Three arguments are normally presented as rationale for the privatisation of state owned enterprises. The first relates to the problem of the financing of higher levels of public expenditure / the second is based on the viewpoint that private ownership is more efficient than public ownership / whilst the third claims that the losses of inefficient public enterprise are responsible for excessive budget deficits and other fiscal problems.<br /> <br /> Although empirical evidence proves that privatisation enhances economic efficiency, it negatively affects the affordability of and access to essential services, which may have serous consequences for poorer households. This happens through increased prices of essential services, such as electricity and telecommunication, as well as through loss of employment opportunities during and after privatisation.<br /> <br /> Many countries, also in Africa, implemented various types of privatisation programmes over the past two decades in order to decrease the relative size of governments and to improve efficient delivery of services. Towards the end the 1990&rsquo / s and after the tragic genocide, Rwanda&rsquo / s Government of National Unity also embarked on an ambitious restructuring programme of its state-owned enterprises.<br /> The main purpose of this study was to assess the likely impact of privatisation on poor households in developing countries. The report presents a general overview of the literature, with a specific focus on Brazil, Argentina and South Africa. It investigates the experiences of these countries and derives lessons that can be learnt. Finally it assesses the possible impact of the privatisation of essential service delivery on poor households in Rwanda.<br /> <br /> The main conclusion of the study is that governments should look beyond efficiency benefits of restructuring and focus on the overall opportunity cost of the privatisation of essential service delivery. The specific method of privatisation may determine the final social impact. The case studies also highlight the need for more research into the challenges facing the privatisation of essential service delivery. It is clear that any restructuring should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the likely impact on the poorer sections of the community.

<p>This study focused on governance and financial sustainability of NGO's in South Africa. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate existing governance and financial arrangements of NGO's, CBO's and CSO's with the view to developing alternative approaches to governance and financial arrangements with specific reference to lessons of experiences for South African NGO's. The secondary objectives of the study were to firstly develop a historical perspective on trends and tendencies of NGO funding in South Africa.</p>

The primary purpose of this dissertation is to examine if there is a significant relationship between organizational culture and tolerance of corrupt practices among the Non-Governmental Organizations located in Kenya. Despite the fact that NGOs have been attributed with a strong organizational culture, previous literature indicates that there is a connection between the organizational culture and decisions to engage in corrupt practices. Another purpose is to investigate tolerance of corrupt practices and determine the dominant organizational culture among NGOs. The study applied the competing values framework, which describes four dimensions of organizational culture. Mixed methods techniques were used to collect data from a sample of 185 participants selected from 30 organizations in Nairobi. The organizational culture data was collected using the organizational culture assessment instrument while tolerance of corruption was collected using ten scenarios in the first phase. The qualitative data was collected through telephone interviews with six participants. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics to test for the most dominant culture and tolerance of corrupt practices. Clan dimension was the most dominant dimension, while some of the practices were perceived as less corrupt and likely to occur. Bivariate correlations revealed the number of years working in an organization was associated with the acceptance variable, while clan culture was correlated to corrupt variable. The three propositions were not supported by the multivariate analysis of variance. However, the second proposition could not be tested due to lack of adequate data to compare. In sum, the study did not find a significant relationship between the dimensions of organizational culture and the tolerance of corrupt practices. The study has helped in exposing some of the areas requiring further strengthening and is also useful in setting the agenda for future research.

As far as my diploma thesis is concerned I deal here with the topic of education of employees in non-governmental organizations. The theoretical part of my work is focused on clarification of often used terms connected with this issue, such as non-governmental organizations, education, qualification and competency, learning organization etc. I address the next part of my work to the system of education in organizations generally and then I search for the particularities of this issue in non-governmental organizations. My work deals with form and system of education of employees in non-governmental organizations, with motivation for education and how the employees themselves perceive the education and vocational development in their non-governmental organizations. To gain data for case study I used the method of qualitative research - method of half-structured interviews which I led with employees and managing employees of non-governmental organizations. The main idea of my work was to understand how the situation on this field look like, what are the trends and progress of education of employees and what news it could bring to civil society or rather to the society in general.

