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In this article, the author analyzes if the application of the Specific Antievasive Rules (NAE) is compatible in the scope of the Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation (CDI). For this purpose, he investigates if the Peruvian legal system adopts a monistic or dualistic position on the incorporation of CDI’s, so that the relationship between internal law and treaty by the technique of remission is established. / En el presente artículo, el autor analiza si es compatible la aplicación de las Normas Antielusivas Específicas (NAE) en el ámbito del Convenio para evitar la Doble Imposición (CDI). Para tal propósito, indaga sobre si el ordenamiento peruano adopta una postura monista o dualista sobre la incorporación de los CDI’S, de tal manera que se establezca la relación entre la ley interna y el tratado mediante la técnica de la remisión.

N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive acylamides that are present in a wide range of organisms. Because NAE levels in seeds decline during imbibition similar to ABA, a physiological role was predicted for these metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and seedling development. There is also a corresponding increase of AtFAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), transcript levels and activity, which metabolizes NAE to ethanolamine and free fatty acids. Based on whole genome microarray studies it was determined that a number of up-regulated genes that were responsive to NAE were also ABA responsive. NAE induced gene expression in these ABA responsive genes without elevating endogenous levels of ABA. It was also determined that many of these NAE/ABA responsive genes were associated with an ABA induced secondary growth arrest, including ABI3. ABI3 is a transcription factor that regulates the transition from embryo to seedling growth, the analysis of transcript levels in NAE treated seedlings revealed a dose dependent, inverse relationship between ABI3 transcript levels and growth, high ABI3 transcript levels were associated with growth inhibition. Similar to ABA, NAE negatively regulated seedling growth within a narrow window of early seedling establishment. When seedlings are exposed to NAE or ABA within the window of sensitivity, the induction of genes normally associated with the ungerminated desiccation tolerant state resumed. The NAE tolerant FAAH overexpressor and the NAE sensitive FAAH knockout both had a NAE/ABA sensitive window similar to the wild type A. thaliana. The abi3-1 ABA insensitive mutant does not undergo growth arrest upon exposure to ABA, but NAE did induce growth arrest when treated within the sensitivity window. This evidence showed that although NAE functions within an ABA dependent pathway, it also functions in an ABA independent signaling pathway. The FAAH overexpressor is tolerant to NAE through its ability to quickly metabolize NAE from the growth media, yet it is hypersensitive to ABA. The FAAH overexpressor also displayed hypersensitivity to GA, which improved its delayed germination in non-stratified seed, while the FAAH knock out showed GA insensitivity. Overall, these results showed that NAE functions as a negative regulator of germinating seed and seedling growth in ABA dependent and independent signaling pathways, and that altered NAE metabolism may interfere with ABA/GA perception in germinating seed.

Campylobacteriosis is a leading foodborne illness worldwide, primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) which is associated with poultry consumption. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has emphasized the need for alternative strategies to control C. jejuni colonization in poultry. To assess the prevalence of C. jejuni in poultry, 270 cloacal swab samples were collected from broilers raised under No-Antibiotics Ever system. Among these samples, 16.3% were identified as C. jejuni positive. Notably, these isolates exhibited a diverse range of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes, with 61.36% of isolates showing hyper-motile and 20.45% demonstrating multidrug resistance. Following isolation, whole genome sequencing was conducted on four selected strains using a hybrid sequencing approach. Subsequently, the complete genomes of these C. jejuni strains were analyzed to identify vaccine candidates using reverse vaccinology. Three conserved potential vaccine candidates were identified as suitable targets for vaccine development, namely phospholipase A (PldA), TonB dependent transporter (ChuA), and cytolethal distending toxin (CdtB). Furthermore, the gene expression of these candidates was examined in four C. jejuni strains during host-pathogen interactions using avian macrophage cell line HD11. Significant upregulation of all three candidate genes were observed in the four tested C. jejuni strains during interaction with host cells, indicating their crucial role in C. jejuni infection. Additionally, the expression of immune genes was evaluated in avian macrophage cells to understand the immune responses during C. jejuni infection. The infection resulted in the upregulation of toll-like receptor genes (TLR-4), pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8L1), anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10), and iNOS2 gene expression. The observed immune response demonstrates the potential of C. jejuni to induce host immunity for protection. In conclusion, our study identifies three conserved potential vaccine candidates and provides insights into the immune responses induced by C. jejuni infection in avian macrophage cells. These findings are crucial for the development of an effective vaccine against C. jejuni, aiming to reduce C. jejuni transmission through poultry consumption and the risk of human infection.

This ethnographically informed, qualitative study aims to investigate English teacher candidates’ attitudes towards multilingualism and translanguaging in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms and in the school environment. More specifically, the study intends to identify potential contributing factors to the formation of said attitudes, such as the influence of policy documents and of the teacher training program on the perception of the future working environment. The data was collected with semi-structured interviews; the participants were four teacher candidates, two females and two males, enrolled in the teacher education program in a Swedish university. In addition, at the time of data collection, all participants had completed most of the teacher education program, an aspect that increased the relevance of their responses, since they would soon be active teachers in the Swedish school system. Overall, the participants expressed positive attitudes towards multilingualism and translanguaging in a school environment. However, some hesitation in their answers was detected when they are asked how they would work with multilingual students in their future practice. These findings suggest that, if teacher candidates receive adequate education to approach their future working environment with confidence they would be better equipped to provide adequate pedagogical support to students whose L1 is other than Swedish. This would foster positive attitudes towards multilingualism and translanguaging and would, consequently, lead to an improvement in the academic results of multilingual students. The teacher candidates’ increased awareness of the benefits and challenges of multilingualism and their ability to put into practice the general principles they learn at university would benefit from changes in the teacher training program, in the curriculum compiled by the National Agency of Education, and in the national pedagogical approach to language learning.