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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Top-down and bottom-up effects in a Fennoscandian tundra community

Grellmann, Doris January 2001 (has links)
The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of mammalian grazers, such as microtine rodents and reindeer, (top-down effects) and nutrient availability (bottom- up effects) on the plant community of a tundra heath. I conducted a large-scale fertilization experiment and studied the impact of grazers using exclosures. I measured the effects of fertilization and grazing on soil microbial activity and nutrient cycling. I investigated the responses to fertilization of the invertebrate community, I studied the effects on the quality of bilberry as food for mammalian herbivores, and I looked at how concentrations of nutrients and carbon-based secondary defences against herbivory fluctuated between seasons in unfertilized and fertilized treatments. The results of my thesis show that the plant community investigated is exposed to a strong top-down control by mammalian herbivores. On the fertilized and grazed areas the aboveground biomass of the vascular plant community did not increase compared to unfertilized areas. However, the productivity of the plant community was clearly nutrient- limited. During the eight years of the experiment, on the fertilized areas plant biomass was significantly increased inside the herbivore exclosures In my study mammalian herbivores at comparatively low densities and grazing outside the growing season were sufficient to control the biomass of a heterogeneous plant community. Microtine rodents (Norwegian lemmings and grey-sided voles) preferred the fertilized areas for overwintering. The food plant quality of bilberry for grey-sided voles was improved on the fertilized areas throughout the year. Grazing decreased the nitrogen storage in the aboveground plant biomass. Reindeer and rodents had also important indirect effects on the plant community by decelerating soil nutrient cycling and soil microbial activity. This effect may be accelerated by the impact of herbivore on plant species composition. Graminoids, which contained the highest nitrogen concentrations in their tissues, increased rapidly on the fertilized areas, but their abundance was significantly lower on grazed fertilized areas. The invertebrate community was detritus-based and received their energy indirectly from the litter via soil microbes and detritivores. Fertilization increased the biomass of invertebrate carnivores, but had no effect on the biomass of invertebrate herbivores. Apparent competition between detritivores and invertebrate herbivores, mediated by carnivorous invertebrates predating on both of them, is supposed to keep the densities and grazing pressure of invertebrate herbivores low. Grazing damage by invertebrates was very low and only 0.021 % of the total vascular plant biomass was removed. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2001, härtill 6 uppsstser.</p> / digitalisering@umu
2

Análise por CG-EM do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. influenciado por doses de NPK

Ricardo Carvalho dos Santos 19 July 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar por CG-EM o óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh. influenciado por doses de NPK. A pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de se observar a influência da adubação NPK na concentração dos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh., já que não existem informações sobre o tema para a espécie em estudo. Coletaram-se as amostras nas primeiras horas da manhã, aproximadamente 07h30min, no campo experimental da Embrapa Roraima. Extraiuse o óleo essencial das amostras coletadas pelo processo de hidrodestilação com sistema tipo Clevenger por 4 horas no Laboratório de Produtos Naturais da Universidade Federal de Roraima. Os óleos voláteis obtidos foram acondicionados em embalagens de vidro âmbar e mantidos resfriados para posterior análise química. Com o auxílio de cromatógrafo a gás Shimadzu acoplado a um detector de espectrometria de massas quadrupolar, QP-5050a, foram realizadas análises cromatográficas, as quais forneceram informações qualitativa e quantitativa. Esses dados quantitativos foram aplicados à modelos estatísticos a fim de se obter informações da influência da adubação NPK na concentração dos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial. Com isso pode confirmar a influencia da adubação NPK, aumentando ou diminuindo, em concentrações da composição química dos grupos hidrocarbonetos monoterpênicos, monoterpenos oxigenados, hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos e sesquiterpenos oxigenados, bem como os constituintes &#946;-pineno e eucaliptol, exceto o p-cimeno, o qual não foi influenciado pelas doses de NPK. Já os constituintes químicos carvacrol, espatulenol e globulol não foram possíveis analisar a influência da adubação NPK para estes compostos químicos. / This study aimed at analyzing by GC-MS of the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh. influenced by doses of NPK. The research is justified by the need to observe the influence of NPK fertilization on the concentration of chemical constituents of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denh., there is no information on the subject for the species under study. Samples were collected in the first hours of the morning, about 07:30 a.m. in the experimental field of Embrapa Roraima. Was extracted from the essential oil samples by hydrodistillation process with Clevenger-type system for 4 hours at the Laboratory of Natural Products, Universidade Federal de Roraima. The volatile oils obtained were packaged in amber glass bottles and kept refrigerated for later chemical analysis. With the help of Shimadzu gas chromatograph coupled to a detector quadrupole mass spectrometry, QP-5050th, chromatographic analysis was performed, which provided qualitative and quantitative information. These quantitative data were applied to statistical models in order to obtain information on the influence of NPK fertilization on the concentration of chemical constituents of essential oil. This may confirm the influence of NPK fertilization, increasing or decreasing concentrations of the chemical composition of the monoterpene hydrocarbon groups, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes as well as the constituents &#946;-pinene and eucalyptol, except the p-cymene, the which was not influenced by the levels of NPK. Since the chemical constituents carvacrol, and espatulenol globulol not been possible to analyze the influence of NPK fertilization for these chemicals.
3

