No / Nucleation and condensation of mercury vapor has been investigated in various divergent angle and operating condition. Divergent angle has a great effect on droplet size at the end of nozzle. Influence of operating condition such as pressure and temperature on the size of droplet has been investigated. A one-dimensional mathematical model based on classical nucleation and growth has been developed to calculate the nucleation and condensation of mercury vapor. A mercury vapour turbine has been used in conjunction with a steam turbine for generating electricity. The mercury cycle offers an efficiency increase compared to a steam-only cycle because energy can be injected into the Rankine Cycle at higher temperature. The target of modeling is predicting the droplet size of mercury nano-particles during rapid expansion. The results are verified by accurate experimental data available in the literature. The governing equations were solved using Runge-Kutta third-order numerical method in MATLAB software.

Yes / This study focuses on numerical modeling of condensation of water vapor in a Laval nozzle, using the liquid drop nucleation theory. Influence of nozzle geometry, pressure, and temperature on the average drop size is reported. A computer program written in MATLAB was used used to calculate the nucleation and condensation of water vapor in the nozzle. The simulation results are validated with the available experimental data in the literature for steam condensation. The model reveals that the average drop size is reduced by increasing the divergent angle of the nozzle. The results also confirm that increasing the inlet pressure has a direct effect on the average drop size while temperature rise has an inverse effect on the drop size.

In 2012, plasma figuring was proven to be an alternative solution for the fabrication of large scale ultra-precise optical surfaces. Indeed, plasma figuring was successfully demonstrated on a metre class glass surface. The process was exceptionally rapid but residual errors were observed. This thesis addresses this issue by proposing an enhanced tool that provides a highly collimated plasma jet. The enhanced tool is characterized by a targeted material removal footprint in the range 1 to 5 mm FWHM. The energy beam is provided by an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch equipped with a De-Laval nozzle. This thesis focuses on characterization and optimisation of the bespoke plasma torch and its plasma jet. Two research investigations were carried out using both numerical and experimental approaches. A novel CFD model was created to analyse and understand the behaviour of high temperature gas in the De-Laval nozzle. The numerical approach, that was based on appropriate profiles of temperature and velocity applied to the nozzle inlet, led to a significant reduction of computational resources. This model enabled to investigate the aerodynamic phenomena observed from the nozzle inlet up to the processed surface. Design rules and the effect of changing nozzle parameters were identified. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that the throat diameter is the most critical parameter. A challenging power dissipation analysis of the plasma torch was carried out. Temperature and flow rate in key components of the torch were measured. Experimental results enabled to calculate the power dissipation values for RF power up to 800 W and for the entire series of designed nozzles. This work enabled to scientifically understand the power dissipation mechanism in the bespoke ICP torches. In addition, by comparing the intensity of the power dissipation values, one nozzle was clearly identified as being more capable to provide a highly efficient plasma jet.

En framtida alternativ framdrivningsmetod av fartyg skulle kunna vara en ångjetstråle som expanderas via en ejektor. Syftet med studien var att utföra ett experiment med två olika typer av utloppsmunstycken på ejektorns diffusor, för att därigenom ta reda på vilken design som lämpar sig för denna framdrivningsmetod samt vilken tryckkraft som är möjlig att uppnå. Studiens resultat är tänkt att användas som underlag för fortsatta studier om fartygsframdrift med ångjetstråle via en ejektor, för att eventuellt kunna öka energieffektiviteten i jämförelse med dagens framdrivningsmetoder. Resultatet visar att en cirkulär strålbild ger högst tryckkraft trots ett lägre inloppstryck vid en vattentemperatur på 70 °C i jämförelse med en platt strålbild vid ett högre inloppstryck och samma temperatur. Experimentet gav ingen mätbar tryckkraft vid expansion av fuktig ånga med ett tryck på 3 MPa och en temperatur på 150 °C. / A future alternative propulsion method of ships could be a steam jet that is expanded via an ejector. The purpose of the study was to conduct an experiment on two different types of outlet nozzles on the diffuser of the ejector. This was carried out to find which design that is suitable for this propulsion method and what propulsion force that was possible to achieve. The result of the study was then thought to be used as a basis for further studies of steam jet propulsion through an ejector, to possibly increase the energy efficiency in comparison with today's propulsion methods. The result shows that a circular jet provides maximum propulsion force despite a lower inlet pressure and a water temperature at 70 °C in comparison with a flat jet at higher inlet pressures and equal temperature. The experiment gave no measurable propulsion force when expanding wet steam at a pressure of 3 MPa and a temperature at 150 °C.

Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing is a technology capable of mass manufacturing components with complicated geometry and coating substrates in hard-to-reach areas. In addition, cold spray also has the ability of conducting a green manufacturing process, with zero waste of renewable feed material, and zero gas and chemical emission. This paper investigates solely cold spray as an additive manufacturing technology with cork as the natural material. CFD results were used to predict the physical behavior of air and the cork particles. After unsuccessful coatings, final results showed that when moisture is added, cork is successfully cold sprayed, and agglomeration is experienced. Following these results, high speed camera and Hopkinson bar tests concluded that pressure is the only significant parameter that drastically effects the disposition quality of the cork coating. This is the first reported result of cork powder being cold sprayed, in addition to groundbreaking results of successfully coating an Aluminum substrate without a binder. Key words: cork, powder, additive manufacturing, natural materials, cold spray, binder, deposition efficiency, coating, high speed camera, Hopkinson bar.

Le prototypage virtuel des circuits pneumatiques de puissance, par exemple les circuits de freinage des véhicules industriels, constitue un enjeu important en raison de la complexité des écoulements en régime transsonique et des couplages entre les échelles locales et macroscopiques. Ces problèmes sont rencontrés lors de la conception, de la synthèse des commandes et de l'analyse des performances statiques et dynamiques de ces circuits et l'analyse. La mise au point des modèles numériques de ces systèmes induit des coûts et des temps importants par rapport à d'autres systèmes. La démarche proposée dans cette thèse repose sur la construction numérique de bases de données permettant de caractériser le comportement local et macroscopique d'un composant de circuit en fonction de la variation de certains paramètres physiques ou géométriques par rapport à un point de fonctionnement de référence. Les bases de données résultent de l'extrapolation de la solution des équations de Navier Stokes moyennées (RANS) pour le point de référence considéré obtenu à l'aide d’un logiciel de paramétrisation en mécanique des fluides (Turb’Opty). La contribution de cette thèse repose pour l'essentiel dans un travail d'analyse des solutions issues de la paramétrisation dans deux contextes différents: la tuyère De Laval et un élément "coude", des composants élémentaires de circuit. Nous avons montré que ces exemples "simples" conduisent déjà à des difficultés importantes en termes de paramétrisation du problème et du calcul des dérivées des champs aérodynamiques en raison de la taille du problème. Pour pallier cette difficulté, nous avons proposé de déraffiner le maillage et nous avons alors montré que cette démarche conduit parfois à déplacer ou à atténuer certains phénomènes (chocs). La deuxième contribution de ce travail repose sur l'évaluation de la qualité des solutions extrapolées, de leur domaine de validité et la construction des liens entre grandeurs locales et macroscopiques. Nous avons enfin proposé une démarche permettant de reconstruire la caractéristique en débit d'un composant à partir de la détermination de la solution extrapolée pour un nombre limité de points de référence. / Virtual prototyping pneumatic circuits for power transmission, for example braking circuits of trucks, is still a difficulty because of the complexity of the flow behavior in transonic conditions and of the coupling between local and macroscopic scales. These problems are met during system design, control synthesis and for static and dynamic performance analysis. Tuning accurate numerical models requires important costs and time when compared to other systems. The methodology proposed in this PhD thesis relies on numerically determining a data base that characterizes the local and macroscopic behavior of a circuit component according the variation from a reference point of some physical or geometrical parameters. The data bases are obtained from the extrapolation of the Mean Navier Stokes solution (RANS) for a given reference point with the help of a parametrization software dedicated to fluid mechanics (Turb'Flow). The main contribution of this thesis relies io the analysis of the solution obtained from the parametrization in two different cases: the De Laval nozzle and un "elbow" connecting element, which are elementary component in a circuit. We have shown that these two "simple" cases lead already to important difficulties in term of problem parametrization and calculation of the derivatives of the aerodynamic fields because of the problem dimension. In order to tackle this, we proposed to reduce the spatial discretization (mesh derefining) and we showed that this approach could sometimes lead to damp or move some phenomena (shocks). The second contribution of this work relies on evaluating the quality of the extrapolated solution and their validity domain, and on building links between local and macroscopic behavior. Finally, we proposed a method that allows the mass flow rate characteristic of a component to be determined from the calculation of the extrapolated solution issued from a limited number of reference points.

