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The consequence of climate change will be more flooding in some areas and problems with sea-level rise. Drained wetlands and lakes that today are used for agriculture in the future may need to be rewetted because it might be unsustainable to continue to drain them. Rewetting these lands will have many positive effects like for instance decreased greenhouse gas emissions since these lands due to their high organic matter content are emitting a lot of CO2 and N2O. In this study two sites that could become candidates for rewetting have been studied and compared for their CO2 and N2O emissions. This was done by using a method for sampling gases both from a closed chamber and directly from soil. The emission rates were higher for Ramsjön compared to Vesan for both gases that could probably be an effect of season. A strong covariation between the two gases was shown for Ramsjön and the relationship was fairly strong for Vesan this indicates a common process for releasing the two gases. Rewetting these areas would probably have a high potential for saving greenhouse gas emissions and possibly also serve as flood adaptation areas with a high biodiversity and recreational value.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emisison from paddy soil via the soil nitrification and denitrification processes makes an important contribution to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The soil N2O emission processes are controlled not only by biological, physical and chemical factors but also by farming practices. In recent years, modeling approach has become popular to predict and estimate greenhouse gas fluxes from field studies. In this study, the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model were calibrated and tested by incorporating experimental data with the local climate, soil properties and farming management, for its simulation applicability for the irrigated rice system in Duy Xuyen district, a delta lowland area of Vu Gia-Thu Bon River Basin regions. The revised DNDC was then used to quantitatively estimate N2O emissions from rice fields under a range of three management farming practices (water management, crop residue incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application rate). Results from the simulations indicated that (1) N2O emissions were significantly affected by water management practices; (2) increases in temperature, total fertilizer N input substantially increased N2O emissions. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield and N2O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased nitrogen fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate N2O emissions from the tested rice-based system. / Phát thải nitơ ôxít (N2O) từ canh tác lúa nước (thông qua quá trình nitrat hóa và phản nitrat hóa) đóng góp đáng kể vào tổng lượng khí nhà kính có nguồn gốc từ sản xuất nông nghiệp. Quá trình phát thải N2O là không chỉ phụ thuộc vào các yếu tố sinh-lý-hóa học mà còn phụ thuộc các phương pháp canh tác. Trong những năm gần đây, việc ứng dụng mô hình hóa nhằm tính toán và ước lượng sự phát thải khí nhà kính ngày càng trở lên phổ biến. Trong nghiên cứu này, số liệu quan trắc từ thí nghiệm đồng ruộng và dữ liệu về đất đai, khí hậu, biện pháp canh tác được sử dụng để kiểm nghiệm và phân tích độ nhạy của mô hình DNDC (mô hình sinh địa hóa). Sau đó, mô hình được sử dụng để tính toán lượng N2O phát thải trong canh tác lúa nước dưới các phương thức canh tác khác nhau (về chế độ tưới, mức độ vùi phụ phẩm, bón phân hữu cơ, phân đạm) tại huyện Duy Xuyên, thuộc vùng đồng bằng thấp của lưu vực sông Vu Gia-Thu Bồn. Kết quả kiểm định chỉ ra rằng (1) sự phát thải N2O bị ảnh hưởng đáng kể do sự thay đổi chế độ tưới; (2) nhiệt độ tăng và lượng phân bón N tăng sẽ làm tăng phát thải N2O. Kết quả mô phỏng về tác động lâu dài (trong 50 năm) của các yếu tố đến năng suất cây trồng và phát thải N2O cho thấy: Việc sử dụng phân hữu cơ và phụ phẩm nông nghiệp thay thế cho việc bón phân đạm sẽ giúp giảm phát thải N2O đáng kể.