Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Relational nouns are dependent on one another in terms of how they themselves denote e.g. brother and neigbour denote individually standing in relation to at least one other individual in specific nouns. This study has established how relational nouns are treated in Xhosa. The study has focused on horizontal relations with a semantic feature of [± sibling] and hierarchical relations with two distingualising semantic features: [± dependent] and [± kinship]. According to these two types of relations the study has then been divided into two main sections, i.e. non-kinship relational nouns with vertical and horizontal relation with and without any dependency. The second part concentrated on kinship terms with emphasis on names such as marriage, lineal and collateral descent and in-laws. Various semantic features for kinship terms have been developed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Relasionele naamwoorde is afhanklik van mekaar in terme van hoedanig hulle self betekenis aandui, bv. Broer en buurman dui individue aan wat in verhouding staan met ten minste een ander individu op spesifieke maniere. Hierdie studie het vasgestel hoe relasionale naamwoorde in Xhosa behandel word. Die studie het gefokus op horisontale verhoudings met 'n semantiese kenmerk van [± verwantskap] en hiërargiese verhoudings met twee onderskeie semantiese kenmerke: [±afhanklik] en [± verwantskap]. Volgens hierdie twee tipes verhoudings is die studie verdeel in twee hoofafdelings, dit is relasionele naamwoorde met geen verwantskap met vertikale en horisontale verhoudings met en sonder enige afhanklikheid. Die tweede deel konsentreer op verwantskapsterme met nadruk op sake soos die huwelik, bloedverwante in die regstreekse linie en in die syline sowel as die aangetroude familie. Verskeie semantiese kenmerke vir verwantskapsterme is ontwikkel.

M.A. (Afrikaans) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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Examples of the construction are found in Old Ukrainian documents and in modern South Russian dialects, and, although these are few and their usage differs from that found in North Russian sources (where the construction is well documented), it cannot be said that the construction has always been restricted to northern and central dialects. In almost every text both nominative and accusative are used for the direct object of independent infinitives, and often the choice of case seems to be random. From the sixteenth century, however, the accusative gradually becomes more frequent until it displaces the nominative from the written language.

This is a study of the so-called Light Verb Construction (LVC) in Japanese, which consists of the verb suru ‘do’ and the accusative-marked verbal noun, as exemplified in (1). (1) a. Taroo ga Tokyo ni ryokoo o suru. NOM to travel ACC do ‘Taroo travels to Tokyo.’ b. Taroo ga eigo no benkyoo o suru. NOM English GEN study ACC do ‘Taroo studies English.' c. Taroo ga murabito ni ookami ga kuru to keikoku o suru NOM villagers to wolf NOM come COMP warning ACC do ‘Taroo warns the villagers that the wolf will come.' Since Grimshaw and Mester's (1988) seminal work, there have been unresolved debates on the role of suru, whether suru in such forms as in (1) functions as a light verb or not. An observational generalization is that the thematic array of a clause faithfully reflects the argument structure of the VN which heads the accusative phrase. Hence, from the viewpoint of argument structure, suru may be ‘light' in the sense that it makes no thematic contribution to the VN-o suru formation. This suru may hence be different from the regular use of suru as a two-place ACTIVITY predicate, as shown in (2). (2) a. Taroo ga gorufu o suru. NOM golf ACC do ‘Taroo plays golf.' b. Taroo ga tenisu o suru. NOM tennis ACC do ‘Taroo plays tennis.' c. Taroo ga kaimono o suru. MOM shopping ACC do ‘Taroo does a shopping.' The oft-cited differences between the so-called light suru construction and the heavy suru construction are two-fold. First, in the light suru construction, the arguments of the VN may be 'promoted' into a clausal domain. Judging from the verbal case marking, the arguments of the VN are treated as if they are those of suru. Second, the light suru construction may exhibit the so-called ‘frozen phenomena'. The observational generalization is that when there is no overt argument in the accusative phrase domain, this accusative phrase becomes ‘frozen' in the sense that it cannot tolerate syntactic processes, such as scrambling and adverbial insertion . The majority of previous studies examine the ‘weight' of suru either to support or to refute the idea that suru can function as a light verb. In other words, these previous studies attempt to disambiguate the VN-o suru formation relying solely on the lexical property of suru. The contention of this study is that the above approach is problematic. This study argues that the ambiguity does not stem from the ‘weight' of suru but from the thematic properties of the VN which heads the accusative phrase, primarily, whether it is headed by a thematic or non-thematic VN. Another contention of this study is that the ambiguity can be resolved under the assumption that there is only one type of suru: a two-place predicate which licenses Agent and EVENT. In this sense, this study will argue against the idea that suru functions as a light verb and will argue that the characterization of VN-o sum formation arises not from the dichotic distinction of suru but from the dichotic distinction of its accusative phrase. / Graduate

