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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Comparative redox proteomics to investigate role of Nox mediated redox signaling in Fusarium graminearum pathogenesis

Joshi, Manisha 09 August 2011 (has links)
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium Head Blight, (one of) the most destructive cereal diseases in Canada. Yield loss, quality degradation and mycotoxin production make Fusarium a multifaceted threat. Regulated production of reactive oxygen species by Nox enzymes is indispensable for fungal pathogenesis. F. graminearum Nox mutant ∆noxAB produced equivalent mycotoxin but caused reduced virulence than wild-type. We hypothesized that Nox mediated redox signaling may participate in F. graminearum pathogenicity. Two-DE and gel-free biotin affinity chromatography, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis were employed for a comparative redox-proteomics analysis between wild-type and ∆noxAB to identify proteins oxidized by Nox activity. Total 35 proteins, 10 by 2-DE and 29 by gel-free system, were identified. 34% proteins participated in fungal metabolism, 20% in electron transfer reactions and 9% were anti-oxidant proteins. The findings suggested that Nox mediated thiol-disulfide exchange in proteins provide a switch for redox-dependent regulation of metabolic and developmental processes during induction of FHB.
2

Comparative redox proteomics to investigate role of Nox mediated redox signaling in Fusarium graminearum pathogenesis

Joshi, Manisha 09 August 2011 (has links)
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium Head Blight, (one of) the most destructive cereal diseases in Canada. Yield loss, quality degradation and mycotoxin production make Fusarium a multifaceted threat. Regulated production of reactive oxygen species by Nox enzymes is indispensable for fungal pathogenesis. F. graminearum Nox mutant ∆noxAB produced equivalent mycotoxin but caused reduced virulence than wild-type. We hypothesized that Nox mediated redox signaling may participate in F. graminearum pathogenicity. Two-DE and gel-free biotin affinity chromatography, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis were employed for a comparative redox-proteomics analysis between wild-type and ∆noxAB to identify proteins oxidized by Nox activity. Total 35 proteins, 10 by 2-DE and 29 by gel-free system, were identified. 34% proteins participated in fungal metabolism, 20% in electron transfer reactions and 9% were anti-oxidant proteins. The findings suggested that Nox mediated thiol-disulfide exchange in proteins provide a switch for redox-dependent regulation of metabolic and developmental processes during induction of FHB.
3

Activité NADPH oxydase des cellules de leucémie aiguë myéloïde / NADPH oxidase activity in acute myeloid leukemic cells

Leclerc, Joan 13 December 2013 (has links)
Le métabolisme oxydatif joue un rôle important dans l’hématopoïèse normale et leucémique. L’homéostasie des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) est un élément crucial qui repose sur une balance finement régulée entre leur élimination et leur production. A ce niveau, des études ont montrés une différence entre cellules souches leucémique (CSL) présentant un faible niveau de ROS et cellules différenciées leucoblastiques présentant un plus fort niveau de ROS. Dans cette étude nous avons montré que les NADPH oxydases sont des producteurs majeurs de ROS des cellules de leucémies aiguës myéloïdes. Les cellules leucoblastiques, quelque soit le stade de différenciation présentent une activité NADPH oxydase constitutive qui contribue à leur niveau de ROS élevé et favorise leur prolifération en accélérant le cycle cellulaire. A l’inverse, les analyses réalisées sur des CSL grâce à des modèles murins de leucémies primaires induites par les oncogènes Hoxa9 et Meis1 suggèrent qu’il existerait une plus faible activité oxydase dans les cellules souches leucémiques. / Oxydative metabolism play a key role in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is a crucial point which is the result of a finely regulated balance between elimination and production. Recent studies establishe a difference in ROS level between leukemic stem cells (LSC, ROSlow) and differentiated leucoblasts (higher level). In our study we have shown that NADPH oxidases are major ROS producers in acute myeloid leukemic cells. Leukoblasts, wathever their differentition stage, have a constitutive NADPH oxydase activity that contributes to the ROS level and promotes the proliferation by accelerating the cell cycle. Conversly, the analyses of LSCs performed by using murins primary leukemia induced by Hoxa9 and Meis1 oncogens suggest a potential lower NADPH oxidase activity in LSCs.
4

Caractérisation des NADPH oxydases et effet de leur inhibition dans les leucémies aigues myéloïdes / Characterization of NADPH oxidases and effect of their inhibition in acute myeloid leukaemia

