In the past few decades, the cities of Indonesia have experienced rapid development, with the transformation sometimes leading to improvements but often having a devastating impact on the urban environment. A worrying trend has been the reduction of the role of urban traditional streets in Indonesia as mixed-use and vibrant public places to become purely channels of movement, especially for car-based traffic. For this reason, this research focuses on assessing the quality of traditional streets in Indonesia and is being conducted before they disappear as a result of rapid development in urban areas. The primary aim of the research is to demonstrate the role of traditional streets in shaping the urban environment and urban public life. In this context, the research focuses on critically examining the distinctive characteristics of such streets through street quality indicators that have been developed in urban design discourses. A qualitative inquiry is chosen as the main research method with multiple case studies and a research strategy based on research questions, research knowledge, and expertise. The techniques to gain data were field observations (walk-by observations, pedestrian counts, and behavioural mapping) and in-depth interviews. The analysis procedure was a rationale-inductive method and relied on the data from the field work as the emerging information (data-led analysis). The research concludes that there are five major characteristics of traditional streets that play important roles to support urban public life; these are: the physical and visual quality of the street; traditional street as mixed-use urban space; as multi-cultural urban space; as a cultural path and public space of the city; and traditional street activities as intangible culture. The results of the study confirm the earlier findings that suggest that Asian street are vibrant places with mixed-use pavements that contribute significantly to the vibrancy of the city. This study adds to the knowledge of the potential of the traditional street in Indonesia as one of the primary urban spaces, as public space, as creative space, as cultural space, and as urban heritage that should be safeguarded and conserved for its outstanding value not only for its architectural diversity, but also for its intangible cultures. The research also recognises the important role of traditional streets in Indonesia to the contemporary city. The recognition of the integral entity of these streets including their economic, social, and the cultural life of the surrounding context have led to a better understanding in terms of research and can be part of the foundation to formulate better policy and design intervention for the future of Indonesian cities.

Space heating in domestic buildings accounts for roughly one-fifth of UK greenhouse gas emissions. There are roughly 11 million homes in the UK potentially suitable for solid wall insulation (including hard-to-treat cavity constructions). Remarkably, approximately 97 per cent of homes built with solid walls have no wall insulation. Retrofitting these homes with insulation offers the potential to significantly reduce national greenhouse gas emissions while reducing expenditure on fuel, improving thermal comfort and realising numerous important associated benefits. This research began at the onset of an upsurge in national rates of solid wall insulation retrofit in 2011-2012. At that time, anecdotal reports pointed toward a legacy of poor practices and continued problems in the retrofit industry. A literature review outlines knowledge about the risks of performance gaps and unintended consequences. Participant and non-participant observation, site inspection and qualitative study are employed in area-based retrofit projects and across a variety of related settings. Analysis interprets observations against a range of existing theory and develops new theoretical insights. Findings convey an understanding of a subset of the landscape in which retrofitting occurs and identify a number of challenges to improving practice. The perspectives of installers, managers, trainers and a range of professionals are reported. The research suggests that unintended consequences are likely to result from many observed practices and cautions that if these practices are typical of wider realities and remain unchanged, then serious problems may be propagated across many projects if growth in retrofitting continues as expected. Findings identify factors of quality in retrofits ranging from construction management, training, certification, technology, identity and motivation, and government policy instruments. Emerging from the research is a definition of ‘quality’ against which retrofits can be evaluated. This forms the basis for evaluation of a number of proposed interventions and routes to improved practice.

