Orientador : Valdecir Farias Ximenes / Coorientador: Luiz Marcos da Fonseca / Banca: Patricia Palmeira Daenekas Jorge / Banca: Alexander Batista Duharte / Banca: Maria Luiza Zeraik / Banca: Alexandra Ivo de Medeiros / Resumo: Nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato (NADPH) oxidases são complexos multienzimáticos associados à membrana celular cuja principal função é catalisar a redução de oxigênio molecular a ânion superóxido (O2 •-). Em leucócitos, este é o mecanismo primário pelo qual estas células produzem espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), as quais estão envolvidas tanto nos mecanismos de defesa imune inato, quanto em processos oxidativos deletérios característicos de muitas patologias de cunho crônico inflamatório. Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados obtidos e proposta de mecanismo de inibição do complexo NADPH oxidase por um conjunto de ésteres alquílicos sintéticos derivados do ácido protocatecúico, sendo este último um ácido fenólico presente em diversas plantas e com destacada capacidade antiradicalar. Nossa hipótese foi de que o aumento da hidrofobicidade provocado pela esterificação do ácido protocatecúico poderia facilitar o seu acesso à membrana celular e assim alterar seus efeitos biológicos. Esta hipótese se confirmou, pois muito mais do que melhorar a sua capacidade anti-radicalar (modelos in vitro), a esterificação provocou uma melhora significativa na capacidade de inibição do complexo NADPH oxidase em leucócitos (modelos ex vivo). Este efeito se propagou às EROs decorrentes de ânion superóxido e produzidas por leucócitos como peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido hipocloroso, sem entretanto alterar a sua capacidade fagocítica. Cabe frisar que não se trata de ação supressora sobre estas EROs, mas sim efetiva inibição de sua formação, o que foi demonstrado pelos diversos controles empregados. A esterificação do ácido protocatecúico também causou efetiva melhora na capacidade deste como inibidor das citocinas TNF-a e IL-10 produzidas por leucócitos mononucleares de sangue periférico. Considerando a baixa toxicidade e baixo custo de síntese desses ésteres, propomos que os mesmos ... / Abstract: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases are multienzymatic complexes associated to the cell membranes whose main function is to catalyze the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2 •-). In leukocytes, this is the primary mechanism through which these cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are involved in both the innate immune defense mechanisms and deleterious oxidative processes, which characterizes many chronic inflammatory diseases. In this thesis we present the results and proposed mechanism of inhibition of the NADPH oxidase complex by a group of synthetic alkyl esters derived from protocatechuic acid, a phenolic acid present in many plants with detached antiradical capacity. Our hypothesis was that the increase in hydrophobicity caused by esterification of protocatechuic acid could facilitate their access to the cell membrane and thereby alter their biological effects. This hypothesis was confirmed, since not only its anti-radical activity was increased (in vitro models), but also caused a significant improvement in their ability to inhibit NADPH oxidase complex in leukocytes (ex vivo models). This effect has spread to ROS derived from superoxide anion and produced by leukocytes such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid, without altering their phagocytic capacity. It must be emphasize that the observed cellular effects were not due to simple suppressive action on ROS, but effective inhibition of its formation, which was demonstrated by the various control experiments. The esterification of protocatechuic acid also caused improvement in their capacity as inhibitor of TNF-a and IL-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Considering the low toxicity and low cost of synthesis of these esters, we suggest that they could be used in in vivo models as promising anti-inflammatory ... / Doutor

Orientador: Katashi Okoshi / Banca: Silméia Garcia Zanati Bazan / Banca: Marcos Ferreira Minicuci / Banca: Fábio Fernandes / Banca: Francis Lopes Pacagnelli / Resumo: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são a maior causa de invalidez e mortalidade em todo o mundo. Entre os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das DCV estão o diabetes mellitus (DM) e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Frequentemente, há co-existência de DM e HAS e isso ocasiona aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Os danos causados tanto pela HAS como pelo DM têm sido associados com o aumento do estresse oxidativo. A família de enzimas nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato (NADPH) oxidase constitui uma das principais fontes de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio no sistema