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) with 300 times the radiative forcing in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2), and has recently become a subject of great concern because the nitrogen (N) fertilizers which have been necessary to increase agricultural productivity have also dramatically increased N2O emissions from agroecosystems. Many N control practices have been suggested and implemented in agroecosystems, but their ability to simultaneously remove reactive N from the environment and prevent the production of N2O is, at best poorly understood. The goal of this work is to characterize environmental controls on production of N2O in denitrifying bioreactors. The review portion of this work first discusses the geologic history of the N cycle, how its past and present processes differ, and how it is being affected by human activity. It then explores the N cycle's biochemical pathways, reviews the controls for each of its steps, and discusses the environmental drivers of these controls. The review closes with a discussion of environmental N management strategies. The experimental portion of this work further explores these concepts by observing how biochar amendment and the modification of pH affect N2O production in the denitrification pathway in denitrifying bioreactors. Both pH and biochar have previously been shown to affect N2O production and many N management practices utilize biochar or manipulate pH to increase N retention. The objectives of the experiment were to: 1) Examine headspace N2O concentration in sealed, biochar-amended, denitrifying bioreactors; 2) Determine if the effects of pH on N2O production differ in biochar-amended systems versus controls (under acidic, unbuffered, and buffered conditions); 3) Quantify key denitrification genes (nirK, nirS, nosZ) in each treatment combination. Experimental results showed biochar treatment to significantly increase N2O emissions, a result which runs contrary to most, but not all studies regarding its effects on N2O production. Differences between treatments decreased with increasing pH levels. Biochar did not exhibit significant effects on individual denitrification genes, but it did show influence on the ratios of their populations. On the other hand, pH was found to have significant effects on nirS and nosZ populations. Differences in N2O production between biochar and controls were thus explained by biochar's chemical effects, likely its ability to increase denitrification activity. Developing an understanding of the mechanisms behind these differences will require using a combination of isotope tracing, enzyme assays, and mass balance approaches. Future microbial work in biochar-amended systems should attempt to characterize differences in gene expression, overall community structure, and long-term population trends in the genes of interest. The combination of these approaches should allow researchers to better predict where N2O production will occur and develop strategies to mitigate it while simultaneously increasing food production to meet the demands of a growing population. / Master of Science

Dans ce travail nous avons étudié des réactions chimiques sur la surface de deux métaux : le platine et l'or, en utilisant la microscopie ionique à effet de champ électrique (FIM) et la spectrométrie de masse de désorption par champ pulsé (PFDMS). En complément de ces données expérimentales, nous apportons des résultats obtenus par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT). La taille et la morphologie de nos échantillons font qu’ils sont de bons modèles de grains de phase active dans un catalyseur réel. Sur le platine nous avons observé l'interaction du monoxyde d'azote. En présence d'un champ électrique, la dissociation du NO est promue, laissant sur la pointe une couche d'oxygène que l'on peut titrer par la suite avec du NO pour former du dioxyde d'azote. L'interaction de l'hydrogène avec une pointe de platine est différente en fonction de la température. A basse température (<200 K), l’hydrogène met en image la pointe avec un assombrissement de petites régions de la pointe. A partir de 200 K, l'hydrogène induit une transformation de la pointe : les faces denses s'élargissent au détriment des faces rugueuses, avec une rangée d'atomes le long des lignes de zone [100] et le pôle central passe d’une forme circulaire à une forme carrée. L'hydrogène est supposé être à l'état atomique sur la surface; sous sa forme moléculaire, il ne contribue qu'à la mise en image. C’est sous sa forme atomique qu’il contribue aux transformations observées. La réaction NO+H2 sur le platine conduit à l'observation d'instabilités cinétiques pour des pressions et températures données. Les régions d'amorçage ont été identifiées comme étant tout ensemble de sites de cran situé le long des lignes de zone [100]. L'observation de phénomènes oscillants n'est pas liée exclusivement à une morphologie de type polyédrique : il est possible d’observer ces instabilités cinétiques sur des pointes de rayon de courbure différent, ces pointes ne subissent pas nécessairement un changement de morphologie. L'analyse chimique au cours de la réaction a révélé la présence d'oxydes de surface ce qui nous a conduit à penser que la surface du catalyseur de platine doit être oxydée plutôt que de rester à l'état métallique. Une étape intermédiaire dans le mécanisme de site vacant a été proposée pour permettre de rendre compte de l'apparition de phénomènes oscillants. L’étape déterminante est la décomposition du monoxyde d’azote adsorbé à la surface. L’apport d’hydrogène atomique nécessaire à la formation d’eau n’est pas une étape lente, au contraire l’hydrogène semble être largement présent sous forme atomique. L’influence du champ électrique reste important, ce qui pourrait expliquer les différences de gammes de température auxquelles d’autres groupes et le nôtre observons des oscillations. L'étude de l'interaction du CO seul sur l'or a été motivée par l'observation de la réaction CO+O2 sur pointe d'or. Sous nos conditions expérimentales, il est possible de former des mono- et dicarbonyles d’or sous forme cationique. En présence d'un champ électrique, la formation de carbonyles d'or est promue au niveau des sites de cran de la surface. Les résultats obtenus par DFT sont concordants avec les résultats expérimentaux. A l'instar du Pt, nous avons étudié l'interaction du monoxyde d'azote sur pointe d'or. Nous avons observé la formation de protoxyde d'azote et d'un dimère de monoxyde d'azote. Le mécanisme de formation de ces espèces reste encore inconnu. Une couche d'oxygène adsorbée à la surface peut être titrée par du NO en formant du dioxyde d'azote. En présence d'oxygène seul sur une pointe d'or sans champ électrique, les spectres de masse ne révèlent que la présence d'oxygène moléculaire. En présence d'un champ électrique, il est possible de détecter de l'oxygène atomique sans toutefois avoir la formation d'un oxyde d'or. Il est possible de former de l'ozone à partir d'une pointe recouverte d'oxygène atomique en présence d'oxygène moléculaire gazeux. Les calculs par DFT nous laissent à penser que la formation du cation O3+ ne se fait pas à la surface mais à proximité. Ils montrent entre autres que le champ électrique déstabilise l'oxygène atomique, ce qui pourrait le pousser vers des régions où l'effet du champ est le moins intense (la tige de la pointe).

L’oxyde nitreux (N2O), un puissant gaz à effet de serre (GES) ayant plus de 300 fois le potentiel de réchauffement du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), est produit par des processus microbiens du cycle de l’azote (N). Bien que les eaux de surface continentales soient reconnues comme des sites actifs de transformations de l’azote, leur intégration dans les budgets globaux de N2O comporte de nombreuses incertitudes, dont l’absence des lacs dans ces modèles. Le biome boréal est caractérisé par une des plus grandes densités d’eaux douces au monde, pourtant aucune évaluation exhaustive des émissions aquatiques de N2O n’a à date été conduite dans cette région. Dans la présente étude, nous avons mesuré les concentrations de N2O à travers une large gamme de lacs, rivières, et étangs, dans quatre régions boréales du Québec (Canada), et nous avons calculé les flux eau-air résultants. Les flux nets fluctuent entre -23.1 et 177.9 μmol m-2 J-1, avec une grande variabilité inter-système, inter-régionale, et saisonnière. Étonnamment, 40% des systèmes échantillonnés agissaient en tant que puits de N2O durant l’été, et le réseau d’eaux de surfaces d’une des régions était un net consommateur de N2O. Les concentrations maximales de N2O ont été mesurées en hiver dû à l’accumulation de ce gaz sous la glace. Nous avons estimé que l’émission qui en résulte lors de la fonte des glaces représente 20% des émissions annuelles des eaux douces. Parmi les types d’eaux douces échantillonnées, les lacs sont les principaux responsables du flux aquatique net (jusqu’à 90%), et doivent donc être intégrés dans les budgets globaux de N2O. En se basant sur les données empiriques de la littérature, nous avons éstimé l’émission globale de N2O des eaux douces à 0.78 Tg N (N2O) an-1. Ce chiffre est influencé par les émissions des régions