Measures of working memory capacity are associated with performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. A number of recent studies have provided evidence that training working memory can lead to improvements in fluid intelligence and performance on other untrained tasks. However, many of these studies suffer from design limitations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of working memory training on measures of fluid intelligence, reasoning, working memory, and attentional control by comparing a training group with an active control group. The training group improved more than the active control group on some, but not all outcome measures. Differential improvement for the training group was observed on fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and response times on conflict trials in the Stroop task. In addition, individual differences in pre-training fluid intelligence scores and initial performance on the training task explain some of the variance in outcome measure improvements.

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Executive functioning (EF) deficits may be associated with depressed states, although limited research has examined components of EF as endophenotypes of depression. This study assessed whether affective updating predicted depressive symptoms in a sample pre-selected for varying levels of depression via the affective n-back. In this task, participants determine whether the valence of a stimulus matches the valence of the stimulus presented two stimuli prior. Results suggested affective updating ability did not significantly predict depressive symptoms approximately over time, although higher accuracy in updating negative information was associated with more depressive symptoms approximately twelve weeks later. Moreover, accuracy in updating positive and negative information did not differ between groups. However, a trend emerged for depressed participants to be more accurate in updating negative information in the face of interfering positive information, compared to updating positive information with interfering negative information. The latter results are considered within the reward devaluation framework.

Yes / Memory performance is usually impaired when participants have to encode information while performing a concurrent task. Recent studies using recall tasks have found that emotional items are more resistant to such cognitive depletion effects than non-emotional items. However, when recognition tasks are used, the same effect is more elusive as recent recognition studies have obtained contradictory results. In two experiments, we provide evidence that negative emotional content can reliably reduce the effects of cognitive depletion on recognition memory only if stimuli with high levels of emotional intensity are used. In particular, we found that recognition performance for realistic pictures was impaired by a secondary 3- back working memory task during encoding if stimuli were emotionally neutral or had moderate levels of negative emotionality. In contrast, when negative pictures with high levels of emotional intensity were used, the detrimental effects of the secondary task were significantly attenuated. / UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, reference: BB/H001476/1, and BB/H001476/2)

Luktämnen i omgivningen kan utgöra distraktorer som försämrar den kognitiva prestationen. Detta gör luktens påverkan till en viktig arbetsmiljöfråga. De flesta vänjer sig vid lukter i omgivningen – de habituerar. Men ibland sker inte denna tillvänjning. Syftet var att undersöka ifall det finns ett samband mellan skillnad i habituering till ett luktämne och arbetsminne och inhibering. En grupp av 40 individer i åldrarna 19 till 64 exponerades för n-butanol under 45 minuter. Deltagarna gjorde upprepade skattningar av luktämnets intensitet och delades in i grupperna: icke-habituerare och habituerare. Före och under exponeringen utförde deltagarna 3-back, ämnat att mäta arbetsminne, och Stroop, ämnat att mäta inhibering. Gruppen icke-habituerare tenderade att prestera sämre på 3-back både före och under exponeringen. Oförmåga till habituering kan vara ett beteendeuttryck för sämre arbetsminneskapacitet och eventuellt andra sårbarhetsfaktorer. Dessa faktorer bör undersökas vidare. / Odorants in the environment can serve as distractors that impair cognitive performance. The impact of odors constitute an important occupational health issue. Most people get used to smells in the environment – they habituate. But occasionally habituation does not occur. The aim was to investigate whether there is a correlation between difference in habituation to an odorant and working memory and inhibition. A group of 40 individuals between the ages of 19 to 64, were exposed to n-butanol for 45 minutes. Participants made repeated ratings of intensity of the odorant. Two groups were created based on non-habituation and habituation. Before and during the exposure, the participants performed 3-back, used to measure working memory, and Stroop, used to measure inhibition. The group who did not habituate showed a tendency to perform worse on 3-back, before and during exposure. Inability to habituate may be a behavioral expression of poorer working memory capacity, and possibly other vulnerability factors. These factors should be further investigated.

