analisaremos as viv?ncias e pr?ticas de Tavares de Lyra como homem p?blico a partir de documentos pesquisados. Utilizamos como principal suporte artigos, reportagens, discursos e livros escritos por seus contempor?neos. Observamos que as fontes documentais, tais como mensagens, leis e decretos governamentais, bibliografias acerca do per?odo evocado e o arquivo do intelectual Tavares de Lyra. Entendemos que embora pol?tico de pr?ticas liberais e empenhado em reformar o sistema educacional brasileiro, ele foi fruto de um instante da pol?tica nacional que privilegiou poucos n?cleos familiares em detrimento da democracia descrita somente na lei e que, por isso, possu?a comprometimentos com as pr?ticas da Primeira Rep?blica. Seu legado reside em uma obra liter?ria ligada diretamente ao Instituto Hist?rico e Geogr?fico Brasileiro e aos estudos realizados, enquanto jurista e economista, conhecedor dos problemas que afligiam o Brasil da ?poca

Les réacteurs actuels produisent deux types de déchets dont la gestion et le devenir soulèvent des problèmes. Il s’agit d’abord de certains produits de fission et de noyaux lourds (isotopes de l’Américium et du Curium) au-delà de l’uranium appelés actinides mineurs. Deux options sont envisagées : le stockage en site géologique profond et/ou l’incinération de ces déchets dans un flux de neutrons rapides, c’est-à-dire, la transmutation par fission. Ces études font appel à de nombreuses données neutroniques. Malheureusement, les bases de données présentent encore de nombreuses insuffisances pour parvenir à des résultats fiables. L’objectif de ce travail est ici d’actualiser des données nucléaires et de les compléter. Nous avons ainsi mesuré la section efficace de fission de l’243Am (7370 ans) en référence à la diffusion élastique (n,p) afin de fournir des données indépendantes des mesures existantes dans la gamme des neutrons rapides (1 - 8 MeV). La réaction 243Am(n,f) a été analysée en utilisant un modèle statistique décrivant les voies de désexcitation du noyau composé d’244Am. Ainsi les sections efficaces de capture radiative (n,?) et de diffusion inélastique (n,n’) ont pu être évaluées. La mesure directe des sections efficaces neutroniques d’actinides mineurs constitue très souvent un véritable défi compte tenu de la forte activité des actinides mineurs. Pour cela, une méthode indirecte a été développée utilisant les réactions de transfert dans le but d’étudier certains isotopes du curium. Les réactions 243Am(3He,d)244Cm, 243Am(3He,t)243Cm et 243Am(3He,alpha)242Am nous ont permis de mesurer les probabilités de fission des noyaux de 243,244Cm et de l’242Am. Les sections efficaces de fission des curiums 242,243Cm(162,9 j, 28,5 ans) et de l’américium 241Am sont obtenues en multipliant ces probabilités par les sections efficaces calculées de formation des noyaux composés. Pour chaque mesure, une évaluation précise des erreurs a été réalisée à travers une étude des variances-covariances des résultats présentés. Pour les mesures de la réaction 243Am(n,f), une analyse des corrélations d’erreurs a permis d’interpréter la portée de ces mesures au sein des mesures existantes. / The existing reactors produce two kinds of nuclear waste : the fission products and heavy nuclei beyond uranium called minor actinides (Americium and Curium isotopes). Two options are considered: storage in deep geological site and/or transmutation by fast neutron induced fission. These studies involve many neutron data. Unfortunately, these data bases have still many shortcomings to achieve reliable results. The aim of these measurements is to update nuclear data and complement them. We have measured the fission cross section of 243Am (7370y) in reference to the (n,p) elastic scattering to provide new data in a range of fast neutrons (1 - 8 MeV). A statistical model has been developed to describe the reaction 243Am(n,f). Moreover, the cross sections from the following reactions have been be extracted from these calculations: inelastic scattering 243Am(n,n’) and radiative capture 243Am(n,?) cross sections. The direct measurements of neutron cross sections are often a challenge considering the short half-lives of minor actinides. To overcome this problem, a surrogate method using transfer reactions has been used to study few isotopes of curium. The reactions 243Am(3He, d)244cm, 243Am(3He, t)243cm and 243Am(3He, alpha)242Am allowed to measure the fission probabilities of 243,244Cm and 242Am. The fission cross sections of 242,243Cm(162,9d, 28,5y) and 241Am(431y) have been obtained by multiplying these fission probabilities by the calculated compound nuclear neutron cross section relative to each channel. For each measurement, an accurate assessment of the errors was realized through variance-covariance studies. For measurements of the reaction 243Am(n,f), the analysis of error correlations allowed to interpret the scope of these measures within the existing measurements.