de hautes latitudes (tel que le biome boréal) dont les flux nets varient de positif à négatif constituant -9 à 27 % du total. / Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas with over 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2), is produced during microbial nitrogen (N) cycling (Trogler 1999). Inland waters, known as active sites of N processing (Seitzinger et al. 2006., Harrison et al. 2008), are nevertheless poorly characterized in recent global N2O budgets (Nevison 2000, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 2006), especially considering the absence of an estimate for lakes emissions. Although the boreal biome holds the highest density of freshwater on earth (Lehner and Döll 2004), no comprehensive evaluation of N2O emissions from boreal aquatic systems has ever been conducted. In this study, we measured N2O concentrations across a wide range of rivers, lakes, and ponds in four distinct boreal regions of Québec (Canada), and derived water surface-atmosphere N2O fluxes. Net fluxes ranged from -23.1 to 177.9 μmol m-2 d-1, with a large degree of variability across sampled systems, regions, and seasons. Over 40% of the 322 systems sampled acted as N2O sinks during the summer, with one region’s aquatic network being an overall net atmospheric N2O consumer. Seasonally, maximum N2O concentrations were measured during winter due to gas accumulation under the ice, resulting in an outgassing at ice thaw that accounts for approximately 20% of annual flux. Lakes were major drivers of the net freshwater regional flux (up to 90%), and must therefore be integrated in global aquatic N2O budgets. Based on empirical literature data, we estimated global freshwater N2O emissions to be 0.78 Tg N (N2O) yr-1. This number is subtantially influenced by fluxes from high latitude regions (including the boreal biome) which, being extremely variable, may contribute from -9 to 27 % of the total.

Dans le cadre de l’évaluation multicritère des systèmes en protection intégrée contre les adventices (PIC-Adventices), cette étude a eu pour objectif d’étudier l’impact de la combinaison de pratiques alternatives à l’usage d’herbicides sur les émissions de N2O par les sols. L’étude a été conduite sur quatre systèmes de culture, un système de référence en agriculture raisonnée (S1) et trois systèmes PIC-Adventices (S2, S3, S5), sur le site expérimental Dijon-Epoisses (47°20'N, 5°2'E). La mise en place de dispositifs de mesure à haute résolution, alliant la méthode des chambres d’accumulation de gaz en surface du sol aux analyses de gaz par infrarouge, a permis d’estimer l’intensité des émissions de N2O pour les sols argilo-calcaires caractéristiques de la plaine dijonnaise, avec des flux moyens compris entre -6 et 257 g N-N2O ha-1 jour-1. Cette intensité s’est avérée étroitement liée à certains paramètres environnementaux (température, part de porosité occupée par l’eau, teneur en azote), et certaines pratiques agricoles, induisant des différences significatives entre les systèmes. Les émissions de N2O ont notamment été affectées par le mode de gestion des sols et la nature des cultures constituant la succession de chaque système. L’absence de travail du sol depuis 2008 dans le système S2 s’est traduite par une amplification des émissions de N2O d’un facteur multiplicatif d’au moins six par rapport aux autres systèmes pour l’année 2012. Par ailleurs, ces émissions équivalentes à 0.7 t C-CO2 ha-1 pourraient avoir compensé la séquestration de carbone additionnelle induite par le travail réduit du sol pendant la période de mesure. De la même manière, la dégradation des résidus de culture légumineuse, dans les systèmes S3 et S5 ont respectivement stimulé les émissions de N2O en 2011 et en 2012, en comparaison avec le système de référence S1. Par ailleurs, le suivi mensuel de la taille des communautés microbiennes du sol a également permis de mettre en évidence une variabilité temporelle liée aux pratiques culturales (travail du sol, récolte), en plus de la variabilité saisonnière. En revanche, dans cette étude les variations de taille des communautés microbiennes nitrifiantes et dénitrifiantes ne sont pas apparues comme un facteur d’explication de la variabilité des émissions de N2O, quel que soit le système. Enfin, l’approche par la modélisation des émissions de N2O sur les quatre systèmes, à l’aide des modèles NOE et DNDC, a permis d’identifier les principaux facteurs de régulation