This empirical research explores secondary behavioural effects after energy efficiency improvements are carried out in residential properties. Three field studies were carried out to provide an original contribution to knowledge about rebound effects, behavioural spillover and the psychological constructs that may contribute to changes in behaviour after energy efficiency improvements are carried out in real-life settings. In the first two studies, residents in economically deprived communities in Wales who had energy efficiency improvements under the Arbed scheme were invited to complete a self-reported questionnaire about their behaviours, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and self-identity. The Arbed scheme was set up by the Welsh Government to provide home energy efficiency and renewable microgeneration measures for low-income and fuel-poor households in Wales. Residents from nearby communities served as a control for these studies. The first study was cross-sectional and explored whether there were any associations between energy efficiency measures and other energy-related measures. The second study was a longitudinal study and the occupants filled in the questionnaire both before and after the energy efficiency measures were installed. This study particularly explored whether the energy efficiency measures would lead to changes in other energy related behaviours. The results from both studies found no evidence of changes in other energy-related behaviours, suggesting positive spillover did not occur, but changes were found in some of the measured psychological constructs. Self-reported environmental identity increased for the energy efficiency improvement group after the measures were installed. For the third study, utility meter readings and indoor air temperatures were taken for a sub-sample of the occupants both before and after the energy efficiency measures were installed. There were few differences found between the two groups for indoor air temperature, but the energy efficiency improvement group was found to use less energy after the measures were installed. The actual energy saved for the energy efficiency improvement group was however lower than predicted and a rebound effect of 54% was calculated. This research is one of the few field studies in this area. The findings from the three studies suggest that after energy efficiency improvements are installed, the occupants may take back some, if not a considerable amount, of the potential energy savings to improve their thermal comfort. The findings also provide an indication that psychological mechanisms may change after energy efficiency measures are installed.

During the last two or three decades, when so much publicity was given to our doubtful future on this planet, thinking of nature and concern about environment became an important issue all over the world. Rapid developments in different fields: industry, transportation, communication, and construction, caused radical environmental changes. This affected atmosphere components and the vegetation cover, which may change the balance of environment causing natural resources depletion. Architecture plays an important role in this earth environmental crisis due to the great amount of consumed resources and waste and emissions released. Sustainable development, based on the definition of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), is to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987, P.9). This definition refers to the significance of changing the way we live and build to respect environment through efficient use of natural and renewable resources without damaging the nature or affecting the environment. In the past, when the building envelope was the main element man used to protect himself from a harsh climate, he had to depend on passive energy and natural resources, such as sun, wind and earth. Passive energy involves the use of natural energy sources for environmental, healthy, and economical reasons in our buildings. Traditional architecture, in the Arab world, represents a living witness for the suitability of this architecture to the local environment, which incorporated the essence of sustainable architecture. This research is concerned on identifying the sustainability potential inherent within one type of traditional architecture: the house, where the family spends most of its time for living and doing private activities. The house was the oasis of the family in the middle of the hot desert climate that characterizes most of the Arab world region. The accommodation of the house with the ambient environment was achieved using natural resources in sustainable approaches. There was an efficient interaction between architecture and natural resources as sun, wind, high seasonal & daily temperature fluctuation, site topography, available building materials and cultural values.

