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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Cement-based Materials' Characterization using Ultrasonic Attenuation

Punurai, Wonsiri 05 April 2006 (has links)
The quantitative nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of cement-based materials is a critical area of research that is leading to advances in the health monitoring and condition assessment of the civil infrastructure. Ultrasonic NDE has been implemented with varying levels of success to characterize cement-based materials with complex microstructure and damage. A major issue with the application of ultrasonic techniques to characterize cement-based materials is their inherent inhomogeneity at multiple length scales. Ultrasonic waves propagating in these materials exhibit a high degree of attenuation losses, making quantitative interpretations difficult. Physically, these attenuation losses are a combination of internal friction in a viscoelastic material (ultrasonic absorption), and the scattering losses due to the material heterogeneity. The objective of this research is to use ultrasonic attenuation to characterize the microstructure of heterogeneous cement-based materials. The study considers a real, but simplified cement-based material, cement paste - a common bonding matrix of all cement-based composites. Cement paste consists of Portland cement and water but does not include aggregates. First, this research presents the findings of a theoretical study that uses a set of existing acoustics models to quantify the scattered ultrasonic wavefield from a known distribution of entrained air voids. These attenuation results are then coupled with experimental measurements to develop an inversion procedure that directly predicts the size and volume fraction of entrained air voids in a cement paste specimen. Optical studies verify the accuracy of the proposed inversion scheme. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of using attenuation to measure the average size, volume fraction of entrained air voids and the existence of additional larger entrapped air voids in hardened cement paste. Finally, coherent and diffuse ultrasonic waves are used to develop a direct relationship between attenuation and water to cement (w/c) ratio. A phenomenological model based on the existence of fluid-filled capillary voids is used to help explain the experimentally observed behavior. Overall this research shows the potential of using ultrasonic attenuation to quantitatively characterize cement paste. The absorption and scattering losses can be related to the individual microstructural elements of hardened cement paste. By taking a fundamental, mechanics-based approach, it should be possible to add additional components such as scattering by aggregates or even microcracks in a systematic fashion and eventually build a realistic model for ultrasonic wave propagation study for concrete.
152

Development of microwave and millimeter-wave integrated-circuit stepped-frequency radar sensors for surface and subsurface profiling

Park, Joongsuk 17 February 2005 (has links)
Two new stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar sensor prototypes, based on a coherent super-heterodyne scheme, have been developed using Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs) and Monolithic Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) for various surface and subsurface applications, such as profiling the surface and subsurface of pavements, detecting and localizing small buried Anti-Personnel (AP) mines and measuring the liquid level in a tank. These sensors meet the critical requirements for subsurface and surface measurements including small size, light weight, good accuracy, fine resolution and deep penetration. In addition, two novel wideband microstrip quasi-TEM horn antennae that are capable of integration with a seamless connection have also been designed. Finally, a simple signal processing algorithm, aimed to acquire the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components and to compensate for the I/Q errors, was developed using LabView. The first of the two prototype sensors, named as the microwave SFCW radar sensor operating from 0.6-5.6-GHz, is primarily utilized for assessing the subsurface of pavements. The measured thicknesses of the asphalt and base layers of a pavement sample were very much in agreement with the actual data with less than 0.1-inch error. The measured results on the actual roads showed that the sensor accurately detects the 5-inch asphalt layer of the pavement with a minimal error of 0.25 inches. This sensor represents the first SFCW radar sensor operating from 0.6-5.6-GHz. The other sensor, named as the millimeter-wave SFCW radar sensor, operates in the 29.72-35.7-GHz range. Measurements were performed to verify its feasibility as a surface and sub-surface sensor. The measurement results showed that the sensor has a lateral resolution of 1 inch and a good accuracy in the vertical direction with less than  0.04-inch error. The sensor successfully detected and located AP mines of small sizes buried under the surface of sand with less than 0.75 and 0.08 inches of error in the lateral and vertical directions, respectively. In addition, it also verified that the vertical resolution is not greater than 0.75 inches. This sensor is claimed as the first Ka-band millimeter-wave SFCW radar sensor ever developed for surface and subsurface sensing applications.
153