de ces émissions. De surcroît, le modèle NOE a bien identifié le système de culture S2, sans travail du sol, comme étant le système le plus émetteur de N2O, conformément aux observations de terrain. Cette étude renforce donc la pertinence de la modélisation pour estimer et analyser les émissions de N2O dans différents systèmes de culture. / In the context of the multicriteria evaluation of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) cropping systems, our study highlights the impacts of the combination of alternative agricultural practices to herbicide reliance on N2O emissions from soils. The study was located at the INRA experimental site of Dijon-Epoisses (47 ° 20'N, 5 ° 2'E) and considered 4 cropping systems, a reference system designed to maximize financial returns (S1) and three IWM systems (S2, S3, S5). The setup of high resolution measuring devices, combining the non-steady state chamber method with infrared gas analysis, allowed to estimate the intensity of N2O emissions from the calcareous clay soil, which is specific of Dijon plain, with average fluxes laying between -6 and 257 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1. The intensity of fluxes was closely related to environmental parameters (temperature, water filled pore space, inorganic N amount) and particular agricultural practices, leading to significant differences between systems. N2O emissions were notably affected by soil management and nature of crops. The conversion of S2 system to no-till in 2008 increased the N2O emissions, fluxes being at least 6 times more important than those emitted by the other cropping systems, during the year 2012. Moreover, these emissions, equivalent to 0.7 ha-1 C-CO2 ha-1, could have offset the soil additional carbon sequestration induced by reduced tillage during the studying period. Similarly, the degradation of legume crop residues in the S3 and S5 systems respectively enhanced N2O emissions in 2011 and 2012, by comparison with the S1 reference system. Elsewhere, the monthly monitoring of the soil microbial communities sizes has also helped to highlight temporal variability induced by the agricultural practices (tillage, harvest) as well as the seasonal variability. However, in this study the fluctuations of nitrifying and denitrifying communities sizes observed did not explain the variability of N2O emissions, whatever the considered cropping system. Finally, the modeling of N2O emitted from the 4 cropping systems, using NOE and DNDC models, allowed to identify the mains factors regulating the emissions. In addition, the NOE model accurately identified the S2 system, without tillage, as the most N2O emitter, in accordance with field observations. Thus, our study reinforces the relevance of modeling to estimate and explain N2O emissions in different cropping systems.

Le terme de méta-analyse désigne l'analyse statique d'un large ensemble de résultats provenant d'études individuelles pour un même sujet donné. Cette approche est de plus en plus étudiée dans différents domaines, notamment en agronomie. Dans cette discipline, une revue bibliographique réalisée dans le cadre de la thèse a cependant montré que les méta-analyses n'étaient pas toujours de bonne qualité. Les méta-analyses effectuées en agronomie étudient ainsi très rarement la robustesse de leurs conclusions aux données utilisées et aux méthodes statistiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer et d'illustrer l'importance des analyses de sensibilité dans le cadre de la méta-analyse en s'appuyant sur l'exemple de l'estimation des émissions de N2O provenant des sols agricoles. L'estimation des émissions de protoxyde d'azote (N2O) est réalisée à l'échelle mondaile par le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC). Le N2O est un puissant gaz à effet de serre avec un pouvoir de réchauffement 298 fois plus puissant que le CO2 sur une période de 100 ans. Les émissions de N2O ont la particularité de présenter une forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle. Deux bases de données sont utilisées dans ce travail : la base de données de Rochette et Janzen (2005) et celle de Stehfest et Bouwman (2006). Elles recensent de nombreuses mesures d'émissions de N2O réparties dans le monde provenant d'études publiées et ont joué un rôle important lors des estimations d'émissions de N2O réalisées par le GIEC. Les résultats montrent l'intérêt des modèles à effets aléatoires pour