Die hooffiguur is mev. Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 1975), in die Afrikaanse letterkunde alombekend as M.E.R. Die sleutelbegrippe is Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. Oor die betekenis van die benaming Afrikaner is daar meningsverskil, maar hier beteken Afrikaner 'n blanke Afrikaanssprekende. Afrikanernasionalisme is oor die afgelope eeu deur leiers soos Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom en Verwoerd uitgespel. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n aantal verteenwoordigende skrywers en politici se beskouinge oor die Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. In die derde hoofstuk word M.E.R. se beskouinge in die verband behandel en vergelyk met die menings van Van Wyk Louw, 'n geslag na haar, en J.C. Steyn, 'n geslag na Louw. Degenaar, gebore twee dekades na Louw en 13 jaar voor Steyn, word vernaamlik as klankbord betrek omdat sy siening radikaal verskil van M.E.R., Louw en Steyn s 'n, hoewel Louw na die begin van die jare sestig veel meer "liberaal" geword het. Voorts word M.E.R. se eerstehandse vertellings oor Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog en Verwoerd aan die aanvaarde kenmerke van goeie biografie gemeet. Waar moontlik word haar siening met die drietal vergelyk. 'n Volgende hoofstuk gaan oor M. E. R. se taksering van en deernis vir brandarm Afrikaners, soos vervat in Deel V B van die Carnegie Verslag. Haar verklaring van die oorsake van Afrikanerarmoede word uitgespel. Ook haar betrokkenheid by die Afrikanerkind deur haar talryke kinderboeke word toegelig. Dan volg 'n hoofstuk oor M.E.R. se siening van die Afrikaner se godsdiens. die beurt, waarop M.E.R. se My beskeie Voorts kom volkereverhoudings aan deel as outobiografie van 'n Afrikanervrou bespreek word. Die laaste twee hoof stukke gaan oor die viertal se taal en styl, en~as leermeesters van die Afrikanervolk. Ten slotte word die vier se beskouinge saamgevat. M.E.R. en Steyn glo aan die selfbeskikkingsreg van die Afrikaner. Sedert die begin van die jare sestig het Louw beweer dat die Kaapse bruinmense deel van die Afrikanervolk uitmaak, maar dat daar gebiedskeiding met die swart volke moet wees. Degenaar bepleit 'n unitere staat met die nodige verskansings van regionalisme, 'n handves van menseregte en 'n onafhanklike regbank. / Pride of place belongs to Mrs Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 - 1975), in Afrikaans literature widely known as M.·E.R. The key conceptions are Afrikaner and Afrikanernationalism. Theye are differing opinions about the meaning of the name Afrikaner, but for our purpose it means an Afrikaans speaking white. Afrikaner nationalism has been defined over the past century by leaders like Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom and Verwoerd. The second chapter portrays the views of some representative authors and politicians on the Afrikaner and Afrikaner nationalism. In the next chapter M.E.R.'s opinion in this regard is discussed and compared and contrasted with the opinions of Louw, a generation after her, and J.C. Steyn, a generation after Louw. Degenaar, born two decades after Louw and thirteen years before Steyn, is used mainly as resonator because his views differ radically from the other three. although Louw turned more "liberal" since the early sixties. Forthwith M. E .R. 's first-hand narratives about Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog and Verwoerd are tested by the accepted standards of good biQJZraphy. Where L.o.tw) Sbe-1vi ....a ~~tLLy. possible her views are compared with those of the trio,.., The next chapter treats M.E.R. 's estimate of and compassion with desperately poor Afrikaners, as portrayed in her Chapter V B of the Carnegie Commission Report. Her indication of the causes of Afrikaner poverty is noted. Her concern with Afrikaner children by way of her many children's books occupies a subsequent chapter. Then follow her views on the Afrikaner's religion and on racial relations, whereafter her My beskeie deel (My allotted portion) is assessed as the autobiography of an Afrikaner woman. The last two chapters discuss the language and style of the four writers concerned as well as their role as teachers of the Afrikaner nation. In conclusion their views are summarised. M.E.R. and Steyn believe in the Afrikaner's right of self-determination. Since the early sixties Louw has regarded the Cape Coloureds as part of the Af rikanervolk, al though he has advocated territorial separation of the Black peoples. Degenaar is in favour of a unitary state entrenched by regionalism, a human rights charter and an independent judiciary. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karin Hlavnicka Skitnevsky.pdf: 746097 bytes, checksum: 8dd39f91cada64da7ab37da92fe1afaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-13 / The following work concerns about arbitrability as a limitation of the institute of arbitration, as far as a national and international context are concerned, as well as discuss about the possibility of Public Administration enter into agreements with arbitral clauses and ultimately to take part into this institute of private law. Initially, it introduces the concept of arbitration and a brief out-line of said institute, intending to comprehend its origins, its development jointly with the process of globalization and the institute before and after the Brazilian Law of Arbitration n. 9.307/96, as well as the international conventions ratified by Brazil and the historical background of arbitration into the agreements involving the Public Administration. After we present the arbitrability concept and the limitations, as the public policy and the applicable principles and the method of utilization of such technique in countries such as United States, Switzerland and France and also the limits and application of arbitrability in accordance with Brazilian Arbitration Law. Nevertheless and furthermore, by means of an expository manner, to demonstrate as being possible the inclusion of arbitrability provisions in the public agreements and the possibility the State to become participant party in either international and nationals arbitrations, as well as existing limitations in the Brazilian Constitution and in the general principles of public law, and finally an analysis of the Public Administration legislation as to wether expressly or not set-forth the acceptability and usage of arbitration / O presente trabalho tem por escopo demonstrar a arbitrabilidade como um limite ao instituto da arbitragem no âmbito nacional e internacional, assim como discutir sobre a possibilidade da Administração Pública firmar contratos contendo cláusula arbitral e se submeter a esse instituto de direito privado. Inicialmente, apresenta o conceito de arbitragem e um breve histórico para que se entenda as origens do instituto e o desenvolvimento da arbitragem no âmbito da globalização, bem como no direito brasileiro, antes e depois da Lei n. 9.307/96. Analisamos também as convenções internacionais ratificadas pelo Brasil e um histórico da arbitragem nos contratos com a Administração Pública. Discorre após, sobre o conceito de arbitrabilidade e suas limitações, como a ordem pública, os princípios aplicados e a forma de utilização da arbitrabilidade em países como os Estados Unidos, a Suíça e a França, e ainda a questão da arbitrabilidade na lei brasileira, apresentando seus limites e aplicações. Não obstante e na seqüência, busca entender a arbitrabilidade nos contratos administrativos, com o objetivo de demonstrar a possibilidade de o Estado participar em arbitragens internacionais e nacionais, assim como as limitações que decorrem da Constituição e dos princípios de direito público, e por fim, analisa as legislações referentes à Administração Pública que possibilitam expressamente ou não o uso da arbitragem

This thesis has two parts. In the first part, we use the results of new fatigue experiments conducted with variable load levels as well as variable stress ratios to critically assess three (two old and one relatively new) cumulative fatigue damage models. These models are deterministic. Such models are usually tested using multiple blocks of periodic loading with differing amplitudes. However, available data pertains to zero-mean loading, and does not investigate the role of variable stress ratio (Smin/Smax). Here, we present experimental results for variable stress ratios. Two specimen geometries and two materials (Al 2014and Al 2024)are tested. Manson’s double linear damage rule (DLDR)gives the highest accuracy in predicting the experimental outcome, even in the presence of variable stress ratios, whereas predictions of the newer model (“A constructive empirical theory for metal fatigue under block cyclic loading,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 464 (2008), 1161-1179) are slightly inferior. The widely used Miner’s rule is least accurate in terms of prediction. The merits and drawbacks of these models, in light of the experimental results, are as follows. The DLDR, though accurate, has minor scientific inconsistencies and no clear generalization. The constructive model has possible generalizability and more appealing scientific consistency, but presently has poorer accuracy. Miner’s rule, least accurate, lies within the constructive approach for special parameter values. The DLDR can guide the new (constructive)approach through new parameter fitting criteria. In the second part of this thesis, we consider the scatter in fatigue life and use the Weibull distribution to describe ‘S-N-P’ curves. We first assume homoscedasticity (load-independent or constant variance) and present a way to draw a p-percentile line on a log-log load-life plot. Then heteroscedasticity (load-dependent variance) in fatigue life is incorporated and a simple statistical model is proposed, to obtain a straight line percentile plot at a pre-specified probability of survival ps. The proposed method is illustrated for Al 2014-T6 and Al 2024-T4 data sets (extracted manually) from MMPDS-01 (a data handbook).