Dakik, Hassan 20 December 2017 (has links)
Dans le monde, 350 000 leucémies sont diagnostiquées chaque année. La rechute reste un problème majeur des leucémies aiguës myéloïdes (LAM) et le métabolisme oxydatif pourrait jouer un rôle essentiel dans la réponse au traitement. Un faible niveau des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) est associé à des propriétés des cellules souches leucémiques et la quiescence alors qu’un niveau plus élevé caractérise les leucoblastes proliférants. L’homéostasie des ROS repose sur un équilibre entre les systèmes oxydants et antioxydants. Les antioxydants sont bien documentés dans les LAM alors que les connaissances sur l’activité oxydante sont encore limitées. Dans ce travail nous avons choisi d’étudier les sept complexes NADPH oxydases (NOX) dans 25 lignées issues de LAM humaines et des LAM primaires. L’analyse des ARNm et des protéines montre des profils d’expression variables entre les lignées avec une expression plus forte des sous-unités du complexe NOX2 dans les lignées correspondant à des stades de différenciation myéloïde plus avancés. L’activité enzymatique des NOX est cependant équivalente entre les lignées. Deux inhibiteurs, DPI et VAS3947, ont été utilisés pour connaître la contribution des NOX à la production des ROS cellulaires. Alors qu’ils ont inhibé l’activité, ils ont aussi généré un stress oxydatif majeur conduisant à une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire et une forte apoptose, le DPI en augmentant les ROS mitochondriaux et VAS3047 les ROS cytoplasmiques. Afin de connaitre les sous-unités impliquées et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes, les sous-unités NOX2 et p22phox ont été inhibée par ARN interférence. Celle-ci n’ont pas affecté la prolifération mais ont montré des effets compensatoires. Nos data montrent qu’inhiber les NOX pourrait s’avérer une stratégie thérapeutique en augmentant le stress oxydatif dans les cellules leucémiques. / 350,000 leukaemia are diagnosed each year worldwide. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), relapse remains a major problem and the oxidative metabolism might play a crucial role in the therapeutic response. Low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with properties of leukemic stem cells and quiescence whereas higher level promotes leukoblasts proliferation. ROS homeostasis relies on a tightly regulated balance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems. Although the antioxidant system is extensively studied in AML, the oxidant system remains poorly documented. In this work we aimed to study the seven NADPH oxidases (NOX) complexes in 25 AML human cell lines and primary samples. NOX transcriptional and protein profiles are variable with a higher expression of NOX2 in cell lines belonging to mature differentiation stages. An equivalent level of enzymatic activity was observed across all the cell lines. To reveal the contribution of NOX to global ROS production in the cells, two NOX inhibitors, DPI and VAS3947, were then used. Although both inhibitors efficiently blocked NOX activity they unexpectedly triggered strong oxidative stress leading to reduced cell proliferation and strong apoptosis, DPI by increasing mitochondrial ROS while VAS3947 by increasing cytoplasmic ROS production. To highlight which of the subunits were involved and to understand the mechanisms, NOX2 and p22phox subunits were inhibited using shRNA strategy. These did not affect cell proliferation but revealed a compensation effect. Our data suggest that NOX inhibition might be potential therapeutic strategy by increasing oxidative stress in leukemic cells.
5

Impact of proteasomal immune adaptation on the early immune response to viral infection

Warnatsch, Annika 11 July 2013 (has links)
Im Kampf gegen eine Virusinfektion spielen CD8+ T Zellen des adaptiven Immunsystems eine besondere Rolle. Sie patroullieren im Körper und entdecken spezifische Virusepitope, welche mittels MHC Klasse I Molekülen auf der Oberfläche infizierter Zellen präsentiert werden. Wird eine virus-infizierte Zelle erkannt, kann diese schnell und effizient eliminiert. Für die Generierung viraler Peptide, welche auf MHC Klasse I Komplexe geladen werden, ist das Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System von essentieller Bedeutung. Kürzlich wurden weitere Funktionen des Immunoproteasoms aufgedeckt wie zum Beispiel der Schutz gegen oxidativen Stress. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte die Fähigkeit des Immunoproteasoms gegen eine Akkumulation oxidativ geschädigter Proteine zu schützen mit der Generierung von MHC Klasse I Liganden kombiniert und neu interpretiert werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass während einer Virusinfektion in Nicht-Immunzellen die Produktion reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies durch die alternative NADPH Oxidase Nox4 eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Die Aktivierung von Nox4 resultiert in der Akkumulation oxidativ geschädigter Proteine. Innerhalb von zwei Stunden nach dem Eintreten von Viruspartikeln in die Zellen wurden strukturelle Virusproteine oxidiert und anschließend ubiquityliert. Die gleichzeitige, virus-induzierte Expression von Immunoproteasomen führte zu einem schnellen und effizienten Abbau ubiquitylierter Virusantigene. Infolgedessen konnten immundominante Virusepitope vermehrt freigesetzt werden. Folglich wurde ein soweit unbekannter Mechanismus gefunden, welcher Substrate für das Proteasom zur Generierung von MHC Klasse I Liganden bereitstellt. Zusammenfassend konnte innerhalb dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass das Immunoproteasom den Schutz vor oxidativen Stress mit der Generierung antigener Peptide verbindet, wodurch eine effektive adaptive Immunantwort etabliert werden kann. / An efficient immune control of virus infection is predominantly mediated by CD8+ T cells which patrol through the body and eliminate infected cells. Infected cells are recognized when they present viral antigenic peptides on their surface via MHC class I molecules. To make antigenic peptides available for loading on MHC class I complexes, the ubiquitin proteasome system plays a crucial role. Moreover, the induction of the i-proteasome is known to support the generation of MHC class I ligands. Recently, new functions of the i-proteasome have been discovered. Evidence is increasing that the i-proteasome is involved in the protection of cells against oxidative stress. Within this thesis the characteristic of the i-proteasome to protect cells against the accumulation of oxidant-damaged proteins could be linked to its role in improving the generation of MHC class I ligands. It could be demonstrated that during a virus infection in non-immune cells the production of reactive oxygen species by the alternative NADPH oxidase Nox4 is of critical importance resulting in the accumulation of potentially toxic oxidant-damaged proteins. Indeed, within two hours of infection structural virus proteins were oxidized and subsequently poly-ubiquitylated. The concomitant formation of i-proteasomes led to a rapid and efficient degradation of ubiquitylated virus antigens thereby improving the liberation of immunodominant viral epitopes. In conclusion, a so far unknown mechanism to fuel proteasomal substrates into the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway has been revealed. A new protein pool consisting of exogenously delivered viral proteins provides proteasomal substrates in the very early phase of a virus infection. Within the scope of this thesis the i-proteasome has been shown to link the protection against oxidative stress, initiated directly by pathogen recognition, with the generation of antigenic peptides. Together, an effective adaptive immune response is triggered.

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