estimer les émissions de NO2 issues de sols agricoles. Ils sont bien adaptés à la structure des données (observations répétées sur un même site pour différentes doses d'engrais, avec plusieurs sites considérés). Ils permettent de distinguer la variabilité inter-sites de la variabilité intra-site et d'estimer l'effet de la dose d'engrais azoté sur les émissions de NO2. Dans ce mémoire, l'analyse de la sensibilité des estimations à la forme de la relation "Emission de N2O / Dose d'engrais azoté" a montré qu'une relation exponentielle était plus adaptée. Il apparait ainsi souhaitable de remplacer le facteur d'émission constant du GIEC (1% d'émission quelque soit la dose d'engrais azoté) par un facteur variable qui augmenterait en fonction de la dose. Nous n'avons par contre pas identifié de différence importante entre les méthodes d'inférence fréquentiste et bayésienne. Deux approches ont été proposées pour inclure des variables de milieu et de pratiques culturales dans les estimations de N2O. La méthode Random Forest permet de gérer les données manquantes et présente les meilleures prédictions d'émission de N2O. Les modèles à effets aléatoires permettent eux de prendre en compte ces variables explicatives par le biais d'une ou plusieurs mesures d'émission de N2O. Cette méthode permet de prédire les émissions de N2O pour des doses non testées comme le cas non fertilisé en parcelles agricoles. Les résultats de cette méthode sont cependant sensibles au plan d'expérience utilisé localement pour mesurer les émissions de N2O. / The term meta-analysis refers to the statistical analysis of a large set of results coming from individual studies about the same topic. This approach is increasingly used in various areas, including agronomy. In this domain however, a bibliographic review conducted by this thesis, showed that meta-analyses were not always of good quality. Meta-analyses in agronomy very seldom study the robustness of their findings relative to data quality and statistical methods.The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate and illustrate the importance of sensitivity analysis in the context of meta-analysis and as an example this is based on the estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. The estimation of emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) is made at the worldwide level by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). N2O is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming power 298 times greater than the one of CO2 over a 100 year period. The key characteristics of N2O emissions are a significant spatial and time variability. Two databases are used for this work: the database of Rochette and Janzen (2005) and the one of Stehfest and Bouwman (2006). They collect numerous worldwide N2O emissions measurements from published studies and have played a significant role in the estimation of N2O emissions produced by the IPCC. The results show the value of random effects models in order to estimate N2O emissions from agricultural soils. They are well suited to the structure of the data (repeated observations on the same site for different doses of fertilizers, with several sites considered). They allow to differentiate the inter-site and intra-site variability and to estimate the effect of the rate of nitrogen fertilize on the N2O emissions. In this paper, the analysis of the sensitivity of the estimations to the shape of the relationship "Emission of N2O / N fertilizer dose" has shown that an exponential relationship would be the most appropriate. Therefore it would be appropriate to replace the constant emission factor of the IPCC (1% emission whatever the dose of nitrogen fertilizer) by a variable factor which would increase with the dose. On the other hand we did not identify significant differences between frequentist and Bayesian inference methods. Two approaches have been proposed to include environmental variables and cropping practices in the estimates of N2O. The first one using the Random Forest method allows managing missing data and provides the best N2O emissions predictions. The other one, based on random effects models allow to take into account these explanatory variables via one or several measurements of N2O. They allow predicting N2O emissions for non-tested doses in unfertilized farmer's field. However their results are sensitive to the experimental design used locally to measure N2O emissions.