Analysis of second harmonic generation at a free boundary for oblique incidence

Bender, Frank Alexander 30 August 2010 (has links)
This thesis investigates the generation of second harmonic bulk waves in the presence of a free boundary. Second harmonic waves have proven to be useful in the field of nondestructive evaluation to detect fatigue in a material at an early stage. Since most experimental setups include a free surface, the influence of such a boundary is of significant practical interest. As a result, the objective of this research is to develop a quantitative understanding of the complete process of second harmonic generation at a free boundary. This research shows that the interaction of primary waves (with each other) in the nonlinear framework leads to the generation of second harmonic bulk waves. We distinguish between self-interaction of a single primary wave and the cross-interaction of two different primary waves. The proposed approach uses the perturbation method to solve the nonlinear equations of motion, and shows two fundamentally different solutions. In the case of resonance, the secondary waves grow with propagation distance. This is the most important practical case, since the growing amplitudes of these waves should be easier to experimentally measure. In the second, non-resonant case, the amplitudes of the secondary waves are constant. The complete process of second harmonic generation is analyzed for an incident Pand an incident SV-wave, with the primary and secondary fields given. Finally, the degenerate case of normal incidence is presented. Normal and oblique incidence are compared with regard to their feasibility in experimental setups. The specific behavior of second harmonic waves propagating in aluminum is numerically determined. These results enable a variety of physical insights and conclusions to be drawn from the analytical and numerical investigations.
154

Damage identification and condition assessment of civil engineering structures through response measurement /

Bayissa, Wirtu Lemessa. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 344-361).
155

Técnica não destrutiva para análise da interação de linhas de campo magnético e material / Non-destructive technique for analysis of interaction of magnetic flux and materials

Leite, João Pereira 04 December 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-11T13:50:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3438463 bytes, checksum: 58df13a5453da33ec72ad547b4ea7d40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-11T13:50:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3438463 bytes, checksum: 58df13a5453da33ec72ad547b4ea7d40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use of ferromagnetic materials such as steel have been abundant in products and manufacturing equipment due to their magnetic properties, which generates an interaction between them and the applied magnetic fields. This interaction has been studied for the development of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) used to detect cracks, heterogeneity, degree of deformation and accompanying precipitation of desirable and / or undesirable phases in materials. In this work a NDT technique based on the application of magnetic fields in the region of reversal of the magnetic materials has been developed. There were compared an SAE 1045 steel and an ASTM 6261 aluminum alloy, being then classified as paramagnetic and ferromagnetic, respectively. It was tried to knowledge of how the variables metallographic geometry and texture could interfere with magnetic induction (B) in these materials. It was determined the values of H and optimum thickness, the equations relating the geometry, thickness, and shape of the samples had magnetic anisotropy and rotating the samples. The technique proved promising with both materials interacted with the magnetic field applied by working in a common region for the two materials magnetization, the magnetic region of reversibility. The method was sensitive to metallographic texture, being promising for determining the best direction of magnetization in materials for electrical purposes. The geometry of the samples influenced the amount of magnetic induction, carrying out mathematical corrections for the comparison of different shapes, sizes, thicknesses and materials is required. For the SAE 1045 steel was magnetic anisotropy due to the existence of metallographic texture from the manufacturing process by rolling steel. For aluminum ASTM 6261 did not occur in magnetic anisotropy due to the lack of metallographic texture. / O uso de materiais ferromagnéticos como o aço tem sido abundante na fabricação de produtos e equipamentos devido às suas propriedades magnéticas, que gera uma interação entre eles e os campos magnéticos aplicados. Essa interação tem sido estudada para o desenvolvimento de Ensaios Não Destrutivos (END) utilizados na detecção de trincas, heterogeneidades, grau de deformação e acompanhamento da precipitação de fases desejáveis e/ou indesejáveis em materiais. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma técnica END baseada na aplicação de campos magnéticos na região de reversibilidade magnética dos materiais. Foram comparados um aço SAE 1045 e uma liga de alumínio ASTM 6261, sendo eles classificados como ferromagnético e paramagnético, respectivamente. Buscou-se o conhecimento de como as variáveis geometria e textura metalográfica poderiam interferir nas respostas de campo magnético induzido (B) nestes materiais. Determinaram-se os valores de H e espessuras ideais, as equações que relacionam geometria, espessura e formato das amostras e se havia anisotropia magnética rotacionando as amostras. A técnica se mostrou promissora, tendo ambos os materiais interagido com o campo magnético aplicado por se trabalhar em uma região de magnetização comum aos dois materiais, a região de reversibilidade magnética. O método se mostrou sensível à textura metalográfica, sendo promissora para a determinação da direção de melhor magnetização em materiais para fins elétricos. A geometria das amostras influenciou no valor de campo magnético induzido, sendo necessária a realização de correções matemáticas para a comparação de materiais de diferentes formatos, espessuras e tamanhos. Para o aço SAE 1045 ocorreu anisotropia magnética em virtude da existência de textura metalográfica proveniente do processo de fabricação por laminação do aço. Para o alumínio ASTM 6261 não ocorreu anisotropia magnética em virtude da inexistência de textura metalográfica.
156