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The lemmatisation of nouns in African and Non-African language dictionaries is investigated with a view to account for the development of a theoretical framework of how nouns could be lemmatised in a Tshivenda monolingual dictionary. Within the African language dictionaries two traditions exist for lemmatisation of nouns: the stem or root system and the word system. Dictionaries belonging to the Nguni languages enter nouns according to the letter of the root or stem and this has been followed because of the presence of a preprefix in these langauges. Languages like Venda, Tsonga and Sotho usually enter nouns in the dictionary under the first letter of the prefix if present. In African languages the morphological and syntactic category noun is exactly the same. With syntax and morphology the category noun is presented by the root or stem of the noun with prefixes added as inherent semantic and grammatical features of such nouns. So, the exact entry in a dictionary has to be considered form the view point of the syntactic and morphological category only. Taking these considerations into account a case can be made for the treatment of nouns in dictionaries. In a Tshivenda monolingual dictionary nouns are entered as head of the noun phrases (NPs); thus indicating the syntactic operation of the noun outside the context of a sentence. In other instances the syntactic operations are indicated within the context of a sentence and this information is indicated within a dictionary implicitly or covertly by means of illustrative examples. Nouns in these dictionaries may appear with two and or more than two arguments. Semantically, the noun Halwa in a Tshivenda monolingual dictionary may have two arguments: firstly it may mean "an intoxicating drink" and secondly it may refer to "a container for holding beer". Thus the noun in African language dictionaries, Tshivenda in particular, could be represented syntactically morphologically and semantically. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die lemmatisering van naamwoorde in Afrika- en nie-Afrikatale woordeboeke is ondersoek om 'n teoretiese raamwerk te ontwikkel vir die lemmatisering van naamwoorde in 'n Tshivenda eentalige woordeboek. Binne die Afrikatale woordeboek bestaan twee tradisies vir die lemmatisering van naamwoorde: die stamsisteem en die woordsisteem. Woordeboek vir die Ngunitale skryf naamwoorde in volgens die eerste letter van die stam: Dié stelsel is toegepas weens die teenwoordigheid van 'n voorprefiks in hierdie tale. Tale soos Venda, Tsonga en Sotho neem gewoonlik naamwoorde in die woordeboek op onder die eerste letter van die prefiks, as daar een is. In die Afrikatale is die morfologiese en sintaktiese kategorie naamwoord presies dieselfde. Die naamwoord word deur die stam of wortel verteenwoordig en van prefikse vergesel ter aanduiding van bepaalde semantiese en grammatikale kenmerke. Die presiese inskrywing in 'n woordeboek word bepaal deur die sintaksiese en morfologiese kategorie. Baie aandag moet dus gegee word aan die aard van die behandeling van naamwoorde in woordeboeke. In 'n Tshivenda eentalige woordeboek, word naamworde opgeneem as kern van die naamwoordstukke ter aanduiding van die sintaksiese optrede van die naamwoord buite die konteks van 'n sin. In ander gevalle word die sintaksiese optrede aangedui binne die konteks van 'n sin en hierdie inligting word in 'n woordeboek implisiet aangedui deur middel van voorbeeldmateriaal. Naamwoorde in hierdie woordeboek kan met twee en of meer as twee argumente voorkom. Semanties kan die naamwoord [ Halwa] in 'n Tshivenda eentalige woordeboek twee argumente hê : eerstens kan dit beteken" 'n dronkmakende bier" en tweedens 'n blik wat bier hou". Dus kan die naamwoorde in Afrikataalwoordeboeke, veral Tshivenda, sintakties, morfologies en semanties voorgestel word.