MÉTODOS ALTERNATIVOS DE CORREÇÃO DA ACIDEZ DO SOLO E DE ADUBAÇÃO PARA O FEIJOEIRO, POR MEIO DO USO DE CALXISTO, CAMA DE AVIÁRIO, FOSFATO NATURAL E INOCULANTE NATURAL / SOIL ACIDITY CONTROL AND FERTILIZATION ALTERNATIVE METHODS ON THE COMMON BEAN CROP BY USE OF CALXISTO, POULTRY LITTER, ROCK PHOSPHATE AND NATURAL INOCULANT

Zemke, Elton William 27 February 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton William Zemke.pdf: 506491 bytes, checksum: f32e9a8c23486d0f7ac13cb97d483260 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / The use of industrial waste in agriculture is being provided as a sustainable alternative to minimize environmental liabilities. In order to study the feasibility of using calxisto (disposal of mining) as corrective of soil acidity compared to lime, and organic and mineral fertilizers in the presence of natural inoculant for the production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using a dystrophic clayey Haplic Cambisol in Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in pots of 5 dm3 in two consecutive sowing. A randomized complete block design in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 scheme was used with a control and five replications. The treatments were: T1: control; T2: Calxisto + poultry litter + rock phosphate + natural inoculant; T3: Calxisto + poultry litter + rock phosphate; T4: Lime + poultry litter + rock phosphate + natural inoculant; T5: Lime + poultry litter + rock phosphate; T6: NPK + Calxisto + natural inoculant; T7: Calxisto + NPK; T8: Lime + NPK + natural inoculant; and T9: Lime + NPK. The common bean cultivar used was Graúna IPR 113. We evaluated the soil chemical attributes, grain yield and components of production: number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, and weight of 100 grains. The levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in the grains were determined after harvest. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, excluding the control treatment because of plants weak development in natural soil conditions. The results showed that the use of calxisto may be an alternative to replace the lime for the soil acidity control, as soon as the application of this product increased the soil base saturation to 64%, close to the calculated value of 70%, recommended for the common bean crop. The substitution of NPK mineral fertilizers by poultry litter + rock phosphate did not impair the grain yield of common bean. Higher content of S in the grains was obtained with calxisto than lime application, only the first crop of beans. The residual effect of fertilization with poultry litter + rock phosphate was higher than with NPK mineral on the concentration of N, K, and S in the grains. However, the mineral fertilization with NPK provided a higher residual effect than with poultry litter + rock phosphate on the common bean yield due to better utilization of P by the plants. Natural inoculant application caused no significant changes in soil chemical attributes, but it caused an increase in mass of 100 grains and concentration of N in the grains at the first crop of common bean. / O aproveitamento do descarte de mineração para uso na agricultura vem sendo apontado como uma alternativa sustentável para minimizar passivos ambientais. Com o objetivo de estudar a viabilidade do uso de calxisto (descarte de mineração) como corretivo da acidez do solo em comparação ao calcário, e de adubos orgânico e mineral, em presença de inoculante natural, para a produção do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, utilizando um Cambissolo Háplico distrófico textura argilosa, em Ponta Grossa (PR). O experimento foi conduzido em vasos de 5 dm3, com dois cultivos sucessivos de feijão. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com uma testemunha e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Testemunha; T2: Calxisto + cama de aviário + fosfato natural + inoculante natural; T3: Calxisto + cama de aviário + fosfato natural; T4: Calcário + cama de aviário + fosfato natural + inoculante natural; T5: Calcário + cama de aviário + fosfato natural; T6: Calxisto + NPK + inoculante natural; T7: Calxisto + NPK; T8: Calcário + NPK + inoculante natural; e T9: Calcário + NPK. O cultivar de feijão utilizado no experimento foi o IPR 113 Graúna. Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos do solo, a produção de grãos e os componentes de produção: número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, número de grãos por planta e massa de 100 grãos. Os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nos grãos foram determinados após a colheita. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos às análises de variância, excluindo-se a testemunha devido ao fraco desenvolvimento das plantas em solo natural. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de calxisto pode ser uma alternativa para a correção da acidez do solo em substituição ao calcário, considerando que a aplicação do produto proporcionou elevação da saturação por bases para 64%, valor próximo ao calculado de 70%, recomendado para a cultura do feijoeiro. A substituição da adubação mineral com NPK pela adubação com cama de aviário + fosfato natural não prejudicou a produção de grãos do feijoeiro. A aplicação de calxisto proporcionou maior teor de S nos grãos do que o calcário, somente no primeiro cultivo do feijoeiro. O efeito residual da adubação com cama de aviário + fosfato natural foi maior do que com NPK mineral na concentração de N, K e S nos grãos de feijão. No entanto, a adubação mineral com NPK teve maior efeito residual do que a adubação com cama de aviário + fosfato natural na produção de grãos de feijão, devido ao melhor aproveitamento de P pelas plantas. A aplicação do inoculante natural não proporcionou modificações significativas nos atributos químicos do solo, mas ocasionou aumento na massa de 100 grãos e na concentração de N nos grãos no primeiro cultivo de feijão.
4