cardiovascular. A apocinina (APO) tem sido caracterizada como um inibidor da NADPH oxidase desde a década de 1980. Apesar de evidências promissoras do uso da APO no tratamento de inúmeras doenças, há estudos questionando seu poder inibidor da NADPH oxidase. Além de controvérsias do uso da APO no bloqueio da NADPH oxidase em células não fagocíticas, poucos estudos avaliaram os efeitos desse bloqueio sobre o remodelamento cardíaco. Além disso, a escassez de informações é maior quando se associa HAS e DM. Portanto, o objetivo foi analisar a influência da inibição da NADPH oxidase por apocinina sobre o remodelamento cardíaco em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) com diabetes mellitus. Métodos: SHR, machos, com 7 meses de idade, foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (CTL, n=18), controle+apocinina (CTL+APO, n=18); diabético (DM, n=20) e diabético+apocinina (DM+APO, n=20). DM foi induzido por estreptozotocina (40 mg/kg, ip, dose única). Os grupos CTL+APO e DM+APO receberam APO (16 mg/kg/dia, diluída na água dos animais) durante 8 semanas. A avaliação estrutural e funcional in vivo do coração foi realizada por meio do ecocardiograma. O estudo funcional in vitro foi realizado pela técnica do músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Para análise estrutural in vitro, foram medidos os... / Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and arterial hypertension (AH) are the main risk factors for the development of CVD. The coexistence of diabetes and hypertension is common and leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Organs damage caused by hypertension and DM have been associated with increased oxidative stress. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzymes family is a major source of reactive oxygen species in the cardiovascular system. Apocynin (APO) has been characterized as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase since the 1980's decade. Despite promising evidence of APO in the treatment of many diseases, there are studies questioning its power as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. Besides controversies on the use of apocynin in blocking NADPH oxidase in non-phagocytic cells, few studies have evaluated the effects of its blockade on cardiac remodeling. In addition, there is a lack of information when AH and DM are associated. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the influence of NADPH oxidase inhibition by apocynin on cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with diabetes mellitus. Methods: Seven-month-old male SHR were divided into four groups: control (CTL, n=18); CTL+APO (n=18); DM (n=20); DM+APO (n=20). DM was induced by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, i.p., single dose). CTL+APO and DM+APO groups received APO (16 mg/kg/day, diluted in the water) for 8 weeks. In vivo cardiac structures and functions were assessed by echocardiogram. In vitro functional study was performed by left ventricular papillary muscle study. In vitro left ventricle (LV), right ventricle and atria weights were measured. Samples of these structures, liver and lung were used to calculate the wet/dry weight ratio. LV tissue samples were obtained to measure myocyte diameters, interstitial collagen fraction, and hydroxyproline concentration. Left ... / Doutor

Los tumores de mama pertenecen a un grupo de lesiones neoplásicas denominadas tumores desmoplásicos que, bajo la influencia de ciertos factores epiteliales, originan una estructura estromal rígida responsable de la consistencia dura de la masa tumoral. Este proceso fibrótico ocurre en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, es controlado por una forma de fibroblastos conocidos como miofibroblastos, o fibroblastos activados, y sus mecanismos son pobremente comprendidos. La activación del tejido estromal es una etapa fundamental en la progresión tumoral, permitiendo tanto la adquisición de propiedades malignas en células epiteliales, como la capacidad invasiva y metastásica. En esta memoria de título estudiamos la miodiferenciación de fibroblastos mamarios no tumorales RMF-EG, frente al estímulo de TGF-β1, secretado por células tumorales y que es abundante en el microambiente tumoral. Los resultados mostraron que 5ng/mL de TGF-β1 aumentó la expresión de actina α-SMA, marcador de miofibroblastos, y de CTGF, molécula asociada a diversos desórdenes fibróticos. A través del uso del inhibidor DPI y el knock-down de NOX4 demostramos que TGF-β1 promovió un ambiente oxidativo que favoreció la miodiferenciación fibroblástica de células RMF-EG. Determinamos también que TGF-β1 activó la ruta de señalización JNK1,2 y que esta activación era fundamental para el aumento de la expresión de CTGF, NOX4 y α-SMA. Estudiamos la influencia de la activación de esta ruta alternativa junto con el aumento del tenor oxidativo, sobre la activación de la ruta canónica Smad2,3. Los resultados mostraron que el aumento en