In Ireland many people live in homes that are rurally located and not connected to public wastewater treatment systems. Where this is the case, the treatment of the wastewater produced must be undertaken by a private on-site wastewater treatment system (OSWTS). Properly built and maintained private on-site wastewater treatment systems can treat effluent in an ecologically sound manner and return the water to the environment. Nevertheless, inappropriately designed, installed and maintained systems can lead to the contamination of ground and surface water resources (Gray 1994; Daly, 2001; Flynn & Kroger, 2003; Gray, 2004; Gill et al, 2005; EPA, 2008; Daly & Craig, 2009 & Gormley, 2009). Such contamination can lead to significant threats to human health as well environmental degradation. The very high dependence by Ireland on these OSWTS’s for domestic wastewater treatment means that it is imperative that the performance and management of the systems is effective and robust. Unfortunately however there is evidence that a huge proportion of OSWTS’s are poorly managed, maintained and operated (EU, 2008; IOWA 2012 & GSI, 2013). This poor performance and management of OSWTS’s has resulted in significant prosecutions and fines for Ireland by the EU with clear and unambiguous conditions set down for what Ireland needs to do to avoid further sanctions. The existing legislation in Ireland for OSWTS’s and some recent amendments as a consequence of the prosecutions by the EU have made it very clear that the ultimate responsility lies with the homeowner for their wastewater treatment system. Provision is made in the legislation for a new inspection reigeme that will seek to identify pollution from OSWTS’s and attempt to mitigate the contamination of ground and surface waters in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). This new inspection reigeme and the revisions to the legislation are required for Ireland to comply with the directions of the ECJ ruling (C188-08) in relation to OSWTS’s and so that the daily fines being imposed against Ireland are suspended. There has been little time available on foot of the ECJ (2008) ruling to educate homeowners on how they should be properly managing and maintaining their OSWTS’s to ensure that they operating effectively and efficiently. Existing research has identified that even where homeowners are aware of their responsibilities towards their OSWTS that they tend not to care with an ‘out of sight out of mind attitude (Gray, 2004). Clearly therefore the issue facing Ireland is not just a knowledge deficiency towards OSWTS’s but also a beahavioural change issue where people tend not to care about how their OSWTS performs. This thesis will examine the evolution of legislation in Ireland relating to OSWTS’s and how circumstances have led to the prosecution of Ireland (ECJ, 2009) for non compliance with the relevant EU Directives. Comprehensive literature reviews will outline existing research undertaken on the contamination of water resources by OSWTS in Ireland and also on techniques that could be utilised to educate homeowners on what they need to do to ensure that their individual wastewater treatment system is compliant with the relevant legislation. The research will adopt a number of research methods such as questionnaires and interviews to collect the data that is required to determine the knowledge that homeowners require about their OSWTS and this will shape the homeowner knowledge model that is to be developed. The publication of the research findings will inform the wastewater industry and the legislature of the key areas where homeowners are deficient in knowedge and understanding towards their OSWTS. These findings will also shape the knowledge model that will seek to address the knowledge and behavioural defieiciences that have led to Ireland being in the precarious position that it now finds itself in from the pollution, contamination and health threats associated with poorly performing and managed OSWTS’s. The implication of having relevant information and a clear understanding of where Ireland currently stands in relation the homowners and their interaction with their OSWTS’s will be of benefit to a whole range of sectors such as academia, industry, local authorities and the EPA. An accurate diagnosis of the problems relating to homeowner knowledge and behaiviour towards OSWTS’s will provide a framework to develop a lasting solution that will help in addressing pollution, groundwater contamination and the associated health risks from poorly constructed, managed and functioning OSWTS’s.

City beautification was the fundamental purpose of urban design at the time it was introduced as a separate profession. Over time, the scope and objectives of urban design have changed. Today, urban design plays a key role in the creation of sustainable urban environments in terms of the 'triple bottom line', that encompasses the three dimensions of life–economics; social and environmental sustainability. Therefore, today, urban design seeks to enhance the life of the city and its inhabitants in socio-economic and environmental terms. Even though urban design has a wider scope for achieving sustainability on all its three fronts, the current process of urban design has often become an obstacle to attaining this scope. The current urban design process is top-down, i.e., generally the urban designers or planners design the urban environment and at a later stage the community may have some involvement. There are serious criticisms of this process as it may not touch the “ground” level community, and therefore, there is a serious risk these projects will fail to create sustainable environments. Accordingly, in order to overcome the drawbacks of the current top-down process, researches have discussed implementing a bottom-up process. A bottomup urban design process will give prominence to the local community in the urban design process and it will assist in the identification of locally significant factors and the exact problems and issues within the area which will then ensure that the urban design solutions will address the sustainability issues. However, it is found that the bottom-up urban design process has its own negative features which can adversely affect the creation of sustainable urban designs. In the meantime, it is discovered that the current top-down urban design process has many positive features which can positively assist for the creation of sustainable urban designs. Accordingly, it is illustrated that neither the current top-down process nor the suggested bottom-up process will address the critical issues for achieving the current scope of urban design and, therefore, a ‘balanced’ community embedded urban design process was required to overcome the current research gap. This research used the ‘onion’ methodological framework and the research strategy was case study. Two live neighbourhood urban design projects in North West England were used as the case studies and the key data collection methods were semi structured interviews, focus group discussions and non- participant observation. The analysis resulted to derive 07 key factors from the case study 01 and 10 key factors from the case study 02 and these key factors were further analysed in order to develop components for two initial urban design process frameworks from the two case studies. Thereafter, the data were triangulated and the new urban design process framework was developed. Finally, at the latter stage of the research, the new urban design framework was validated via experts in urban design. Accordingly, this research developed a new community embedded and balanced urban design process framework to replace the current standard top-down process to produce sustainable urban design solutions in a neighbourhood context in UK.