A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning in the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg / The failure of government to provide social services to the people has become an opportunity for the NGOs. NGOs entrance into the development arena was not to take over the work of the government but to assist the government in improving the living condition of the people. NGOs were able to develop various development programmes at grassroots level. These programmes were developed to empower the people and provide them with skills that will enable them gain employment or become self-reliant or entrepreneurial. Irrespective of the successes and failures of NGOs programme in the development arena, they are still faced with challenges of skills scarcity and unemployment. This report is interrogating the role NGOs play in Johannesburg and Alexandra in particular. This is in the context of technical skills development. It assesses the impact of NGO’s on the youth in Alexandra. Various methods are used in the gathering of data ─ these include written materials, case study, structured and semi-structured Interviews, in-depth Interviews, purposive sampling, focus groups, and sampling methods. We also look at various areas such as, youth attitude towards skills development, and problems faced by the NGOs in the study area. These include lack of NGO autonomy; difficulty of access; lack of finance and the rate of crime. In the end the research demonstrates that the programmes implemented by the NGOs have not had any significant impact.

Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in Town and Regional Planning to the School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / This research report is interested in telling the story of activist work by looking at the work that is done by the Inner City Resource Centre which is an NGO operating within the Johannesburg area. The intention of this study is to understand the effect of activism in an environment that is highly contested by reflecting on different viewpoints of those involved in inner city work and dynamics where housing is concerned. The views of different stakeholders working within this space therefore become highly critical. The narratives by the different individuals highlight the strategies and tactics employed by various actors and institutions in shaping processes in order to achieve goals. / MT2017

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public and Development Management / In South Africa's rapidly shifting socio-economic and political environment, many non-governmental organistions are in crisis, with donors, clients and government demanding that they change to meet the new development agenda. Although this requires careful planning and strategy- making,the three cases studied have shown that planning for change leads to tensions between need to retain the democratic and participatory ethos of the organisation, and the need to become more management and product oriented. In addition, the change planning in these organisations is often vague and and unfocused, with many different ideas and approaches for dealing with change, but few realistic plans to implement it. The research outlines an approach to planning that encompasses both of the NOD ideals by separating planning from strategy-making. As part of a learning environment, planning and strategy-making are participative activities that enable strategy to emerge at all levels of the organisation, while the planning process becomes action-focused and operational. / Andrew Chakane 2019