The solid product of pyrolysis, called \"biochar\" (BC) in the context of improving soil properties as part of agronomic or environmental management, also got into focus as a climate mitigation strategy. The researcher investigated the effects of BC on soil attributes, nitrogen (N) use and GHG emissions. In Chapter 1 the origin of BC was commented. In Chapter 2, BC from sugarcane straw was characterized, and its priming on native SC was evaluated with the treatments: (T1) Soil; (T2) BC; (T3) Soil + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T4) Soil + BC 20 Mg ha-1; and (T5) Soil + BC 50 Mg ha-1. In Chapter 3, it was evaluated the combination of BC, filter cake (F) and vinasse (V), in relation to soil attributes and carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The treatments were: (T1) Soil + FC + V; (T2) Soil + FC + V + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Soil + FC + V + BC 20 Mg ha-1; and (T4) Soil + FC + V + BC 50 Mg ha-1. In Chapter 4, the nitrogen (N) use efficiency was investigated in a pot trial under wheat using NH4[15N]O3 and rates of BC, with the treatments: (T1) Soil, with N, no BC; (T2) Soil, with N, BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Soil, with N, BC 20 Mg ha-1; and (T4) Soil, with N, BC 50 Mg ha-1. BC had C and N contents higher compared to the feedstock. Total K, Mg and P also increased. The lowest CO2 fluxes were for BC, and CO2 from soil and soil + BC did not differ. The highest CO2 - C4 was in the first day, and there were no differences in the CO2 - C3. The BC presents characteristics to improve soil attributes. BC stability is an opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions. In Chapter 3, soil pH, P and base contents increased and Al3+ decreased with BC to sandy soil. Impacts of BC on the CEC were higher in sandy soil. Mineral N decreased with BC. Cumulative CO2 in T1 were higher in sandy and clayey soils than the control. T2 and T3 in sandy soil increased CO2 emissions, but T4 did not differ from T1. BC reduced N2O emissions from sandy and clayey soils relative to T1. BC with FC and V affected pH, CEC, P and base contents. However, those effects were higher in sandy soil. The BC supressed N2O from V and FC. In Chapter 4, BC decreased N2O from N fertilization compared to only N fertilizer. T4 had higher tillering and grain yield. Also, T2 to T4 had higher 100-grain weight and shoot. T3 and T4 had the highest N in grains. The application of BC to soil improves N availability and use efficiency, enhances grain yields and reduces N2O from N fertilization. This study opened encouraging perspectives to the evaluation of sugarcane straw BC to improve soil quality and mitigate GHG emissions. / O produto sólido da pirólise, denominado \"biochar\" (BC) no contexto da melhoria nos atributos do solo como parte do manejo agrícola e ambiental, também tem se destacado na mitigação das mudanças climáticas. O pesquisador investigou os efeitos do BC nos atributos do solo, uso do nitrogênio (N) e emissões de GEE. No Cap. 1 comentou-se a origem do BC. No Cap. 2, caracterizou-se o BC de palha de cana-de-açúcar e avaliou-se o potencial de decomposição do C do solo, com os tratamentos: (T1) Solo; (T2) BC; (T3) Solo + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T4) Solo + BC 20 Mg ha-1 (T4); e (T5) Solo + BC 50 Mg ha-1. No Cap. 3, avaliou-se a combinação BC, torta de filtro (TF) e vinhaça (V) em atributos do solo e fluxos de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O) nos tratamentos: (T1) Solo + TF + V; (T2) Solo + TF + V + BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Solo + TF + V + BC 20 Mg ha-1; e (T4) Solo + TF + V + BC 50 Mg ha-1. No Cap. 4 investigou-se a eficiência de uso do N num experimento em vasos com trigo usando NH4 [15N]O3 e doses de BC, com os tratamentos: (T1) Solo, com N, sem BC; (T2) Solo, com N, BC 10 Mg ha-1; (T3) Solo, com N, BC 20 Mg ha-1; e (T4) Solo, com N, BC 50 Mg ha-1. Os teores de C e N do BC foram maiores comparado à biomassa. K, Mg e P totais também aumentaram. Os menores fluxos de CO2 foram do BC. O CO2 do solo e solo + BC não diferiram. Observou-se maior CO2 - C4 no primeiro dia de incubação, porém sem diferenças no CO2 - C3. O BC apresenta características para melhorar atributos do solo e reduzir as emissões de CO2. No Cap. 3, pH, P e bases aumentaram e o Al3+ diminuíu com o BC. Os impactos do BC na CTC foram maiores em solo arenoso. O N mineral diminuíu com o BC. O CO2 acumulado no T1 foi maior nos solos arenoso e argiloso comparado ao controle. O T2 e T3 aumentaram o CO2 acumulado do arenoso relativo ao T1, enquanto T4 e T1 não diferiram. O BC reduziu as emissões de N2O pelos solos arenoso e argiloso comparado ao T1. O BC combinado à TF e V afetaram pH, CTC, P e bases do solo arenoso. O BC suprimiu o N2O de solos com V e TF. No Cap. 4, o BC diminuíu as emissões de N2O comparado ao fertilizante N apenas. T4 teve rendimento de grãos superior ao T1. T2 a T4 apresentaram maior peso de 100 grãos e biomassa aérea. T3 e T4 tiveram maior N em grãos. O BC melhora o uso do N, a produção de grãos e reduz o N2O de fertilizante N, abrindo perspectivas para a avaliação do BC de palha de cana-de-açúcar na melhoria da qualidade do solo e mitigar das emissões de GEE.