No description available.

Orientador: Frederic C. Strong / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T17:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_LuciaMariaValente_M.pdf: 3007257 bytes, checksum: afc9d1b5eb79d25d7b113361ee77c128 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1978 / Resumo: Pouco tem sido pesquisado a respeito de complexos de cobre e açúcares. O interesse por complexos de açúcares e metais tem aumentado nas áreas de química e bioquímica devido à necessidade de entender melhor as reações que ocorrem ao nível celular e em outros sistemas complexos tais como alimentos- Os poucos trabalhos realizados sobre complexos de cobre e açúcares envolvem, com uma exceção, soluções cuproamoniacais aquosas. Sabe-se no entanto que uma parcela importante das trocas celulares tem lugar em ambiente não aquoso. Há também uma escassez na literatura de informações de como esses complexos são formados e sobre suas proprieda des físicas e químicas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento de dez açúcares e um poliálcool, diante de carbonato básico de cobre, em meio aleólico-aquoso e alcalino. Para tanto foram medidas as absorbâncias das soluções dos complexos em diferentes concentrações de hidróxido de sódio. O teor de cobre nestas soluções foi determinado e a relação cobre-açúcar encontrada foi com parada cora as observações feitas com os modeles atômicos. Constantes de estabilidade foram calculadas para comparar a afinidade dos açucares pelo cobre. Em dois casos, glucose e manitol, os complexos foram isolados, analisados para cobra e sódio e o espectro infravermelho registrado. Os teores de cobre por molécula de açúcar, quando correlacionados com modelos, mostram que qualquer par de oxidrilas, vizinhas ou não, pode quelar o cobre, desde que estejam suficientemente próximas e que não haja impedimento estérico. Os pares constituí dos por oxidrilas secundárias intra-resíduo o fazem com mais facilidade e mais fortemente. Os pares de oxidrilas secundárias in ter-resíduos e de oxidrilas primárias intra e inter-resíduos,com mais dificuldade e menos estabilidade. As constantes de estabilidade para os complexos formados indicam a seguinte ordem crescente de afinidade pelo cobre: celobiose, ra finose, glucose, lactose, galactose, maltose , sacarose, manitol, t-sorbose, frutose e manose. 0 complexo de glucose e cobre isola do a 0,050 e 0,100 N NaOH e o do manitol e cobre isolado a 0,100 N NaOH apresentaram teores de cobre de 36,07, 37,16 e 43,461 respectivamente. Os espectros infravermelhos destes complexos mostraram-se bastante semelhantes entre sí e contrastantes com os espectros dos açúcares originais. Os primeiros exibiram bandas comuns em 3400, 2910, 1595, 1030, 900 e 765 cm. As bandas de 1375 e 1030, cm'1 foram atribuídas, respectivamente, a uma não re solução das bandas de deformação dos grupos C-O e a uma não resolução das bandas de estiramento dos grupos C-O / Abstract: Little research has been conducted on sugar-copper complexes. Workers in chemical and biochemical areas have shown increasing interest in sugarmetal complexes in the last decade. The reason behind this interest is the need to better understand the reactions which take place at cell level and in other complex systems such as foods. The rather few works on sugar-copper complexes which have been conducted involved, with one exception, aqueous cuprammonium solutions. It is known however that a large proportion of cell exchanges takes place in non-aqueous media. There is also a lack of information in the literature on how these complexes are formed and on their physical and chemical properties. The present work has the objective of observing the behavior of ten sugars and a polyslcohol in the presence of basic copper carbonate in alkaline alcoholic-aqueous media. With this purpose, the solutions of the complexes at different NaOH concentrations have been measured for absorbance. Also.