Thesis advisor: William A. Gamson / This work presents a longitudinal study of greater than 10 years, of all the major peace-building initiatives with an educational encounter-based approach in Israel and Palestine, during times of relative peace and times of acute violence (1993-2008). Interestingly, my results indicated that when the environment became more tumultuous and hostile, the effectiveness and even survival of these organizations depended to a significant degree on the ability of the organizations to manage the power asymmetry between the two sides and work as equally as possible. Organizations which failed to deal effectively with matters of equality, and the needs and desires of both sides, ended up struggling to maintain commitment, or were doused in conflict that could have been tempered if they strived for more equality. This study, which involved fieldwork, participant observation, and interviews with Palestinian and Israeli peace-builders prior to, during, and post-the 2nd Intifada, is in many ways a natural experiment of peace-building organizations operating in radically different contexts. Involving various fields, this research contributes to the broad fields of conflict resolution, peace studies, and organization studies. It offers critical insight into how organizations adapt in radically changing environments, what is problematic, what are their possibilities, and what allows some to survive while others do not. Practically speaking, this study also has political import as it suggests ways to strengthen and sustain peace-building efforts in different contexts and strengthen peace-building's symbolic, cultural, and political worth and value. In addition, it has significance for building sustainable coalitions across an arena of inequality, asymmetry, and difference. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual as formas de conservação da natureza são questionadas. Diversas alternativas de manejo dos recursos naturais com a participação comunitária são apontadas principalmente através da formatação de parcerias junto à sociedade civil organizada na forma de Organizações Não –Governamentais representativas. Buscou-se exemplos concretos de Unidades de Conservação brasileiras, no caso Amazônicas, onde, de diferentes formas, as parcerias e o manejo participativo têm sido implementados com relativo sucesso para se repensar, entre outros, a necessidade futura da criação das Unidades de Conservação ou o formato mais adequado de se conseguir de fato a conservação da biodiversidade e também da sociodiversidade. Muitas alternativas diferentes são apresentadas na tentativa de se responder ao cada vez mais ampliado discurso preservacionista, através do qual as populações tradicionais são privadas dos seus direitos seculares sobre seus espaços, suas tradições, ao mesmo tempo que os recursos naturais estão sendo gradativamente dizimados, sendo o desmatamento um exemplo do paradoxo que vive a nossa política e prática conservacionista. Busca-se também demonstrar que, se não for bem formatada, a participação das comunidades poderá, ao contrário do que se postula, ser manipulada em prol da desagregação dos seus objetivos e a desarticulação do tão questionado movimento ambientalista. Conceitos como democracia, participação, cidadania, sociedade civil, parcerias entre outros são repensados em uma tentativa de se ampliar o debate a respeito da apropriação dos bens comuns sob o enfoque desenvolvimentista. / This dissertation is the product of a bibliographical research in which the nature conservation forms are questioned. Many alternatives of natural resources management with communitary participation are shown specially as partnerships with the organized civil society in the form of representative Non-Governmental Organizations. Concrete examples of Brazilian Conservation Areas in the Amazon region, where, in different ways, partnerships and participatory management have been implemented with satisfactory success, are displayed in order to rethink, among other things, the future needs of Conservation Areas creation or the most appropriate form of really achieving biodiversity and sociodiversity conservation. Many different alternatives are presented in an attempt of responding to the always broader preservationist speech through which traditional populations are deprived of ancient rights they hold over their spaces and traditions, while natural resources are being gradually extinguished, being deforestation an example of the paradox of our conservationist policy and actions. There is also the intention of showing that if not well established, community participation can, differently from what is said, be manipulated in favor of the dissociation of its goals and disarticulation of the so questioned environmentalist movement. Concepts like democracy, participation, citizenship, civil society, partnerships, among others are questioned in an attempt of broadening the debate on the common properties appropriation, under the scope of development.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a presença de ONGs e outras organizações sociais, civis e confessionais, atuando em favelas. Partimos do resgate da evolução urbana do Rio de Janeiro, nele localizando a historicidade das intervenções sociais realizadas em favelas, tanto por parte da Igreja Católica, como também a ampliação das organizações do Estado e seus serviços públicos. Caracterizando a presença das ONGs buscamos enfocar tanto o fenômeno de sua diferenciação interna (onde se destacam as assim chamadas ONGs de Dentro -ONGs de fora) como sua atuação nas mediações entre Favela e Cidade. O estudo foi realizado durante o primeiro semestre de 2007, e teve como base empírica o Morro do Borel, enquanto contexto emblemático da trajetória de mobilização e organização das favelas cariocas. / [en] The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the presence of NGOs and other social, civil and confessional organizations, acting in slums. We start from the recall of urban evolution of Rio de Janeiro, locating the historicity of social interventions performed in slums, not only by the Catholic Church, but also the enlargement of the State organizations and its public services. Characterizing the presence of NGOs, we try to focus both the phenomenon of their internal differentiation (where the so-called inner NGOs - outer NGOs stand out) and their performance in the mediations between slum and city. They study was carried out during the first semester of 2007, and it had as an empirical basis the representing community called Morro do Borel, an emblematic context of the path of mobilization and organization of carioca slums.