Projeto e implementação do equipamento para tomografia com nêutrons do IPEN-CNEN/SP / Design and development of a neutron tomography facility at the IPEN-CNEN/SP

SCHOUERI, ROBERTO M. 22 June 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T12:49:00Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
157

Avaliação dos efeitos da danificação e da acustoelasticidade sobre a velocidade de pulso ultrassônico em corpos de prova de concreto submetidos a compressão uniaxial / Evaluation of damaging and acoustoelastic effect over ultrasonic pulse velocity in concrete elements

Rafaella Moreira Lima Gondim Resende 23 April 2018 (has links)
A teoria da acustoelasticidade relaciona a variação de velocidade de propagação de ondas mecânicas à variação de tensão em um meio sólido. Em materiais frágeis como concreto, a danificação altera a velocidade de propagação paralelamente ao efeito acustoelástico. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e quantificar como a danificação e o efeito acustoelástico agem sobre a Velocidade de Pulso Ultrassônico (VPU) em corpos de prova de concreto submetidos a compressão uniaxial. Para tanto, foram realizadas três fases de ensaio. A primeira fase objetivou gerar dados para a análise da aplicação da interferometria de cauda de onda (Coda Wave Interferometry – CWI). Duas variações deste método foram estudadas e comparadas, com o propósito de determinar-se qual gera melhores resultados e quais parâmetros devem ser adotados para as análises. Para tal, um código computacional foi desenvolvido utilizando a linguagem Python 3.6.0. Foi constatado que a técnica do alongamento apresenta resultados melhores que a técnica tradicional da interferometria de cauda de onda. A segunda etapa foi dedicada ao estudo da variação de velocidade de propagação devido à recuperação de dano do corpo de prova. A terceira fase abordou a influência da geometria da amostra e da composição do concreto sobre a resposta do material à acustoelasticidade. Além disso, definiu-se um Índice de Dano (D) baseado na redução do módulo de elasticidade devido ao carregamento, a fim de isolar a variação de velocidade causada pelo efeito acustoelástico. Quanto ao estudo da recuperação de dano ao longo do tempo, a variação relativa de velocidade nas primeiras 24 horas após a retirada do carregamento se mostrou muito pequena em relação às variações geradas pelas condições de temperatura e umidade. Concluiu-se também que as amostras cilíndricas apresentaram respostas mais uniformes ao efeito acustoelástico que as amostras prismáticas. Por fim, o Índice de Dano se mostrou eficaz para isolar os efeitos da danificação e da acustoelasticidade sobre a VPU. / The acoustoelasticity theory relates the variation in propagation velocity of mechanical waves to the stress variation in a solid medium. In brittle materials such as concrete, damage affects the propagation velocity parallel to the acoustoelastic effect. This research aims to identify and quantify how damage and acoustoelastic effect act on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) in concrete samples subjected to uniaxial compression. In order to do so, three phases of testing were performed. The first one focused on generating data to analyze the application of the Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI). Two variations of this method were studied and compared, to the purpose of determining which variation shows better results and which parameters should be adopted in the analysis. To enable the analysis, a computational code using Python 3.6.0 language was developed. It was verified that the stretching technique shows better results than the traditional coda wave interferometry technique. The second phase was dedicated to study the variation in propagation velocity due to damage recovery in the sample. The third phase addressed the influence of the sample geometry and the concrete composition over the response from the material to the acoustoelasticity. Furthermore, a Damage Index (D) was defined based on the elastic modulus reduction due to loading, in order to isolate the variation of velocity due solely to the acoustoelastic effect. Regarding the study of damage recovery over time, the relative velocity variation in the first 24 hours following the withdrawal of the loading showed to be too little when compared to the variations caused by temperature and humidity conditions. It was also concluded that the cylindrical samples showed more uniform responses to the acoustoelastic effect than the prismatic samples. Finally, the Damage Index proved itself to be a reliable tool to isolate the effects of damage and acoustoelasticity over the UPV.
158