- the copper content has been determined and the ratio of copper atoms to sugar molecule correlated with the observations made with the models of the complexes. Constants of stability were calculated to compare the affinity of the different sugars for the copper. In two cases, glucose and manitol, the complexes were isolated, analyzed for copper and sodium and the infrared spectra recorded. Studying the capacity of the sugar molecules for copper with models showed that probably any hydroxy1 pair, neighboring or not, can chelate the copper, provided that they are sufficiently clos^ and that no steric hindrance exists. The pairs consisting of secondary intra-residue hydroxyls link thesiselves mores easily and strongly to the copper. The pairs involving inter-residue secondary hydroxyls and intra or inter-residue primary hydroxyls do so with greater difficulty and less stability. The calculated stability constants for the copper-sugar complexes indicate the following increasing order of affinity for the copper cellobiose ,raffinose, glucose, lactose , galactose , maltose, sucrose mannitol,L-sorbose, frutose e marmose.The copper content of the glucose-copper compound isolated at 0,050 and 0,100 N NaOK and of the manitol-copper compound isolated at 0,100 N NaOH were 36,07, 37,16 and 43,46 respectively. Their infrared spectra resembled each other closely and differed considerably from the spectra of the original sugars. The former spectra had bands at 3400, 2910, 1595, 1375, 1030, 900 and 765 cm-1. The hands at 1375 and 1030 were attributed respectively to non-resolution of the bands due to bending of the C-O group and to non-resolution of the bands due to stretching of the C-O groups / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Ivanhoe Rodrigues Baracho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T17:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_ReginaTeresaRosim_M.pdf: 5982921 bytes, checksum: 951713b052177b5e226d3aa38fcf989b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1979 / Resumo: No presente trabalho estudou-se os efeitos dos fungicidas Benlate, Demosan 65W e Dithane M22, em linhagens de fusarium moniliforme e F. moniliforme var. subglutinans. Organizou-se um grupo de seis tabelas que permitem determinar com facilidades e rapidez as doses letais 'DL IND. 50¿, 'DL IND. 70¿ e 'DL IND. 95¿ e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança. Seis conjuntos de dados de pesquisadores diferentes foram testados com essas tabelas e os resultados comparados com os obtidos por outros métodos de determinação de doses letais, tais como: próbite, lógite, Reed & muench, Thompson, Piedrabuena e de Baracho & Piedrabuena. Examinando-se os resultados de determinação dos níveis de resistência através da técnica de ¿inoculação por picada¿, para os três tóxicos ensaiados, observa-se que F. moniliforme var. subglutinans comporta-se de maneira diferente da de F. moniliforme. Com relação a Dithane M-22, os experimentos mostraram uma resposta atípica nas diferentes dosagens. Essas respostas atípicas talvez se relacionem com um possível efeito mutagênico do Dithane M-22. Quanto ao uso das tabelas aqui apresentadas, podemos concluir que, apesar das restrições discutidas no trabalho, sua aplicação a doses letais em microorganismos parece aceitável, não apenas pela simplificação e rapidez dos cálculos, mas também porque o grau de precisão parece ser compatível com a natureza destes tipos de experimentos em microrganismos / Abstract: A study was carried out to analyse the effects of the three fungicides Benlate, Demosan 65W and Dithane M-22 in strains of Fusarium moniliforme and F. moniliforme var. subglutinans. A group of six tables was prepaired allowing rapid determination of the lethal doses 'LD IND. 50¿, 'LD IND. 70¿ and 'LD IND. 95¿ and their respective confidence intervals, with a minimum of time-consuming calculations. These were used on six sets of data from different authors and the results were compared with data of other methods of