Nutrient dynamics in a lodgepole pine forest at Bootleg Mountain, B.C., were investigated through the sampling of soil, snow and groundwater in six one-ha blocks. Nitrogen (NO3-, NH4+, TIN, TDN, TN), phosphorus (PO43-, TDP, TP), and DOC were analyzed in addition to N mineralization and nitrification. Position and dispersion statistics were computed for each variable and correlations (Pearson and Spearman) were computed for each pair of variables. The overall heterogeneities of soil, snow, and groundwater were generally lower between 1-ha blocks than between plots. Productivity in the soil was generally N-limited with low input from snow precipitation. Very little N leached from soil to groundwater. Phosphorus contents were highly variable and were the limiting nutrient in the groundwater. Rates of net and gross N mineralization and nitrification were determined using buried bags and 15N isotope dilutions. Gross rates were greater than net rates and nitrification was low relative to high immobilization rates. The N cycle appears to be tightly regulated, thus further study will be needed to monitor the impact of harvesting on N cycling.

Nutrient dynamics in a lodgepole pine forest at Bootleg Mountain, B.C., were investigated through the sampling of soil, snow and groundwater in six one-ha blocks. Nitrogen (NO3-, NH4+, TIN, TDN, TN), phosphorus (PO43-, TDP, TP), and DOC were analyzed in addition to N mineralization and nitrification. Position and dispersion statistics were computed for each variable and correlations (Pearson and Spearman) were computed for each pair of variables. The overall heterogeneities of soil, snow, and groundwater were generally lower between 1-ha blocks than between plots. Productivity in the soil was generally N-limited with low input from snow precipitation. Very little N leached from soil to groundwater. Phosphorus contents were highly variable and were the limiting nutrient in the groundwater. Rates of net and gross N mineralization and nitrification were determined using buried bags and 15N isotope dilutions. Gross rates were greater than net rates and nitrification was low relative to high immobilization rates. The N cycle appears to be tightly regulated, thus further study will be needed to monitor the impact of harvesting on N cycling.

Die hooffiguur is mev. Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 1975), in die Afrikaanse letterkunde alombekend as M.E.R. Die sleutelbegrippe is Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. Oor die betekenis van die benaming Afrikaner is daar meningsverskil, maar hier beteken Afrikaner 'n blanke Afrikaanssprekende. Afrikanernasionalisme is oor die afgelope eeu deur leiers soos Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom en Verwoerd uitgespel. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n aantal verteenwoordigende skrywers en politici se beskouinge oor die Afrikaner en Afrikanernasionalisme. In die derde hoofstuk word M.E.R. se beskouinge in die verband behandel en vergelyk met die menings van Van Wyk Louw, 'n geslag na haar, en J.C. Steyn, 'n geslag na Louw. Degenaar, gebore twee dekades na Louw en 13 jaar voor Steyn, word vernaamlik as klankbord betrek omdat sy siening radikaal verskil van M.E.R., Louw en Steyn s 'n, hoewel Louw na die begin van die jare sestig veel meer "liberaal" geword het. Voorts word M.E.R. se eerstehandse vertellings oor Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog en Verwoerd aan die aanvaarde kenmerke van goeie biografie gemeet. Waar moontlik word haar siening met die drietal vergelyk. 