Projeto e implementação do equipamento para tomografia com nêutrons do IPEN-CNEN/SP / Design and development of a neutron tomography facility at the IPEN-CNEN/SP

SCHOUERI, ROBERTO M. 22 June 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T12:49:00Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Na presente dissertação, foi desenvolvido um equipamento para tomografia com nêutrons que está operacional e instalado no canal de irradiação 14 do Reator Nuclear de Pesquisas IEA-R1 do IPEN-CNEN/SP. As imagens apresentadas neste trabalho, são de objetos que foram selecionados de modo a realçarem uma das principais aplicações da técnica, que é o estudo de materiais hidrogenados mesmo se envoltos por espessa camada de alguns metais. Neste equipamento, uma tomografia completa pode ser obtida em 400 s, com uma resolução espacial máxima de 205 μm. Estas características são comparáveis às dos equipamentos mais desenvolvidos em operação em outros países, e propiciam imagens com qualidade suficiente para que sejam realizadas análises tanto qualitativas quanto quantitativas dos objetos inspecionados. A implementação da técnica da tomografia com nêutrons abre a possibilidade de novas linhas de pesquisa, pois disponibiliza uma nova ferramenta para inspeção de objetos, que fornece uma visão da sua estrutura interna, que nem sempre é possível por métodos de imageamento bidimensional. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
159

Avaliação de madeira de peroba-rosa por método não destrutivo utilizando emissão de ondas de ultrassom para peças estruturais do patrimônio histórico. / Evaluation of peroba-rosa wood by non destructive tests using ultrasound waves for structural timber of historical heritage.

Fabiola Margoth Zambrano Figueroa 12 November 2010 (has links)
O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar uma metodologia utilizando ondas de ultrassom para estimar a resistência de peças estruturais de madeira de peroba-rosa, Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg. A metodologia pode ser utilizada para orientar projetos de restauro de estruturas de madeira do patrimônio histórico, onde de acordo com os critérios da restauração, a avaliação por métodos destrutivos não são recomendados. A verificação foi realizada em três amostras retiradas de edificações construídas há 122 anos, 50 anos e peças sem uso de madeira da espécie perobarosa, que foram submetidas à sequência de ensaios não destrutivos e destrutivos. Os corpos-de-prova ensaiados tiveram suas dimensões definidas de acordo com os métodos de ensaio de resistência à compressão e à flexão da norma ABNT 7190:1997 e o teor de umidade estabilizado na condição padrão de referência a 12%. Os ensaios com o uso de equipamento de ultrassom com freqüência de 100 KHz e transdutores de ondas longitudinais e transversais foram utilizados para a determinação da velocidade ultrassônica nos três eixos da madeira (longitudinal, radial e tangencial). Em seguida, os mesmos corpos-de-prova foram submetidos aos ensaios de determinação da resistência e da rigidez à compressão e à flexão de acordo com a norma NBR 7190:1997. O resultados dos ensaios dinâmicos e estáticos foram correlacionados, tendo, portanto sido definido o coeficiente de correlação R²= 0,56 na direção do eixo longitudinal. / The objective of this research is to evaluate a methodology by making use of ultrasound waves to estimate the strength of structural timber of peroba-rosa, Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg. This methodology can be used to provide guidance in restoration projects of wooden structures of historical buildings, where the assessment by destructive methods is not recommended, according to the restoration criteria. The sequence of tests was performed by using both non destructive and destructive analysis methods on samples from three buildings constructed 122 years ago, 50 years ago and non used wood. The specimens tested had their dimensions defined according to the test methods of ABNT 7190:1997 for resistance to compression and bending and their moisture content was stabilized at 12%. The tests using ultrasound equipment with a frequency of 100 kHz transducers and longitudinal and transverse waves were used to determine the ultrasonic velocity in three axes of the wood (longitudinal, radial and tangential). Afterwards, the same specimens were tested to determine the strength and stiffness to compression and bending in accordance with NBR 7190:1997. The test results of dynamic and static modulus were correlated, obtaining thus the correlation coefficient of R²=0.54 in the longitudinal direction.
160