by Angel Suet Yi Tse. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-130). / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Table of Contents / List of Tables / List of Figures / Plagiarism Declaration / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Motivation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Applications of NP parsing --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Hybrid Approach of NP Partial Parsing with Rule Set Derived from de NPs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Chinese Versus English Languages --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Traditional Versus Contemporary Parsing Approaches --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Linguistics-based and Corpus-based Knowledge Acquisition --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Basic Processing Unit --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Related Literature --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sentence / Free Text Parsing --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Linguistics-based --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Corpus-based --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- NP Processing --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- NP Detection --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- NP Partial Parsing --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Knowledge Elicitation for General NP Partial Parsing from De NPs --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Background --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research in De Phrases --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Research of de Phrases in Pure Linguistics --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Research in de Phrases in Computational Linguistics --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Significance of De Phrases --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Implication to General NP Parsing --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Embedded Knowledge for General NP Parsing --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Knowledge Acquisition Approaches for General NP Partial Parsing --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Linguistic-based Approach --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Corpus-based Approach --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Generalization of NP Grammatical Patterns --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Pitfall of Generalization --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Hybrid Approach --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Combining Strategies --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Merging Techniques --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5 --- CNP3- The Chinese NP Partial Parser --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The NP Detection and Extraction Unit (DEU) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The Knowledge Acquisition Unit (KAU) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- The Parsing Unit (PU) --- p.57 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Internal Representation of Chinese NPs and Grammar Rules --- p.57 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Experiments on Linguistics-, Corpus-based and the Hybrid Approaches" --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective of Experiments --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The Corpora --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The Standard and Extended Tag Sets --- p.64 / Chapter 5.4 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.67 / Chapter 5.5 --- Evaluation of Linguistic De NP Rules (Experiment 1 A) --- p.70 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Method --- p.71 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 5.6 --- Evaluation of Corpus-based Approach (Experiment IB) --- p.74 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Method --- p.74 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Generalization of NP Grammatical Patterns (Experiment 1B'） --- p.76 / Chapter 5.6.5 --- Results after Merging of Rule Sets (Experiment 1C) --- p.77 / Chapter 5.6.6 --- Error Analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 5.7 --- Phase II Evaluation: Test on General NP Parsing (Experiment 2) --- p.82 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Method --- p.83 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Error Analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Reliability Evaluation of the Hybrid Approach --- p.94 / Chapter 6.1 --- Overview --- p.94 / Chapter 6.2 --- Objective --- p.95 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Training and Test Corpora --- p.96 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Knowledge Base --- p.98 / Chapter 6.5 --- Convergence Sequence Tests --- p.99 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Results of Close Convergence Tests --- p.100 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Results of Open Convergence Tests --- p.104 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Conclusions with Convergence Tests --- p.106 / Chapter 6.6 --- Cross Evaluation Tests --- p.106 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- Results --- p.109 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Conclusions with Cross Evaluation Tests --- p.112 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.115 / Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.115 / Chapter 7.2 --- Difficulties Encountered --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Lack of Standard in Part-of-speech Categorization in Chinese Language --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Under or Over-specification of Tag Class in Tag Set --- p.118 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Difficulty in Nominal Compound NP Analysis --- p.119 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 7.4 --- Future Work --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Full Automation of NP Pattern Generalization --- p.122 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Incorporation of Semantic Constraints --- p.123 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Computational Structural Analysis of Nominal Compound NP --- p.124 / References --- p.126 / Appendix A The Extended Tag Set --- p.131 / Appendix B Linguistic Grammar Rules --- p.135 / Appendix C Generalized Grammar Rules --- p.138

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published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy