Les observations et expériences ont montré que le dépôt d'aérosols pouvait entraîner une augmentation de la quantité de nutriments disponible et ainsi favoriser la production biologique de la mer Méditerranée. Dans ce contexte, cette étude propose pour la première fois une quantification des effets du dépôt d'aérosols en provenance de sources variées sur la biogéochimie de l'ensemble de la mer Méditerranée grâce à un modèle couplé physique-biogéochimie haute résolution NEMOMED12/PISCES. L'étude consiste à modéliser et analyser les effets du dépôt d'azote et de phosphate en provenance de sources naturelles et anthropiques sur la biogéochimie de la Méditerranée. Pour cela,des modèles atmosphériques régionaux et globaux permettant de représenter le dépôt d'aérosol ont été évalués et sélectionnés. Le modèle NEMOMED12/PISCES a été adapté pour prendre en compte ces nouvelles sources de nutriments. L'analyse des simulations a permis de montrer que le dépôt atmosphérique représente environ 10 % des apports externes totaux de nitrates et 5 à 30 % des apports de phosphate en moyenne sur l'ensemble du bassin. Le dépôt peut également entraîner une augmentation de la production biologique jusqu'à 50 % grâce à la levée des limitations en nutriments. Les effets des changements climatiques pourraient avoir des conséquences particulièrement importantes sur une région sensible comme la Méditerranée. C'est pourquoi les évolutions de la biogéochimie du bassin dans un scénario de changement climatique ont été évalués au cours de cette thèse. Pour cela, le modèle NEMOMED8/PISCES a été utilisé avec des forçages physiques et biogéochimiques qui correspondent au scénario d'évolution des conditions climatiques A2 du GIEC. Cette étude met en évidence une diminution de la productivité biologique de surface de 10 % en moyenne dans l'ensemble du bassin en réponse à l'échauffement et à la stratification. Les limitations en nutriments sont fortement modifiées et la sensibilité de la Méditerranée au dépôt atmosphérique de nutriments change. Les résultats de cette thèse soulignent l'importance de l'atmosphère comme source de nutriments et en particulier d'azote et de phosphate. Les effets du dépôt atmosphérique sont variables en fonction de la saison et de la localité du dépôt et ont tendance à être plus significatifs lorsque les eaux de surface sont limitées en nutriments. En n tout bouleversement de la productivité biologique est transmis rapidement le long de la chaîne trophique. Les résultats obtenus pourraient être précisés avec l'amélioration des modèles atmosphériques et l'obtention de nouvelles mesures de flux de dépôt et l'amélioration des connaissances sur les transformations physico-chimiques subies par les aérosols avant et après leur dépôt en milieu océanique. Par ailleurs, des scénarios plus précis concernant les changements climatiques sont nécessaires afin d'évaluer les évolutions des conditions biogéochimiques de la Méditerranée. Enfin, les récents développements du modèle PISCES peut à présent permettre d'étudier la Méditerranée dans un contexte non redfieldien. / Observations and experiments showed that aerosol deposition can increase the amount of bioavailable nutrients and favor biological production of the Mediterranean Sea. In this context, the present study yields for the first time a quantification of the effects of aerosol deposition from various sources thanks to the coupled physical-biogeochemical model NEMOMED12/PISCES. This study consists in modeling and analyzing the effects on the Mediterranean biogeochemistry of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphate from various natural and anthropogenic sources. For this purpose, regional and global atmospheric models representing aerosol deposition were evaluated and selected. The NEMOMED12/PISCES model was modified to take into account these new nutrient sources. The analysis of the simulations showed that atmospheric deposition accounts for approximately 10 % of total external nitrate supply and 5 to 30 % of phosphate supply on average over the entire basin. Aerosol deposition can also increase biological production up to 50 % thanks to the lowering of nutrient limitations. The maximal fertilizing effects are observed during the stratied period which, in the Mediterranean region, is summer. The effects of climate change may be particularly important in sensitive regions such as the Mediterranean. Therefore, the evolutions of basin scale biogeochemistry were evaluated under a climate change scenario. The NEMOMED8/PISCES model was used with physical and biogeochemical forcings for the IPCC A2 climate change scenario. This study shows a reduction in basin scale surface productivity by approximately 10 % triggered by warming and stratification. Nutrient limitations are modified and the Mediterranean Sea sensibility to atmospheric deposition changes. The results of this thesis underline the importance of atmosphere as a nutrient source, in particular for nitrogen and phosphate. Deposition effects vary according to the season and the location. They are more important during the stratied period, when surface water is nutrient limited. Also, any change in biological productivity is quickly transfered along the biological chain. To refine the results, the atmospheric models could be improved and more knowledge on deposition fluxes and physical and chemical transformations of aerosols before and after deposition would be necessary. Moreover, more precise scenarios concerning climate change effects would be necessary in order to study the future evolutions of biogeochemical conditions in the Mediterranean. Finally, the recent developments on the PISCES model make new studies possible in a non redfieldian context. Preliminary results indicate that the productivity of the different phytoplanktonic groups varies with intracellular C/N/P ratios.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Monitoring lake quality remotely offers an economically feasible approach as opposed to in-situ field data collection. Researchers have demonstrated that lake clarity can be successfully monitored through the analysis of remote sensing. Evaluating satellite imagery, as a means of water quality detection, offers a practical way to assess lake clarity across large areas, enabling researchers to conduct comparisons on a large spatial scale. Landsat data offers free access to frequent and recurring satellite images. This allows researchers the ability to make temporal comparisons regarding lake water quality. Lake water quality is related to turbidity which is associated with clarity. Lake clarity is a strong indicator of lake health and overall water quality. The possibility of detecting and monitoring lake clarity using Landsat8 mean brightness values is discussed in this report. Lake clarity is analyzed in three different reservoirs for this study; Brookeville, Geist, and Eagle Creek. In-situ measurements obtained from Brookeville Reservoir were used to calibrate reflectance from Landsat 8’s Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite. Results indicated a correlation between turbidity and brightness values, which are highly correlated in algal dominated lakes.

No description available.

The Gulf of Bothnia consists of two sub-basins in the northern Baltic Sea: the Bothnian Sea (salinity 4-5‰) and Bothnian Bay (salinity 2-3‰). Changing nutrient concentrations and signs of eutrophication has recently been observed in the Gulf of Bothnia. Many rivers enter this sea area, and potentially river inflows constitute a source of nutrient pollution via waste-water emissions. The aim of this study was to elucidate effects of waste-water emissions in four rivers in northern Sweden, Luleå, Skellefteå, Umeå and Söderhamn. My approach was to compare nutrient concentrations at upstream and downstream sampling stations related to the position of waste-water treatment plants. Temporal data from 2006 to 2021 were used and statistically analyzed using non-parametric tests to establish spatial and temporal patterns for nutrient discharged to the coast. The results showed that there are statistically differences in dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in the form of phosphate (PO4), ammonia (NH4) and total nitrogen (TotN) between the upstream and downstream of Luleå and Umeå wastewater treatment plants. No statistically significant differences were observed in the upstream and downstream data for Söderhamn and Skellefteå. This suggest that better management and mitigation of nutrient loading from wastewater treatment plants that serve higher populations is paramount to achieve the zero-eutrophication goal in the Gulf of Bothnia.

No description available.