Inferência da densidade da madeira estimada por esclerometria / Inference of wood density estimated by sclerometry

Veiga, Nádia Schiavon da, 1986- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Julio Soriano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veiga_NadiaSchiavonda_M.pdf: 2631028 bytes, checksum: 691c2efa4c134e00748b530909cb9973 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A densidade da madeira é uma propriedade física importante às diversas aplicações, tais como na construção civil, na fabricação de móveis e na indústria de papel e celulose. Essa propriedade varia de espécie para espécie, sendo também influenciada por variações do teor de umidade. Convencionalmente, a densidade da madeira é obtida em laboratório por procedimentos padronizados. Diversas pesquisas buscam apontar métodos de ensaios não destrutivos que possam correlacionar seus resultados com a densidade da madeira. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estabelecer correlações dos resultados da esclerometria (ensaio não destrutivo) com a densidade da madeira. Para tanto, três espécies folhosas com densidades distintas foram escolhidas, sendo elas o Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), a Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) e o Cedro (Cedrela ssp), das quais foram extraídas peças prismáticas medindo 80 mm x 200 mm x 300 mm. Duas condições de umidade foram consideradas: a de madeira não estabilizada, com umidade de pátio de madeireira, e a de madeira estabilizada por secagem. Esses prismas foram submetidos a impactos esclerométricos nas direções anatômicas longitudinal, radial e tangencial. As densidades foram determinadas pelo método da ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). Das correlações geradas para cada uma das direções anatômicas, foram obtidos coeficientes de correlação superiores a 0,81, indicando que os índices esclerométricos e a densidade podem ser correlacionados linearmente. Finalmente, pode-se concluir que a esclerometria é um método adequado para estimar a densidade da madeira / Abstract: Wood density is an important physical property for various applications, such as in the construction, furniture making and pulp and paper industry. This property varies among species, being also influenced by variations in moisture content. Conventionally, the density of the wood is obtained in the laboratory by standardized procedures. Several researches are pointing nondestructive testing methods that can correlate their results with wood density. In this context, this study aimed to establish correlations between the results of sclerometry (nondestructive testing) with the density of the wood. For this purpose, three broadleaves species with different densities Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) e Cedro (Cedrela ssp) were chosen, of which were extracted prismatic pieces measuring 80 mm x 200 mm x 300 mm. Two moisture content conditions were considered: non-stabilized wood with moisture content of sawmill patio, and wood stabilized by drying. These prisms were subjected to esclerometric impacts in the longitudinal, radial and tangential anatomical directions. The densities were determined by method of ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). From the correlations generated for each anatomical direction, were obtained correlation coefficients greater than 0.81, indicating that esclerometric indexes and density can be correlated linearly. Finally, it can be concluded that sclerometry is a suitable method to estimate the density of the wood / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestra em Engenharia

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