determining lethal doses such as: proibit, logit, Reed & Muench, Thompson, Piedrabuena and Barachos & Piedrabuena. The results of the resistance levels determined by measuring radial growth on PDA media for the three toxicants assyed, indicated that F. moniliforme behaves different by from F. moniliforme var. subglutinans. In relation to Dithane M-22, the experiments showed an atypical response to the different dosages. This response could be attributed to a possible mutagenic effect of Dithane M-22. from the proposed tables, it can be concluded that, in spite of some restrictions which are discussed in the paper, their application to lethal doses for microorganism seems acceptable, the simplification of the analysis, as well as the degrees of precision obtained appear to be compatible with the nature of this type of experiment in microorganisms / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador: Simonides Consani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T20:11:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RenatoCastrode_M.pdf: 2640693 bytes, checksum: c7b56d1eaee42a2c931ee99ed8ea4159 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar, "i n vitro", as forças de tração, exercidas por 11 cadeias elastoméricas de fabricação brasileiras (Tecnident), nas diferentes cores encontradas no mercado, em função do tempo de distensão. As amostras foram constituídas de 10 módulos, de 4 anéis, para cada cor, selecionados ao acaso. Os módulos foram distendidos a distância (Suíça), constante de força de tração, dinamômetro Correx intervalos de tempo: inicial, 1 hora, 6 horas, 12 horas, 24 horas, 72 horas, 1 semana, 2 semanas, 3 semanas e 4 semanas. Os resultados mostraram que as cadeias elastoméricas se comportaram, diferentemente entre si quanto à força de tração, varia.ndo de intensidade conforme a sua cor. Assim, a força ini.cial variou de 471,0 gramas (azul escuro) a. 317,0 gramas (verde claro) e a força remanescente, ao final de 4 semanas de teste, variou de 279,5 gramas (verde escuro) a 119,5 gramas (verde claro). 54 de 25 mm e as leituras efetuadas com um obedeceram a 10 Ao final de 4 semanas de teste, a maior porcentagem de força remanescente foi apresentada pelo elastômero de cor cinza, com 76,69%, enquanto a menor foi apresentada pelo elastômero de cor verde claro, com apenas 37,69% de força remanescente.Portanto, após a análise estatística dos resultados, foi possível concluir, que a pigmentação adicionada às cadeias elastoméricas interferiu, diretamente, no desempenho de força de tração após distenção / Abstract: This work has as goal to check "ia vitro" the traction force performed by 11 Brazilian elastomeric chains (Tecnident) in different colors met in the market, in function of distension time. The samples were made from 10 modules of 4 rings for each calor, selected by chance. The modules were pulled to a constant distance of 25 mm and the traction force readings, perfomed as a Correx (Swiss) dynamometer, obeyed the 10 time break: initial, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 haurs, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks. The results showed that the elastomeric chains behawed differently among themselves, as the traction force, varying from intensity, depending of its colar. In this way, the initial force varied 57 from 471,0 gram (light blue) to 317,0 gram (light green) and the remainig force in the end of 4 week's test varied fram 279,5 gram (dark green) to 119,5 gram (light green). At the end of 4 week's test, the percentage of remaining force was introduced by the elastomer of grey color with 76,96% while smallest was introduced by the elastomer of light green color, with just 37,69% of remaining force. Therefore soon after the statistical analyse of results was possible to conclude that the added pigmentation to the elastomeric chain interfered directly in the development of traction force after distension / Mestrado / Ortodontia / Mestre em Ciências