Aspen is a key resource in the Rocky Mountain Region for wildlife forage and habitat, lumber products, scenery, and plays important roles in fire ecology and hydrological processes. There is evidence of aspen decline over much of the Intermountain West for approximately 100 years. In Dixie and Fishlake National Forests, UT, aspen distribution has decreased by nearly half. Causes of this decline are not well understood, although wildlife browsing by ungulates has been implicated as playing a major role. The objective of this research was to examine what soil or plant factors might be involved in wildlife browse choice in aspen. Twenty-two pairs of moderately and intensively browsed sites were studied to identify factors related to browse preferences over two field seasons. In the summer of 2008, sites were sampled in June, July, and August, and in the summer of 2009 sites were sampled in August only. Soils were analyzed for pH, EC, total nitrogen and carbon, and mineral nutrients. Leaf tissue samples were analyzed for defense chemical (tannin and phenolic glycoside) concentrations, mineral nutrients (via acid digestion), acid-detergent fiber, water content, carbon:nitrogen ratio, and non-structural carbohydrate (sugar) concentration. No significant difference in phenolic glycoside concentrations between moderately and intensively browsed sites was found. Tannins were highest in sites with intensive levels of browsing. Iron was significantly higher and zinc lower in intensively than moderately browsed sites. Leaf moisture was also significantly lower in intensively browsed sites. In the absence of differences in phenolic glycosides, ungulates may be selecting browse sites based on iron requirements. Seasonal changes in the studied factors could be identified in 2008. Over the course of the summer, we found significant decreases in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, phenolic glycosides, and moisture concentration. Seasonal increases in calcium, sodium, tannins, sugars, acid-detergent fiber, and carbon:nitrogen ratios were observed. The need for large ungulates to obtain specific nutrients may indicate that aspen is in higher demand as a forage at different times of the year, particularly in areas with forages low in these nutrients. Our data suggest that aspen high in iron may be at risk since other factors explaining browsing choice were not significantly different in our study. This information can help identify clones that are at risk and direct resources where and when they are needed most.

Throughout Central Florida surface water and ground water are decreasing in quantity and quality in part because of excess Nitrate and Phosphorus nutrients. Stormwater runoff serves as a medium for transport of Nitrate and Phosphorus to surface water and ground water. The goal of this experiment is assess the Nitrate and Phosphorus removal in stormwater using select media. The results of a literature search, batch test experimentation and column test experimentation are used to determine an optimal media blend that may be implemented in detention ponds to reduce Nitrate and Phosphorus. The extensive literature search revealed 32 different media that may be used to remove Nitrate and Phosphorus. Each potential media was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated based on 5 criteria: 1) relevance, 2) permeability, 3) cost, 4) availability in Florida, and 5) additional environmental benefit. The top 7 performing media: Florida peat, sandy loam, woodchips, crushed oyster shell; crushed limestone, tire crumb and sawdust were selected for batch test experimentation. The aerobic conditions in batch test experimentation prohibited the growth of denitrifying bacteria, therefore media mixes were selected for column test experimentation based on Ammonia and Orthophosphate concentrations. Batch test experimentation showed the most effective media to be 50% sand, 30% tire crumb, 20% sawdust by weight (media mix 1) and 50% sand, 25% sawdust, 15% tire crumb, 10% limestone by weight (media mix 2). Media mix 1, media mix 2 and a control are tested in column test experimentation, where the control is site soil from Hunters Trace development in Ocala, Florida. Column test experimentation models a dry detention pond where water passes through a 48 inch unsaturated zone then a 48 inch saturated zone. To test Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal potential, pond water augmented with Nitrate (0.38, 1.26, 2.5 mg/L NO3-N) and Orthophosphate (0.125, 0.361, 0.785 mg/L PO4-P) was pumped into the columns. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 outperformed the control in both Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 had Nitrate removal efficiencies ranging from 60% to 99% and the control had Nitrate removal efficiencies ranging from 38%-80%. Media mix 1 and media mix 2 averaged Orthophosphate removal efficiencies ranging from approximately 42% to 67%. For every run in every influent Orthophosphate concentration the saturated control added Orthophosphate to the water. The Nitrate and Orthophosphate removal performances for media mix 1 and media mix 2 could not be directly compared because of different influent saturated nutrient concentrations.