'n Volgende hoofstuk gaan oor M. E. R. se taksering van en deernis vir brandarm Afrikaners, soos vervat in Deel V B van die Carnegie Verslag. Haar verklaring van die oorsake van Afrikanerarmoede word uitgespel. Ook haar betrokkenheid by die Afrikanerkind deur haar talryke kinderboeke word toegelig. Dan volg 'n hoofstuk oor M.E.R. se siening van die Afrikaner se godsdiens. die beurt, waarop M.E.R. se My beskeie Voorts kom volkereverhoudings aan deel as outobiografie van 'n Afrikanervrou bespreek word. Die laaste twee hoof stukke gaan oor die viertal se taal en styl, en~as leermeesters van die Afrikanervolk. Ten slotte word die vier se beskouinge saamgevat. M.E.R. en Steyn glo aan die selfbeskikkingsreg van die Afrikaner. Sedert die begin van die jare sestig het Louw beweer dat die Kaapse bruinmense deel van die Afrikanervolk uitmaak, maar dat daar gebiedskeiding met die swart volke moet wees. Degenaar bepleit 'n unitere staat met die nodige verskansings van regionalisme, 'n handves van menseregte en 'n onafhanklike regbank. / Pride of place belongs to Mrs Maria Elizabeth Rothmann (1875 - 1975), in Afrikaans literature widely known as M.·E.R. The key conceptions are Afrikaner and Afrikanernationalism. Theye are differing opinions about the meaning of the name Afrikaner, but for our purpose it means an Afrikaans speaking white. Afrikaner nationalism has been defined over the past century by leaders like Kruger, Steyn, Reitz, De la Rey, De Wet, Hertzog, Malan, Strydom and Verwoerd. The second chapter portrays the views of some representative authors and politicians on the Afrikaner and Afrikaner nationalism. In the next chapter M.E.R.'s opinion in this regard is discussed and compared and contrasted with the opinions of Louw, a generation after her, and J.C. Steyn, a generation after Louw. Degenaar, born two decades after Louw and thirteen years before Steyn, is used mainly as resonator because his views differ radically from the other three. although Louw turned more "liberal" since the early sixties. Forthwith M. E .R. 's first-hand narratives about Kruger, Steyn, Hertzog and Verwoerd are tested by the accepted standards of good biQJZraphy. Where L.o.tw) Sbe-1vi ....a ~~tLLy. possible her views are compared with those of the trio,.., The next chapter treats M.E.R. 's estimate of and compassion with desperately poor Afrikaners, as portrayed in her Chapter V B of the Carnegie Commission Report. Her indication of the causes of Afrikaner poverty is noted. Her concern with Afrikaner children by way of her many children's books occupies a subsequent chapter. Then follow her views on the Afrikaner's religion and on racial relations, whereafter her My beskeie deel (My allotted portion) is assessed as the autobiography of an Afrikaner woman. The last two chapters discuss the language and style of the four writers concerned as well as their role as teachers of the Afrikaner nation. In conclusion their views are summarised. M.E.R. and Steyn believe in the Afrikaner's right of self-determination. Since the early sixties Louw has regarded the Cape Coloureds as part of the Af rikanervolk, al though he has advocated territorial separation of the Black peoples. Degenaar is in favour of a unitary state entrenched by regionalism, a human rights charter and an independent judiciary. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

The present paper examines the N1 by N1 construction using corpus linguistic methodology.The distribution of types of the construction that occur more than once either unhyphenated or hyphenated in any subcorpus of the British National Corpus accessed through the BrighamYoung University interface is examined. Written and spoken language as well as variousgenres are compared. Hyphenation is also investigated. A collocation analysis of some typesof the construction is further carried out and it is concluded that the N1 by N1 construction canbe part of the on a N1 by N1 basis construction. Results from the quantitative analysis as wellas the qualitative discussion suggest that the N P N construction may be undergoinglexicalisation starting as an adverbial and moving to functioning as a premodifier. Thissuggestion is indicated through complementary diachronic searches in the Oxford EnglishDictionary. It is also indicated that the construction may follow a development pattern similarto that of N1 to N1. The notion of construction is discussed in relation to the N1 by N1 construction, and a hierarchical view of constructions is proposed as a solution to some of theproblems with the term.