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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Esta memoria pretende exponer la evolución que en el ámbito del NAFTA ha tenido el concepto y cómo la ha afectado la interpretación de tribunales arbitrales; y, dado que este grupo de países constituye una parte importante de aquellos con los que Chile mantiene Tratados de Libre Comercio, buscar en la evolución chilena del concepto, la conexión con las problemáticas surgidas para sus “socios” comerciales.

The aim of the thesis is to determine whether NAFTA filled original expenctations of its member countries and most importantly, how have their strategic approaches to this Agreement changed. The secondary objective is to examine how the integration could evolve into the future and if there is a chance of achieving higher degrees of integration. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is devoted to regionalism on the North American continent and the gradual emergence of mutual ties between Canada, USA and Mexico. It is devoted as well to the circumstances under which NAFTA was established and to motives of individual countries to enter into this integration. The largest and the most important part is the second chapter, in which are outlined basic provisions of the agreement, then described the results of NAFTA as a whole, and finally there is analyzed development of individual member economies under the influence of NAFTA. The content of the final third chapter are main present problems in connection with NAFTA, there are also outlined possible directions for the future development of integration and potential of its further enlargement and deepening.The last section deals with the question if the strategic approaches of member countries of NAFTA have changed after fifteen years of its existence.

This master work deals with different fuels for trucks Scania and it is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts related to the topic. The most important are associated with transport and transportation, categorization and types of vehicles, greening road transport or financing. Depending on the practical part it is also place great emphasis on selected types of fuels, their production and also their advantages and disadvantages. In the practical part is introduced Scania company and the products and services that the company offers. Furthermore, this section generally analyzes Scania offer of engines for different types of fuels, including technical recommendations. At the end of the practical part are described specific vehicles, which are compared from financial aspect, in terms of environmental impact and operational limitations. The aim of the study is to compare Scania trucks using diesel, biodiesel and CNG.

The main objective of this thesis is analysis of the impact of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) on Mexican economy. Especially the evaluation of the positive and negative effects of NAFTA on the economic growth of the Mexican economy. The secondery objective of this thesis is presentation and analysis of the concrete negative impact of NAFTA on Mexico, which is connected with the implementation of this agreement. This problem is related to the maquiladoras, these are assembly lines situated on the border between Mexico and the United States.

The diploma thesis focuses on the influence of combustion of CNG fuel and the production of exhaust emissions at a passenger car engine. At the beginning of the thesis are presented the possibilities of using fuel in vehicles. Then there will be described the CNG fuel itself, its advantages and disadvantages and there will be comparison with petroleum-based fuels. Next will be described necessary modifications of the engines and modifications of the related systems to make combusting of CNG possible, also summarize the theoretical knowledge of the possible effects on the output ecological parameters of the engines. These theoretical knowledges were verified by measuring the actual emission parameters of the engine of a real vehicles Skoda Octavia III Diesel and G-TEC. At the end of this thesis are measured values evaluated. Evaluation confirmed, that vehicles, which uses as fuel CNG, reaches lower emission than vehicles that are using convention oil-based fuels.

The name of this diploma thesis is „Evaluation of combustion engine fuel and its influence on the environment”. At the beginning there is a brief history of fuels. After that there is a chapter which divides fuels according to their state thus they are separate to three main types (solid state, gaseous state and liquid state). There are described main characteristics in the next part of this thesis which are heat of combustion, bulk density, dosage, volatility, resistance to detonation burning and mainly octane and cetane number. There are described currently used fuels for combustion engines right after the characteristic of fuels. These fuels are divided to fuels made of petroleum (gasoline, diesel, and LPG), fuels made of natural gas (CNG, and LNG), biofuels (bioethanol, biomethanol, vegetable oils – FAME and synthetic diesel fuel) and there is also an independent group of hydrogen. Thereafter are described European emission standards. The practical part of the thesis is focused on an analysis of previously mentioned fuels and there is a biggest focus on production of carbon dioxide. Other emissions are evaluated as well such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and NOx gases. The analysis is done on classical fuels like gasoline and diesel and also on alternative fuels such as CNG, LPG, E85, FAME and hydrogen. In the end there are tables and graphs which contains production of flue gases.

The dissertation thesis focuses on political and economic integration in the Western Hemisphere. In the first part the paper compares two major regional trading blocs, North American Free Trade Agreement and Mercosur. Through the discourse and metaphor analysis shows differences between the respective blocs, as well as their objectives. Second part deals with US foreign policy in its historical context in relation to other nations within the region, and transformaton of this relationship into current policy of bilateral 4 free trade agreements. Discourse analysis of the key texts and revealed dominance metaphors suggest that the United States uses bilateral free trade agreements to maintain control over the region. Keywords USA, Mexico, Latin America, Western Hemisphere, NAFTA, Mercosur, bilateral free trade agreements, discourse analysis, metaphors, foreign policy, manifest destiny, integration

In September 1993, the United States Congress formally ratified the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in conjunction with the legislatures of Canada and Mexico. NAFTA phases out tariff barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico over a period of several years. The primary purpose of this study is to provide an empirical tool for evaluating the effects of NAFTA on beef trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Trends were identified in U.S. beef exports and imports to Canada and Mexico over a period of several years. From the data on import/export quantities and prices, relevant elasticities were estimated for the the three trading partners using a partial adjustment modeling technique. Given the elasticities, relevant statistical tests were performed to determine the significance of price and quantity changes. This was done to determine whether changes in trading practices were consistent. Finally, policy recommendations were developed based on the assessment of NAFTA on U.S. beef trade. An overall direction of trade among the three countries was determined. Policies and implications based on economic theory were developed.

The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico created a barrier-free production and trade zone in North America. Surrounding the implementation of NAFTA, a great volume of public, political, and academic attention was given to the impact of the agreement on the aging U.S. textile industry with high labor costs. The major NAFTA provisions, the elimination of tariffs and quotas and rules of origin, were predicted to create and divert U.S. trade in textile goods and expand domestic textile production activities. Since its implementation, however, volatile macroeconomic and political environmental changes have severely interfered with the role of NAFTA. Over ten years have passed since the implementation of NAFTA. The objectives of this research are to investigate the pattern of the U.S. textile industry's production activities under NAFTA and to determine the impact of the agreement on the industry's production activities. This research consists of two parts. Part I is a qualitative analysis that investigates changes in the industry's trade and production activities under NAFTA based on the review of literature and trade and industry data. Part II of this research, a quantitative analysis, applies a normalized restricted translog profit model to the textile industry's production activities under the influence of NAFTA in order to identify the pattern of the industry's output supply and input demand and to determine the impact of NAFTA on the industry. The outcomes of these analyses are used to make an overall assessment of the impact of NAFTA on the U.S. textile industry and draw policy implications. The outcome of the qualitative analysis suggests NAFTA as an effective policy in expanding and regionalizing U.S. trades in textile goods and promoting domestic textile production activities in the early years of implementation. Since the late 1990s, however, macroeconomic and political changes have dominated over the role of NAFTA, partially undoing the changes in U.S. textile trade and production activities made in the early years of the agreement. The outcome of quantitative analysis identifies the significant, but negative effect, of NAFTA on the U.S. textile industry's profit performance in the early years of NAFTA, probably due to intensified import competition, fall of real output prices, and numerous mill closings. Overall, NAFTA is recognized as a short-term, transitional policy measure for the U.S. textile industry because of the limited importance of Mexico in U.S. textile trade, the short period of NAFTA implementation, and several dynamic environmental factors including exchange rate changes, U.S. signings of multiple regional trade agreements, and the emerging dominance of China in world textile trade under the phase-out of the Multi-fiber Arrangement that have changed international and domestic textile market competition. Ultimately, this study concludes that a trade policy is not likely to provide a long-term solution for the survival of U.S. textile industry. / Ph. D.