la expresión de NOX4 y la fosforilación de JNK1,2 actuaban de manera sinérgica para activar la ruta Smad2,3. En conjunto, estos resultados demuestran que TGF-β1 provoca la miodiferenciación de fibroblastos no tumorales, a través de un mecanismo que requiere de la activación de JNK1,2, el aumento temprano de la expresión de CTGF y NOX4 con un consecuente aumento de los niveles intracelulares de ROS. / Memoria para optar al título de Bioquímico / Brest tumors belong to a group of neoplastic lesions known as desmoplastics or scirrhous tumors which, under the influence of tumor cell factors, originate a fibrous structure responsible for the hard consistency of the tumor mass. This fibrotic process occurs during early stages of the disease, it is orchestrated by activated fibroblast i.e. myofibroblast and its mechanisms are poorly understood. Activation of the stromal compartment is a critical step in tumor progression, enabling the epithelial acquisition of malignant properties, such as invasive and metastatic capacities. In the present study, we investigated the myofibroblastic differentiation of normal human mammary fibroblast RMF-EG, induced by TGF-β1, a growth factor secreted by tumor cells and abundant in tumor microenvironment. Our results reveal that a 5ng/mL TGF-β1 stimulus increased the expression of myofibroblast marker α-SMA and CTGF, a molecule associated to several fibrotic disorders. Using a NOX inhibitor (DPI) and a siRNA for NOX4, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 promoted an oxidative environment that favors myofibroblastic differentiation of RMF-EG cells. We also determined that TGF-β1-dependant activation of JNK1,2 was essential for CTGF, NOX4 and α-SMA increased expression. We assessed the influence of JNK1,2 activation and NOX4 activity on canonical Smad2,3 activation. Our results reveal that the TGF-β1-dependant increase of NOX4 expression and JNK1,2 phosphorylation induced a synergical activation of the canonical TGF-β1 pathway, Smad2,3.Taken together, these results demonstrate that TGF-β1 promotes myofibroblastic differentiation of normal fibroblasts RMF-EG through a mechanism that requires JNK1,2 activation, early increase of CTGF and NOX4 expression with a consequent increase of intracellular ROS levels

Note: Portions of this abstract have been previously published in the journal Blood, Basiorka et al. Blood. 2016 Oct 13, and has been reproduced in this manuscript with permission from the publisher. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are genetically diverse hematopoietic stem cell malignancies that share a common phenotype of cytological dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis and aberrant myeloid lineage maturation. Apoptotic cell death potentiated by inflammatory cytokines has been considered a fundamental feature of MDS for over two decades. However, this non-inflammatory form of cell death cannot account for the inflammatory nature of these disorders. We report that a hallmark of lower-risk (LR) MDS is activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which drives clonal expansion and pyroptosis, a caspase-1-dependent programmed cell death induced by danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signals. Independent of genotype, MDS hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) overexpress pyroptosis-related transcripts, inflammasome proteins and manifest activated NLRP3 inflammasome complexes that direct caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 maturation and pyroptotic cell death. Using the S100A9 transgenic (S100A9Tg) mouse model that phenocopies human MDS, we demonstrated that forced expression of S100A9 was sufficient to drive pyroptosis in vivo, implicating pyroptosis as the principal mechanism of HSPC cell death in S100A9Tg mice. The lytic cell death releases intraceullar contents that include alarmins and catalytically active ASC specks, which can propagate bystander inflammation. Notably, MDS mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and stromal-derived linages were found to predominantly undergo pyroptosis, with marked activation of caspase-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome complexes. These findings may account for the clusters of both HSPC and stromal cell death previously described in the bone marrows of patients with MDS. Mechanistically, pyroptosis is triggered by the alarmin S100A9 that is found in excess in MDS HSPC and bone marrow (BM) plasma. Further, both somatic gene mutations and S100A9-induced signaling activate NADPH oxidase (NOX), generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that initiate cation influx, cell swelling and β-catenin activation. Accordingly, ROS and active β-catenin were significantly increased in MDS BM mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) and S100A9Tg mice compared to normal controls, as well as in human cell lines harboring gene mutations and in murine models of