A palha de cana-de-açúcar tem sido uma importante matéria prima para aumentar a produção de bioenergia no Brasil. Porém a dinâmica das emissões de gases de efeito estufa no campo devido à prática de remoção de palha ainda não é totalmente compreendida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as emissões de GEE do solo devido à remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar com e sem adição de nitrogênio. Foram realizados dois experimentos com câmaras amostrais de gás mantidas em condições naturais com quatro tratamentos: sem palha, 3, 6 e 12 Mg ha-1, os quais equivalem as intensidades de 100, 75, 50 e 0% de remoção. O primeiro foi conduzido por 180 dias sem adição de N e o segundo experimento conduzido por 100 dias, foi adicionado 80 kg ha-1 de N no sulfato de amônio e 32 kg ha-1 de N na vinhaça. Conjuntamente ao experimento 1, foi conduzido um ensaio de decomposição com as mesmas quantidades de palha limitadas por caixas plásticas sem fundo (0,3 x 0,5 m). No Experimento 1 a presença de palha aumentou 35 - 45% os fluxos acumulados N2O e CO2 em relação ao solo descoberto. O influxo de CH4 aumentou 40% na presença total de palha (12 Mg ha-1) em relação ao sem palha. O fator de emissão de N2O encontrado para a palha em decomposição foi de 0,02%. No Experimento 2 ocorreu uma intensificação das emissões devido à adubação nitrogenada, com isso as emissões em razão das quantidades de palhas não foram significantes. O fator de emissão médio foi de 0,42%. Os resultados indicam que a palha, sem N, possui um efeito na emissão de GEE e, que para manter o estoque de C do solo, é necessário a manutenção de pelo menos 6 Mg ha-1 para compensar as perdas de CO2 por respiração. Este trabalho contribuirá para os cálculos de pegada de carbono do bioetanol e na decisão da usina sobre a intensidade de remoção de palha de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de energia e etanol 2G / Sugarcane straw has been point out as an important feedstock to increase bioenergy production in Brazil However, the field greenhouse gas (GHG) emission dynamic due straw removing management is not completely understood yet. Two experiments were conducted with gas sampling chambers that was kept under natural conditions with four treatments: bare soil, 3, 6 and 12 Mg ha-1, which is approximately the equivalent of the 100, 75, 50 and 0 % intensities of removing. The first was conducted for 180 days without the N addition and the second experiment was conducted for 100 day and its was added 80 kg ha-1 N in ammonium sulfate and 32 kg ha-1 N in the vinasse. Parallely to the experiment 1, a decomposing trial was conducted with the same straw amounts in a side limited bottomless plastic boxes (0.3 x 0.5 m). In Experiment 1, the presence of straw increased 35-45% the N2O and CO2 accumulated flux compared to the bare soil. While the influx of CH4 increased by 40% in the maximum straw amount (12 Mg ha-1) compared to zero. The N2O emission factor found for the straw decomposition was 0.02%. In Experiment 2 occurred an intensification of emissions due to nitrogen fertilization which raised the average emission factor for 0.42%. Thus emission due straw quantities were not significant. The results indicate that the straw without N has an effect of GHG emissions, and in order to maintain the C stock in soil is need keep at least 6 Mg ha-1 of straw to compensate for the loss of CO2 thru respiration. This work will contribute to the bioethanol carbon footprint calculation and in the grower decision taking of straw removing intensity for energy and 2G ethanol