In recent years the nutrient levels of the Upper Floridan aquifer have been increasing (USGS, 2008). An example of this is found in Ocala, Florida where Silver Springs nitrate concentrations have risen from 0.5 mg/L in the 1960 s to approximately 1.0 mg/L in 2003 (Phelps, 2004). Because stormwater is a contributor to surficial and groundwater aquifer recharge, there is an increasing need for methods that decrease nitrogen and phosphorus levels. A laboratory column study was conducted to simulate a retention pond with saturated soil conditions. The objectives of the column studies reported in this thesis were to investigate the capabilities of a natural soil and soil augmentations to remove nitrogen and phosphorus for a range of concentrations at three different temperatures. An analytical attempt to model the columns through low order reaction kinetics and derive the corresponding temperature conversion constant to relate the rate constants is also presented. The Media Mixes were selected through a process of research, preliminary batch testing and then implemented in column studies. Three columns measuring three feet in length and 6 inches outer diameter were packed with a control and two media mixes. Media Mix 1 consisted of 50% fine sand, 30% tire crumb, 20% sawdust by weight and Media Mix 2 consisted of 50% fine sand, 25% sawdust, 15% tire crumb, 10% limestone by weight. The control column was packed with natural soil from Hunter s Trace retention pond located in Ocala, Florida. The reaction rates for nitrate are best modeled as first order for Media Mix 1, and zero order for the Control and Media Mix 2. The reaction rates for orthophosphate are best modeled as zero order, second order and first order for the Control, Media Mix 1, and Media Mix 2 respectively. The best overall media for both nitrate and orthophosphate removal from this study would be Media Mix 1. Media Mix 2 does have the highest average orthophosphate removal of all the mixes for all of the temperatures; however Media Mix 1 outperforms Mix 2 for the other two temperatures. The best column for Nitrate removal is the Media Mix 1 column. The temperature conversion factors for nitrate were found to be 1.11, 1.1, and 1.01 for Media Mix 1, the Control and Media Mix 2 respectively. The temperature conversion factors for orthophosphate were found to be 1.02, 0.99, and 0.95. As well as temperature conversion factors, the activation energies and frequency factors for the Arrhenius Equation were investigated. Average values corresponding to each column, species, and temperature would be inaccurate due to the large variation in calculated values.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">Excess nitrogen loading to surface waters and groundwater from intensive agriculture threatens human and ecosystem health and economic prosperity within and downstream of the Mississippi River Basin. Restoring wetlands and floodplains reduces nitrogen export, but nitrogen export from the Mississippi River Basin remains elevated. Engineering restored wetlands and floodplains to have higher areal denitrification rates is necessary to advance toward nitrogen reduction goals. Environmental controls of denitrification in restored ecosystems must be further investigated to determine under what conditions denitrification is highest and to link these optimal conditions to restoration approaches. Yet, restoration efforts to reduce nitrogen export may inadvertently increase phosphorus export and greenhouse gas emissions. We evaluated different restoration design approaches and identified environmental controls of denitrification, phosphorus release, and greenhouse gas production to advance knowledge of how floodplain and wetland restorations can be designed and managed to maximize denitrification while also constraining phosphorus release and greenhouse gas production. Comparisons of different restoration design approaches in the Wabash River Basin in Indiana, U.S.A., demonstrated that a hydrologically connected floodplain with row crop agriculture provides limited N treatment. Floodplain restorations that involved structural modifications to enhance hydrologic connectivity supported higher denitrification than restorations that only reestablished native vegetation. Investigations of the plot- and field-scale drivers of denitrification indicated that enhanced hydrologic connectivity and specific native wetland and prairie vegetation types were associated with soil conditions that supported high denitrification potential, mainly sufficient soil moisture and bioavailable organic matter. These same soil conditions were associated with increased risks of phosphorus release and greenhouse gas production. However, artificial flooding experiments showed that preventing prolonged flooding has a strong potential to reduce phosphorus export from floodplains with limited impacts on nitrogen treatment. Microcosm experiments with plant litter and wetland soils indicated that certain wetland vegetation types may reduce greenhouse gas production without sacrificing nitrogen removal capacity based on differences in plant biomass composition.</p>