gene mutation knock-in or gene loss. ROS and β-catenin nuclear translocation were significantly reduced by NLRP3 or NOX inhibition, indicating that S100A9 and somatic gene mutations prime cells to undergo NOX1/4-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, pyroptosis and β-catenin activation. Together, these data explain the concurrent proliferation and inflammatory cell death characteristic of LR-MDS. Given that loss of a gene-rich area in del(5q) disease results in derepression of innate immune signaling, we hypothesized that this genetic deficit would trigger assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, akin to the pathobiological mechanism characteristic of non-del(5q) MDS. To this end, we utilized two distinct murine models of del(5q) disease, namely in the context of Rps14 haploinsufficiency and concurrent loss of mDia1 and microRNA (miR)-146a. In both models, pyroptosis was not evident in the HSPC compartment; however, early erythroid progenitors displayed high fractions of pyroptotic cells. This was associated with significant increases in caspase-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, ROS and nuclear localization of β-catenin, which was extinguished by inflammasome or NOX complex inhibition. These data suggest that early activation of the inflammasome drives cell death and prevents terminal maturation of erythroid precursors, accounting for the progressive anemia characteristic of del(5q) disease, whereby hematopoietic defects are primarily restricted to the erythroid compartment. Importantly, these data implicate a similar pathobiological mechanism in del(5q) MDS as is observed in non-del(5q) patients. The identification of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a pathobiological driver of the LR non-del(5q) and del(5q) MDS phenotype allows for novel therapeutic agent development. Notably, knockdown of NLRP3 or caspase-1, neutralization of S100A9, and pharmacologic inhibition of NLRP3 or NOX suppresses pyroptosis, ROS generation and nuclear β-catenin in MDS, and are sufficient to restore effective hematopoiesis. In del(5q) murine models, inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome significantly improved erythroid colony forming capacity by a mechanism distinct from that of lenalidomide, highlighting the translational potential for targeting this innate immune complex in this subset of MDS. Thus, alarmins and founder gene mutations in MDS license a common redox-sensitive inflammasome circuit, which suggests new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, aggregated clusters of the NLRP3 adaptor protein ASC [apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD)] are referred to as ASC specks. During pyroptosis, ASC specks are released from dying cells and function as DAMP signals that propagate inflammation. In this way, specks are a surrogate marker for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptotic cell death. Given that pyroptosis is the predominant mechanism of cell death in MDS and ASC specks are readily quantified by flow cytometry, we hypothesized that BM or peripheral blood (PB) plasma-derived ASC specks may be a biologically rational biomarker for the diagnosis of MDS. The percentage of ASC specks were significantly increased in MDS BM plasma compared to normal, healthy donors, which was validated by confocal microscopy. PB plasma-derived ASC specks were significantly greater in LR- versus HR-MDS, consistent with the greater extent of cell death and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) expansion in LR disease. As hyperglycemia induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation, plasma glucose levels were measured to adjust for this confounding variable. Subsequently, the percentage of glucose-adjusted, PB plasma-derived ASC specks was measured in a panel of specimens of varied hematologic malignancies. The corrected percentage of ASC specks was significantly increased in MDS compared to normal donors and to each other malignancy investigated, including other myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, myeloproliferative neoplasms and overlap syndromes, like chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). These data indicate that the glucose-adjusted ASC speck percentage is MDS-specific and may be a valuable diagnostic biomarker. At a cutoff of 0.039, the biomarker minimizes misclassification error and achieves 95% sensitivity and 82% specificity in classifying MDS from normal donors, other hematologic malignancies and T2D. Lastly, the biomarker declined with treatment response to lenalidomide in LR-MDS patients, but not to erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) or hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy. As such, the percentage of ASC specks represents the first biologically rational, diagnostic biomarker for MDS that can be implemented with current diagnostic practices to reduce diagnostic error.

Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase catalyzes the reversible transfer of hydride ion equivalents between NADP(H) and NAD(H). In this study, the activity of the enzyme was measured by following the rate of reduction of an analogue of NAD⁺ , 3-acetylpyridxne-NAD⁺ (APNAD⁺ ) by NADPH. The enzyme was solubilized by detergents such as lysolecithin, sodium cholate (in the presence of ammonium sulphate) or Triton X-100. The molecular size of the solubilized enzyme was examined using sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence of Brij 58. These detergents gave soluble fragments of different sizes. That solubilized by Triton X-100 or sodium cholate (in the presence of ammonium sulphate) existed as large aggregates with sedimentation coefficients of 24.5 to 25.4S, whereas that obtained with lysolecithin consisted mainly of a species with a sedimentation coefficient of 7.3 to 16.5S. The fragment resulting from the solubilization with Triton X-100 could be cleaved into a smaller species (8.4S) by lysolecithin. Analysis by chromatography on Sepharose 6B of the enzyme preparation solubilized by sodium cholate (in the presence of ammonium sulphate), revealed the presence of other constituents of the membrane, such as succinate dehydrogenase, ATPase and cytochrome b₁. The molecular weight of the aggregate was estimated to be between 0.25 x 10⁶ and 4 x 10⁶. The enzyme in this preparation could not be further disaggregated by Tween 80, Brij 3 5 or Triton X-100. Chromatography of this preparation on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B yielded a maximum purification of 37 to 68-fold over that of the membrane particle suspension. The specific activity of the enzyme was 8.8 to 15.7 umol per min per mg protein. Analysis of the partially purified enzyme on poly-acrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed enrichment of several major polypeptide bands of molecular weights 90 000, 57 000, 50 000 and 40 000, coinciding with the transhydrogenase activity. The partially purified enzyme could be activated by detergents of the Tween or Brij series and by lysolecithin, palmitic acid and phospholipid extracts from E. coli. Measurements of the steady-state kinetics of the membrane-bound enzyme gave values of 45.6 and 106.7 uM for the substrates APNAD+ and NADPH, and dissociation constants of 3.6 and 16.2 uM, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots for each substrate at different fixed concentrations of the other substrate revealed a unique pattern of lines that is characteristic of rapid equilibrium random bireactant mechanisms with two dead-end products. In this type of mechanism each substrate is able to interact at the binding site of the other substrate to cause inhibition of enzyme activity. This mechanism was confirmed by kinetic studies using the alternate substrates deamino-NADPH and NAD⁺ , as well as by product inhibitxon studies. The adenine nucleotides 5’-AMP and ADP were competitive inhibitors of the APNAD+-binding site, while 2'-AMP was a competitive inhibitor of the NADPH-binding site on the enzyme. Studies on the active site using 2,3-butanedione or phenyl glyoxal revealed the presence of one modifiable arginyl residue per active site on the enzyme. Protection against modification by 2,3-butanedione was afforded by 2'-AMP, 5'-AMP, NAD+ and NADP+. Inhibition by 2,3-butanedione was enhanced in the presence of low concentrations of NADH or NADPH suggesting that binding of the reduced pyridine nucleotides, possibly at an allosteric site, causes a conformational change in the enzyme. Enhancement of in-activation of the enzyme by TPCK-trypsin was also observed in the presence of reduced pyridine nucleotides. NAD(P)H was oxidized by 2,3-butanedione in the presence of light. The rate of photooxidation was greatest at pH 7 and when the wavelength of incident light was 410 nm. This indicates that absorption of light by the diketone was necessary for the occurrence of the photooxidation reaction. The stochiometry of the reaction between NADH and 2,3-butanedione was 1:1. The possible nature of the reaction product is discussed in the thesis. / Medicine, Faculty of / Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of / Graduate