A técnica de ressonância magnética funcional está evoluindo rapidamente de um interesse técnico para aplicações clínicas e em neurociência. Um grande número de questões, entretanto, ainda orbita o método de aquisição e análise de dados desta técnica. Este trabalho realizou a implementação de um protocolo de pesquisa por ressonância magnética funcional e a aplicação deste método para um estudo sobre mudanças de adaptação e dificuldade em memória de trabalho humana. Oito voluntários sadios foram submetidos a uma coleção de aquisições funcionais enquanto executavam uma tarefa de memória de trabalho n-back, promovida por estímulos visuais. Na aquisição de adaptação dos voluntários, foi observado mudanças na atividade neuronal do córtex visual primário devido a adaptação nos primeiros minutos de contato de cada indivíduo com a tarefa, possivelmente relacionando-se com o caráter visual do estímulo. Na segunda aquisição, a frequência de estímulos foi variada para modificar a dificuldade de realização da tarefa. Mudanças de atividade no lobo parietal superior, giro supramarginal e córtex pré-motor foram observadas, quando comparado as atividades de memória e controle, mas nenhuma mudança no córtex dorsolateral do giro pré-frontal, por vezes observado em experimentos de memória de trabalho, foi observada. Atividades no cerebelo foram identificadas apenas quando a condição de dificuldade foi extrema, tornando possível distinguir condições fáceis de difíceis de acordo com os resultados psciométricos. Adicionalmente às análises de mapa paramétrico, análises quantitativas identificaram uma relação entre a atividade no giro fusiforme e a demanda cognitiva proporcionada pelo aumento da dificuldade. Tais resultados demonstram a capacidade da técnica de ressonância magnética funcional para estudar construtos cognitivos como memória de trabalho, aprendizado e controle de dificuldade. / Functional magnetic resonance technique is rapidly evolving from a technical interest to clinical and neuroscience applications. A large number of questions, however, still orbits data acquisition and analysis. This work carried out all the implementation of a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol and applied this method to a study on adaptive and difficulty changes in human working memory. Eight healthy volunteers underwent a sequence of functional acquisitions while performing an n-back working memory task, promoted by visual stimuli. In the adaptation experiment, changes in neuronal activity inside primary visual cortex were observed due to adaptation in the first minutes of contact of each individual with the task, possibly related to the visual feature of the stimulus. In the second acquisition, frequency of stimuli was varied to modify task difficulty. Activity changes in the superior parietal lobe, supramarginal gyrus and premotor cortex were observed when comparing memory and control, but no change in prefrontal gyrus dorsolateral cortex, as sometimes observed in working memory experiments, was observed. Activities inside cerebellum were identified only when difficulty condition was extreme, making it possible to distinguish easy-to-difficult conditions according to the psychometric results. In addition to the parametric map analysis, quantitative analyzes identified a relationship between activity in the fusiform gyrus and cognitive demand provided by the increased difficulty. These results demonstrate feasibility of functional magnetic resonance technique to study cognitive constructs such as working memory, learning and difficulty control.

A técnica de ressonância magnética funcional está evoluindo rapidamente de um interesse técnico para aplicações clínicas e em neurociência. Um grande número de questões, entretanto, ainda orbita o método de aquisição e análise de dados desta técnica. Este trabalho realizou a implementação de um protocolo de pesquisa por ressonância magnética funcional e a aplicação deste método para um estudo sobre mudanças de adaptação e dificuldade em memória de trabalho humana. Oito voluntários sadios foram submetidos a uma coleção de aquisições funcionais enquanto executavam uma tarefa de memória de trabalho n-back, promovida por estímulos visuais. Na aquisição de adaptação dos voluntários, foi observado mudanças na atividade neuronal do córtex visual primário devido a adaptação nos primeiros minutos de contato de cada indivíduo com a tarefa, possivelmente relacionando-se com o caráter visual do estímulo. Na segunda aquisição, a frequência de estímulos foi variada para modificar a dificuldade de realização da tarefa. Mudanças de atividade no lobo parietal superior, giro supramarginal e córtex pré-motor foram observadas, quando comparado as atividades de memória e controle, mas nenhuma mudança no córtex dorsolateral do giro pré-frontal, por vezes observado em experimentos de memória de trabalho, foi observada. Atividades no cerebelo foram identificadas apenas quando a condição de dificuldade foi extrema, tornando possível distinguir condições fáceis de difíceis de acordo com os resultados psciométricos. Adicionalmente às análises de mapa paramétrico, análises quantitativas identificaram uma relação entre a atividade no giro fusiforme e a demanda cognitiva proporcionada pelo aumento da dificuldade. Tais resultados demonstram a capacidade da técnica de ressonância magnética funcional para estudar construtos cognitivos como memória de trabalho, aprendizado e controle de dificuldade. / Functional magnetic resonance technique is rapidly evolving from a technical interest to clinical and neuroscience applications. A large number of questions, however, still orbits data acquisition and analysis. This work carried out all the implementation of a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol and applied this method to a study on adaptive and difficulty changes in human working memory. Eight healthy volunteers underwent a sequence of functional acquisitions while performing an n-back working memory task, promoted by visual stimuli. In the adaptation experiment, changes in neuronal activity inside primary visual cortex were observed due to adaptation in the first minutes of contact of each individual with the task, possibly related to the visual feature of the stimulus. In the second acquisition, frequency of stimuli was varied to modify task difficulty. Activity changes in the superior parietal lobe, supramarginal gyrus and premotor cortex were observed when comparing memory and control, but no change in prefrontal gyrus dorsolateral cortex, as sometimes observed in working memory experiments, was observed. Activities inside cerebellum were identified only when difficulty condition was extreme, making it possible to distinguish easy-to-difficult conditions according to the psychometric results. In addition to the parametric map analysis, quantitative analyzes identified a relationship between activity in the fusiform gyrus and cognitive demand provided by the increased difficulty. These results demonstrate feasibility of functional magnetic resonance technique to study cognitive constructs such as working memory, learning and difficulty control.