AdubaÃÃo da mamoneira com NPK irrigada com Ãgua de esgoto domÃstico tratado e Ãgua de poÃo / Fertilizing with NPK castor irrigated with treated wastewater and well water

DiÃgo Silva Borges 03 February 2011 (has links)
AssociaÃÃo TÃcnico-CientÃfica Eng. Paulo de Frontin / O experimento com a cultura da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar BRS 149 Nordestina, foi implantado e conduzido em condiÃÃes de campo na estaÃÃo experimental da CAGECE/PROSAB/CT-UFC, no municÃpio de Aquiraz â CE, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das interaÃÃes da adubaÃÃo com NPK e as diferentes fontes de Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo sobre os componentes do rendimento e da produtividade da cultura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com duas parcelas, sendo uma irrigada com Ãgua de poÃo (AP), e a outra com Ãgua proveniente de esgoto domÃstico tratado (EDT), ambas com treze tratamentos incluindo uma testemunha absoluta. Para determinaÃÃo dos componentes do rendimento e da produtividade foram avaliados diÃmetro caulinar, o nÃmero de cachos por planta, o nÃmero de sementes por cacho e peso de cem sementes de 6 plantas de cada unidade experimental. A irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua de poÃo no tratamento com a adubaÃÃo 50N-60P2O5-50K2O kg ha-1, obteve as maiores mÃdias para a grande maioria dos componentes avaliados, conseguindo produtividade de 1908,6 kg ha-1 de sementes. / The experiment with the cultivation of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar BRS 149 Northeast, was established and conducted under field conditions at the experimental station CAGECE / PROSAB / CT-CFU in the municipality of Aquiraz - CE, with the aim of evaluating the effect of interactions of NPK on yield components and yield. The experiment was a split plot with two plots, one irrigated with well water (AP) and the other with water from treated sewage (EDT), both with thirteen treatments including a control treatment. For the determination of yield components and yield were observed stem diameter, number of bunches per plant, seed number per bunch and weight of hundred seeds of six plants experimental treatment. Irrigation with well water treatment with the fertilizer-50N-60P2O5 50K2O kg ha-1 had the highest average for most of the variables, achieving productivity of 1908.6 kg ha-1 seed.

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