Yes / Quercetin is reported to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive but not normotensive humans, but the role of endothelial redox signaling in this phenomenon has not been assessed. This study investigated the effects of physiologically obtainable quercetin concentrations in a human primary cell model of endothelial dysfunction in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of its antihypertensive effects. Angiotensin II (100 nM, 8 h) induced dysfunction, characterized by suppressed nitric oxide availability (85 ± 4% p<0.05) and increased superoxide production (136 ± 5 %, p<0.001). These effects were ablated by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Quercetin (3 μM, 8 h) prevented angiotensin II induced changes in nitric oxide and superoxide levels, but no effect upon nitric oxide or superoxide in control cells. The NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) was increased at the mRNA and protein levels in angiotensin II-treated cells (130 ± 14% of control, p<0.05), which was ablated by quercetin co-treatment. Protein kinase C activity was increased after angiotensin II treatment (136 ± 51%), however this was unaffected by quercetin co-treatment. Physiologically obtainable quercetin concentrations are capable of ameliorating angiotensin II-induced endothelial nitric oxide and superoxide imbalance via protein kinase C-independent restoration of p47(phox) gene and protein expression. / Innovate UK and Boots Pharmaceuticals

It is known that African American ethnicity is an independent risk factor for exaggerated oxidative stress which is intricately intertwined with inflammation, hypertension (HT), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this dissertation study was to examine the racial differences that exist between African Americans and Caucasians in oxidative stress levels at the molecular level using an in vitro model of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). African American HUVECs were found to have significantly higher baseline levels of oxidative stress in vitro compared to Caucasian HUVECs. In order to establish proof of concept, three preliminary studies were conducted. The first preliminary study, an acute exercise protocol was conducted in young healthy adults in order to measure plasma oxidative stress markers in response to a single moderate intensity treadmill exercise bout. In this study, it was found that the treadmill exercise did not elicit a race-dependent responses, but that African American adults had higher level of oxidative stress at all sample times when compared to the Caucasians. A second preliminary study was conducted using a parallel cell culture design to measure basal oxidative stress levels in African American and Caucasian HUVECs without stimulation. These data were shown in relation to the plasma levels of oxidative stress in resting African American and Caucasian adults. This was done in order to show that the common oxidative stress markers measured in human plasma can also be measured in cell culture supernatant and lysate. It was found that both African American adults and HUVECs had heightened oxidative stress and inflammatory markers when compared to their Caucasian counterparts. The third preliminary study was conducted using tumor Necrosis Factor-#945; (TNF-#945;) as an inflammatory stimulant and measuring the oxidative stress response in both African American and Caucasian HUVECs. This was done in order to show that cells of different race respond differently to stimuli. It was found that the response to TNF-α was blunted in African American HUVECs. The final step was to use laminar shear stress (LSS) as an exercise mimetic in order to examine whether HUVECs from different race respond differently. HUVECs from both race were harvested under static condition (no LSS), with low LSS at 5 dyne/cm2, and with a moderate level of LSS at 20 dyne/cm2. It was found that despite the fact that African American HUVECs had higher levels of oxidative stress under static conditions, when LSS was applied, protein expressions and oxidative stress biomarkers adjusted to levels that were similar to the Caucasian HUVEC adaptations to LSS. From this, it appears that African American HUVECs have a larger response to LSS stimulus indicating that aerobic exercise prescriptions may be valuable for this population since the potential exists for large improvements in oxidative stress levels for this population. / Kinesiology

