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ABSTRACT The study explores strategies employed by surviving education-related NGOs – strategies that have enabled them to continue to survive in the post apartheid South African era. Using primarily in-depth interviews, the study found that surviving NGOs have had to make several sacrifices and changes. These include transforming modes of operations diversification; the shedding of some activities; becoming more competitive and adopting more businesslike methods of operation, such as introducing new stringent administrative and financial management systems. As well, successful NGOs employed better systematic planning and implementation systems; expanded from single donor funding reliance to multiple donor sources. The study also makes some recommendations. These include better collaborative partnerships among the various stakeholders – government, NGOs, donors and private sector – which need to be further nurtured; It is imperative for NGOs to become more flexible in the activities and services they offer and they must be ready to transform themselves when necessary. Collaborative partnerships among NGOs are very important to enhance each other services and function as a united front. As well, there is a need for the government to review tendering processes, and NGOs need to put in place monitoring & evaluation systems to support and ensure effective implementation of strategic plans.

This thesis looks in depth at the efforts of Palestinian NGOs to build 'civil society' during the period after the transfer of power from Israeli occupation to Palestinian National Authority (PNA) in 1993 till 1998. The process of building civil society is shown in the thesis to be understood differently by NGOs, the PNA and international donors in the functions that it involves and the position that NGOs ought to occupy within the Palestinian community. Drawing on the civil society literature, a working definition of the process of building civil society is developed for the purposes of the study which emphasises three dimensions: (i) NGO efforts to gain public influence either by influencing public debate, rights and duties or public policies; (ii) NGO attempts to strengthen community solidarity and (iii) NGO work to promote democratic organisational practices within their own organisations. A set of four NGO case studies was collected and the data analysed with reference to social theory literature, drawing in particular on Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field and capital. It was found that a set of internal and external obstacles limited NGO efforts to build civil society. These included lack of support from the PNA, the continuation of Israeli occupation in different forms and lack of interest in the community. These obstacles reduced the ability of NGOs to realise this role effectively. Of the three dimensions of the process of building civil society it was only the second one - that of strengthening community solidarity - that NGOs focused on as a way of combating the difficult economic circumstances that Palestinian Territories were experiencing. The thesis concludes that Palestinian NGOs had the potential to build civil society but they needed more appropriate external and internal circumstances to be entrusted with carrying out this role.

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In China, services provided to children with disabilities are mostly assuming by government. After 1978 reform, the government began to transfer certain functions of welfare providing to non-governmental organizations. Then, many popular NGOs emerged to provide services to children with disabilities. However, after a few years operating, many of these popular NGOsclosed down. The aim of this research is to explore the dilemma of popular NGOs which providing services to children with disabilities to gain further development and what are reasons of these barriers.To achieve the aim, findings that conducted from two typical model popular NGO --- Chunmiao and XZXY will be applied to examine what barriers do popular NGOs which working with children with disabilities have and analyze what arereasons of these barriers, Anheier‟s Organizational Life Cycle and Greiner‟s Model of Organizational Growth will be used during the process. Findings show that popular NGOs which providingservices to children with disabilities have limited autonomy, low social awareness, inefficient internal management system and theyarerestricted by the government. Popular NGOs working with children with disabilities in China need to find a neutral position between strong government control and the autonomyofnon-governmental organizations.

This thesis is concerned with Local Government Unit - Nongovernmental Organizations (LGU-NGOs) partnership in local governance in the Philippines as embodied in the 1987 Philippine Constitution and the Local Government Code of 1991. The main objective is to examine the most effective relationship between the LGU and the NGOs as well as where collaboration is most necessary. This is undertaken by experimentally evaluating the validity of four hypotheses on LGU-NGOs relations. The first hypothesis is that effective LGU-NGOs relationships are hardly felt or visibly seen despite the existing mechanisms. The second hypothesis is that opportunities for NGOs to participate are great; however, participation has not been realized. The third hypothesis examines whether larger LGUs are more effective in addressing the needs of their constituents, taking into consideration the presence of NGOs as conduits between the LGUs and the ordinary citizens. The fourth hypothesis examines whether larger LGUs are more effective in cooperating with NGOs because of the substantial resources and staff that they can utilize to reach out to them. In case studies of two LGUs in the Philippines, one larger and one smaller, the evidence largely verified the first two hypotheses while the last two hypotheses established a conclusion. First, it is found that NGOs have not participated at all in the planning process, although a number of NGOs have been involved in the implementation of programs, projects and activities (PPAs), ordinary citizens do not feel there is an LGU-NGO partnership. Second, the Local Special Bodies (LSBs) do not regularly conduct the mandated meetings, so that the NGOs have not participated in basic policy-making processes in the LGUs. Resources of NGOs do not indicate effective participation although the LGUs utilize the NGOs in the implementation of PPAs. Third, although the smaller LGU provided money to a number of NGOs, this did not ensure their participation, which shows that the NGOs were not accountable for the money they were given. As expressed by ordinary citizens, both the LGUs and the NGOs engage in patronage and influence peddling in providing services. Fourth, the size of the LGU does not indicate effective cooperation with NGOs. Although NGOs in the larger municipality have stronger views than in the smaller municipality, size of the NGOs does not determine effective ii participation. The size of the LGU does not matter in multi-sectoral policy making such as those in the Municipal Development Council (MDC) and Municipal Peace and Order Council (MPOC) since policy formulation is less focused and more complex and that seems to be introducing barriers to participation. Although sector-specific NGOs are more involved in the Municipal Health Board and Municipal School Board in the larger municipality, NGOs in the smaller municipality have a hard time participating.

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