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No description available.

The diploma thesis describes design of bladeless machine known as a Tesla turbine. The work is divided into theoretical part, practical part involving the design and experimental measurements of made bladeless turbine and a final assessment of thesis. The theoretical part deals with the basic design features of bladeless machines and their design modifications and flow in the nozzles. Furthermore there is a dedicated part of the dynamics of working fluid in the rotor of bladeless turbine represented by CFD modeling. The practical part includes the design and construction of parts of the turbine on a preliminary calculation using an analytical model of the flow in the turbine. The designed turbine components were checked for operational safety with structural calculations of shaft and disk impeller. The thesis was also performed experimental measuring of parameters of designed bladeless turbine. Measured values were compared with the analytical model which predicted turbine efficiency. In conclusion, besides to assessment, thesis also outlines possible proposals for further improvements of constructed bladeless turbine.

Die Untersuchung der Reaktionen des Hydroxylradikals mit ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen (Ethin, Ethen, Propen und Isopren) bei tiefen Temperaturen spielt für das Verständnis der Chemie der Troposphäre eine bedeutende Rolle. Aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten können zunächst Informationen über die mechanistischen Details der Reaktionen abgeleitet werden. Dabei sind bimolekulare Geschwindigkeitskonstanten empfindlich auf Details der Potentialfläche in chemisch relevanten Energiebereichen.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden experimentelle Untersuchungen der Reaktionen des Hydroxylradikals (OH) mit verschiedenen ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen bei tiefen Temperaturen präsentiert. Die Abkühlung der Reaktanden auf bis zu 58K erfolgte durch die Expansion in einer Lavaldüse. Die Lavaldüse erzeugt einen in Temperatur, Dichte und Machzahl konstanten Strahl aus einem Trägergas (Stickstoff). OH- Radikale werden durch Laserphotolyse von Wasserstoffperoxid bei 193 nm und 248 nm erzeugt. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Hydroxylradikalkonzentration in einem Überschuss des Reaktionspartners wurde mit Hilfe der laserinduzierten Fluoreszenz (LIF) gemessen.Begleitend zu den experimentellen Studien wird eine Abschätzung der bestimmten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten nach dem Modell der statistischen adiabatischen Reaktionskanäle (SACM) durchgeführt. Die Eigenschaften der Edukte und Produkte wurden mit Hilfe von DFT-Methoden berechnet. Die bestimmten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten zwischen 60 und 300K erstrecken sich über zwei Größenordnungen zwischen 10-12 und 10-10 cm3s-1. Dabei ist eine systematische Zunahme der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten von Ethin nach Ethen, Propen und Isopren zu erkennen. Weiterhin wird für alle OH-Alken-Reaktionen (zumindest bis 100K) eine negative Temperaturabhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten beobachtet. Diese Tatsachen können durch die Annahme von langreichweitigen Multipol-Wechselwirkungen und den damit verbundenen weit außen liegenden Übergangszuständen der Reaktionen erklärt werden.Für die Reaktionen des OH-Radikals mit Ethin und Ethen wurden Hochdruckgrenzwerte der Reaktionen über die Schwingungsrelaxation des Hydroxylradikals ermittelt. Für die OH-Rekombinationsreaktion des Propens und besonders für Isopren wurde ein Absinken der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 100K gefunden. Ein Effekt, der möglicherweise mit dem Vorhandensein von intermediären Isomeren erklärt werden kann. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Reaktion OH + Ethin eine deutliche Barriere besitzt, die die geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit im Bereich zwischen 300 und 60K dominiert. Die Reaktion von OH und Ethen zeigt über den gesamten gemessenen Temperaturbereich eine negative Temperaturabhängigkeit.