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No / Nucleation and condensation of mercury vapor has been investigated in various divergent angle and operating condition. Divergent angle has a great effect on droplet size at the end of nozzle. Influence of operating condition such as pressure and temperature on the size of droplet has been investigated. A one-dimensional mathematical model based on classical nucleation and growth has been developed to calculate the nucleation and condensation of mercury vapor. A mercury vapour turbine has been used in conjunction with a steam turbine for generating electricity. The mercury cycle offers an efficiency increase compared to a steam-only cycle because energy can be injected into the Rankine Cycle at higher temperature. The target of modeling is predicting the droplet size of mercury nano-particles during rapid expansion. The results are verified by accurate experimental data available in the literature. The governing equations were solved using Runge-Kutta third-order numerical method in MATLAB software.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Physics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012

Although the oxides of the Groups VB and VIB elements (Cr, Mo, Nb, Ta, V, W) have frequently been used as nucleating agents in glass-ceramics, there has been little rigorous study of their effects. It has been suggested that they serve to reduce the interfacial tension between the subcritical nucleus and glass matrix, and thus encourage nucleus growth; this would cause an increase in nucleation rates in both homogeneously and heterogeneously-nucleating systems. There has been no attempt to demonstrate this, however. A test of the effects of these oxides on the steady-state nucleation rate and induction period in homogeneously-nucleating lithium disilicate glass was made by substituting one and two mole-percent of MoO₃, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, V₂O₅ or WO₃ for SiO₂, and heat-treating the glasses under identical conditions. The "two-step" method was used, consisting of nucleation for variable periods at 733 K and development at 843 K, followed by standard metallographic specimen preparation and inspection by optical reflection light microscopy. Crystal (i.e., nuclei) density was calculated using the stereological method of DeHoff and Rhines. It was shown that this method yielded results independent of crystal size for a given glass, and that the relationship between crystal size and shape supported the hypothesis that lithium disilicate nucleates as a rod-shaped particle, becoming more spherical as growth continues. It was found that MoO₃, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅ and WO₃ substitutions reduced the nucleation rate in the experimental glasses and increased the induction period, the opposite of what was hypothesized. V₂O₅ substitutions yielded a slight nucleation-agent effect. The anti-nucleation agent behavior was associated with increased inhomogeneity in the heat-treated glass samples, resulting from varying cooling rates from the melt through the cross-section. Analysis of the equations linking nucleation rates and induction periods to glass properties suggests that the changes in both the nucleation parameters and the effect on the results of thermal inhomogeneity were primarily linked to higher viscosities in the substituted glasses.

Density functional theory of statistical mechanics in a square gradient approximation was used to study nucleation in confined systems such as a cylindrical pore and in-between two cylindrical disks. This approximation was further applied to study the evaporation and condensation in nanopores with finite lengths. Confinement effects induced nucleation phenomena that are not observed in more open systems. Density functional theory was also used to explore the solvation properties of a spherical solute immersed in a supercritical diatomic fluid. The solute was modeled as a hard core Yukawa particle surrounded by a diatomic Lennard-Jones fluid represented by two fused tangent spheres using an interaction site approximation. The results of this study indicate that local density augmentation and the solvation free energies are particularly sensitive to changes in solute and solvent particle geometry and solute/solvent anisotropic interactions. Density functional theory allowed us to systematically study the effect of a variety of geometric and interaction parameters on the properties and behavior of all the systems. Although more sophisticated, but computationally more demanding, theoretical approaches can be used, our results provide fundamental physical insights into the behavior of real systems and create a solid basis for the development of more realistic models.

by Mok Siu Wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / by Mok Siu Wah. / Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Solidification --- p.1-1 / Nucleation A. Homogenous nucleation --- p.1-2 / B. Heterogeneous nucleation --- p.1-3 / Crystal growth and dendrites formation --- p.1-4 / Planar growth --- p.1-5 / Dendrite formation --- p.1-5 / Growth far from equilibrium --- p.1-5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Grain refinement --- p.1 -6 / Models of grains refinement --- p.1-6 / Dynamic nucleation --- p.1-7 / Dendrite remelting --- p.1-8 / Objectives of the present project --- p.1-12 / References --- p.1-13 / Figure --- p.1-14 / Chapter Chapter II --- Experimental method / Experimental methods --- p.2-1 / Specimen preparation --- p.2-1 / Metallography --- p.2-2 / Analysis --- p.2-3 / Reference --- p.2-4 / Figures --- p.2-5 / Chapter Chapter III --- Grain refinement in a system with solubility gap / Abstract --- p.3-1 / Introduction --- p.3-2 / Experimental --- p.3-4 / Results --- p.3-5 / Discussion --- p.3-8 / Reference --- p.3-11 / Figure Caption --- p.3-12 / Figures --- p.3-13

Graduation date: 1998

Nucleoporins mediate nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in interphase. In mitosis, upon nuclear envelope breakdown, the role and regulation of Nups remain to be elucidated. An important subcomplex of nucleoporins is the Nup107-160 complex, which, in mitosis, is involved in spindle assembly and nuclear pore re-assembly. Here we show that the level of a key constituent of the Nup107-160 complex- Nup96 is cell cycle regulated. We found that the mechanism involved in regulating Nup96 levels in mitosis is proteolysis by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). Nup96 interacts with the APC, and its proteolysis can be regulated by Cdc20 and Cdh1. Like the Nup107-160 complex, the APC is localized at kinetochores, centrosomes, and spindles. Disruption of Nup96 levels led to an acceleration of prophase to prometaphase transition and, most importantly, resulted in a delay of G1 progression. Thus, regulation of Nup96 proteolysis in mitosis sets the stage for proper G1 progression. Additionally, we have observed differential regulation of members of the Nup107-160 complex during mitosis and have identified interacting partners of Nup96 at the centrosome which reveal a novel role of nucleoporins in regulating microtubule nucleation.

The materials based on GaN have successfully developed on short-wavelength laser diodes (LDs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and ultraviolet photodetector. In this study, GaN epitaxial layers have been successfully grown on sapphire substrates. We used several methods including the growth temperature and time of amorphous nucleation layer before growing epilayer and the growth temperature of GaN epilayer to study it. From the results of the photoluminescence (PL) measured at 77K, the X-Ray diffraction measurement, SEM cross sectional views to realize the characteristic and we get a better qualities of GaN epilayers after using the foregoing methods. In this study, the re-crystallization of the amorphous nucleation layer would occur while temperature re-rise to high temperature, and the phenomenon have different crystallinity under the different growth conditions of nucleation layer, which influence the quality and morphology of GaN epilayers seriously. According to the results of the experiments, we study the mechanisms of yellows luminescence and donor-acceptor pair.

This study is focus on solute concentration ahead of solidification front and base on holographic method by using holographic interferometry. Heterogeneous nucleation of bubbles on an advancing solidification front during freezing of water containing a dissolved gas has been experimentally and analytically studied. The formation of bubbles resulting from supersaturation of liquids is commonly encountered in different fields such as heat transfer, manufacturing, and bioscience.