Undergraduate students from California State University, San Bernardino were recruited to examine the effects of working memory training and encoding strategy upon working memory capacity. Participants will be prescreened for low working memory capacity, and then will be tested on a battery of complex span measures. Participants will be divided into several strategy conditions: rehearsal, visual, and control. Then participants will be tested on their verbal working memory both before and after the 20 session n-back working memory training program. Participants are predicted to do the same or worse with the strategy instruction before working memory training while they will improve after training in comparison to control groups. The effects of strategy and training upon working memory capacity were nonsignificant. However, the direction of group differences is consistent with the maximization of individual differences with strategy instruction while cognitive training minimizes individual differences.

No clear consensus exists in the scientific community of what constitutes efficient dual-tasking abilities. Moreover, the training of executive components has been given increased attention in the literature in recent years. Investigating transferability of cognitive training in a complex task setting, thirty subjects practiced for five days on a Name-Tag task (controls) or a Dual N-Back task (experimental), subsequently being tested on two transfer tasks; the Automated Operation Span and a dual task (Trail Making task + Mathematical Addition task). Dual N-Back training previously transferred to unrelated intelligence tests and in this study is assumed to rely primarily on executive attention. Executive attention, functioning to resolve interference and maintaining task-relevant information in working memory, has previously been linked to fluid intelligence and to dual-tasking. However, no transfer effects were revealed. The length of training may have been too short to reveal any such effects. However, the three complex tasks correlated significantly, suggesting common resources, and therefore having potentials as transfer tasks. Notably, subjects with the highest task-specific improvements performed worse on the transfer tasks than subjects improving less, suggesting that task-specific gains do not directly correlate with any transfer effect. At present, if transfer exists in these settings, data implies that five days of training is insufficient for a transfer to occur. Important questions for future research relates to the necessary conditions for transfer to occur, such as the amount of training, neural correlates, attention, and motivation.

A latent variable approach was used to (1) examine the relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence, (2) compare the relationship between fluid intelligence and two measures of working memory capacity (complex span and n-back), (3) identify higher-order personality factors and (4) determine the relationship between higher-order personality factors, working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Confirmatory factor analysis followed by structural equation modeling described the complex span and n-back as highly correlated yet distinct constructs. Consistent with previous research, both measures correlated highly with fluid intelligence. Four higher-order personality factors best modeled the structure of personality. Moreover, these four factors had differential relationship to cognitive constructs. The current research provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence, including discrepancies considering the magnitude of the relationship between two types of working memory measures and fluid intelligence, and finally, the influence of a diverse personality structure on working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Importantly, the study examined these relationships on a broad scale using multiple tasks at a latent level contributing to better understanding of the nature of working memory capacity - fluid intelligence relationship and the influence of personality on higher-order cognition.