Le CS fait partie de la famille des SYSADOA (SYmptomatic Slow Acting Drugs for OsteoArthritis) et est utilisé par les patients avec de l’ostéoarthrose de façon chronique pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires. Étant donné que ces patients reçoivent d’autres médicaments, il était intéressant de documenter les effets du CS sur le cytochrome P450 et la NADPH-réductase (NADPH). Pour cette étude, deux modèles ont été utilisés: des lapins témoins (LT) et des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire (LRI) afin de diminuer l’activité et l’expression du CYP. Six groupes contenant chacun cinq lapins ont été utilisés: un groupe sans CS et deux groupes qui ont pris oralement dans l’eau approximativement 20.5 mg/kg/jour de CS pendant 20 et 30 jours; les lapins des trois groupes restants ont pris du CS comme décrit plus haut, mais ont reçu 5 ml sous-cutanées de térébenthine afin de produire une réaction inflammatoire aseptique (RIA) deux jours avant leur sacrifice, c’est-à-dire aux jours -2, 18 et 28. Les hépatocytes ont été isolés pour évaluer l’activité et l’expression du CYP3A6, CYP1A2 et NADPH et aussi le ARNm de ces protéines. In vitro, nous avons étudié l’effet de différentes concentrations de CS-disaccharides sulfatés, 4S, 6S, et 4,6S de CS, sur l’activité et l’expression du CYP1A2 et du CYP3A6. Pour documenter la présence de la réaction inflammatoire, nous avons mesure les mucoprotéines, dans le sérum des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. Aussi nous avons mesuré la présence de l’oxide nitrique (NO) chez les hépatocytes de lapins contrôles et chez les hépatocytes des lapins avec une réaction inflammatoire. La translocation nucléaire du NF-κB a été etudiée par fluorescence chez les hépatocytes. Par comparaison aux lapins témoins, l’administration du CS pendant 20 et 30 jours n’affecte pas l’activité du CYP3A6 et du CYP1A2. La RIA a augmenté les mucoprotéines à 95,1±5,7 vs 8,4±1,6 mg/dl dans les lapins témoins (p<0,05). La RIA a diminué l’activité du CYP3A6 de 62% et l’activité du CYP 1A2 de 54%. Le CS n’empêché pas la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la RIA. Par ailleurs, le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression de la NADPH. La translocation nucléaire de NF-κB a été empêche par l’administration chronique de CS aux lapins avec RIA; en plus, la concentration de l’oxide nitrique n’a pas démontré une augmentation en présence de CS; par contre, CS n’empêche pas l’augmentation des séromucoïdes. Au contraire, CS affecte la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. Dans ce group, CS a rétabli le niveau des protéines du CYP3A6 observé dans le group de lapins témoins. Pourtant cette croissance été independante de mRNA qui garde un niveau trés bas. Le plus remarcable a été la manière dont CS a augmenté la protéine du CYP3A6, sans avoir rétabli l’activité de cet isoforme. Finalement, in vitro, CS et ses trois disaccharides sulfatés (4S, 6S et 4,6S) n’affectent ni l’activité ni l’expression de CYP1A2, CYP3A6 et de la NADPH. En conclusion, l’administration chronique de CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du CYP1A2, ou la diminution du CYP1A2 produite par la réaction inflammatoire. Le CS n’affecte pas l’activité ni l’expression du NADPH. Cependant, CS empêche la diminution du CYP3A6 en fonction de temps et secondaire à la RIA. / In rabbits, an acute inflammatory reaction induced by the injection of turpentine causes a decrease in cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms activity and expression. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a Symptomatic Slow Acting Drug for OsteoArthritis (SYSADOA) that elicits anti-inflammatory effects. Since patients take CS over long periods, it was of interest to assess whether CS modulates the activity of cytochrome P450 isoforms. In order to determine the effect of CS on the cytochrome P450, CS was administered in vivo to two animal models, e.g. chronic intake of CS in control rabbits, and chronic intake of CS in rabbits with a CYP down-regulated by an inflammatory reaction (IR). We used six groups of five rabbits: three to assess the effect of CS on cytochrome P450, one without CS and two receiving orally about 20 mg/kg/day CS for 20 and 30 days; and the remaining three groups of rabbits received turpentine s.c. to generate an aseptic IR (AIR) 48 h before their sacrifice, e.g. days -2, 18 and 28, while exposed to CS for 0, 20 or 30 days, respectively. In order to verify the presence of inflammation we measured the seromucoids in serum of rabbits with an AIR. Another marker of inflammation, e.g. nitric oxyde (NO.) production, was assessed in control hepatocytes (Hcont) and in hepatocytes from rabbits with an AIR (Hinfla). In addition, the effect of CS on the nuclear translocation of NF-κB was studied by fluorescence in hepatocytes. Finally, in hepatocytes (both Hcont and Hinfla) the CYP3A6, CYP1A2 and NADPH P450 reductase (NADPH) activity, expression and mRNA were measured. In vitro, the effect of different concentrations of CS, 4S-, 6S- and 4,6S-sulfated disaccharides of CS on the cytochrome P450 was documented. Compared with control rabbits, 20 and 30 days CS did not affect the activity of CYP3A6 and CYP1A2. The AIR increased seromucoids from 8.4±1.6 mg/dl in controls to 95.1±5.7 (p<0.05), as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and nitric oxide concentrations. The AIR reduced CYP3A6 activity by 62% and CYP1A2 activity by 54%, decrease associated to a reduction in protein expression and in mRNA, e.g. pre-transcriptional down-regulation. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB was prevented by the administration of CS to rabbits with an AIR, moreover CS impeded the increase of the concentrations of nitric oxide; however CS did not prevent the increase in seromucoids. CS did not prevent the down-regulation of CYP1A2 produced by the inflammatory reaction. CS prevented the time-dependent down-regulation of CYP3A6 in control rabbits and in rabbits with an inflammatory reaction. In this last group, CS restored the amounts of CYP3A6 protein to levels observed in control rabbits, however this increase was independent of the mRNA that remained very depressed. It is noteworthy that even if CS increased CYP3A6 protein, its activity was not recovered. CS did not affect NADPH activity or expression. Finally, in vitro, CS, 4S-, 6S and 4,6S-sulfated disaccharides of CS did not change the activity and expression of the two isoforms of CYP, and of NADPH. It is concluded that CS does not affect the activity or expression of CYP1A2, nor prevents CYP1A2 AIR-induced down-regulation. However, CS prevents the down-regulation of CYP3A6 time dependently and following the AIR but does not prevent the decrease of catalytic activity.

O sistema NADPH oxidase é um complexo enzimático gerador de ânion superóxido formado pelas subunidades gp91-phox e p22-phox, p47-phox, p67-phox e p40-phox. O eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g é crítico para a ativação dos fagócitos e controle de infecções. Defeitos na ativação deste eixo resultam em infecções recorrentes e à MSMD, e podem levar à diminuição da expressão do componente gp91-phox. Em minha Dissertação de Mestrado (Aragão-Filho, 2009), vimos que as subunidades 1 e 2 do receptor do IFN-g são necessárias para a expressão dos genes NCF1 e NCF2 e para a ativação do sistema NADPH oxidase humano nos modelos experimentais de células humanas por nós utilizados. Assim, no presente trabalho de doutorado, continuamos a investigar o papel dos defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g sobre o sistema NADPH oxidase utilizando novas linhagens celulares de pacientes com defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g. Verificamos que há defeito secundário da ativação da NADPH oxidase em pacientes com defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g, o que representa um novo mecanismo imunopatológico envolvido na MSMD. / The NADPH oxidase system is an enzymatic complex that generates superoxide anion, it is formed by gp91-phox, p22-phox, p47-phox, p67-phox and p40-phox subunits. The IL-12/23-IFN-g axis is critical for the phagocytes activation and infection control. Defects in this axis activation result in recurrent infections and MSMD, and can lead to decreased expression of gp91-phox component. In my Master Thesis (Aragão-Filho, 2009), we found that the subunits 1 and 2 of the IFN-g receptor are required for NCF1 and NCF2 gene expression and activation of human NADPH oxidase system in human experimental cell models that we used. Therefore, in the present doctoral work, we continue to investigate the role of IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects on NADPH oxidase system using new cell lines from patients with IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects. We verify that there is a secundary defect in the activation of the NADPH oxidase from patients with IL-12/23-IFN-g defects, what represents a new immunopathological mechanism involved in MSMD.

Processos celulares que governam as NADPH oxidases vasculares em condições patológicas não estão claros ainda. Como os processos redox são parte intrínseca da resposta da célula ao estresse, temos investigado se o estresse oxidativo pode convergir com outros tipos de estresse via Nox(es). No presente estudo, focamos na inibição do proteasoma como uma condição relevante de estresse. A incubação de células musculares lisas com concentrações não apoptóticas de inibidores do proteasoma, MG132 e lactacistina, promoveu aumento na produção basal de superóxido e na atividade da NADPH oxidase, diminuição da atividade da SOD e da razão GSH/GSSG. Por outro lado, a inibição do proteasoma diminui a atividade da Nox após estímulo com Angiotensina II ou Tunicamicina, conhecido estressor do retículo endoplasmático. Em condições basais, MG132 induz a expressão de mRNA da Nox1, entretanto o aumento de Nox1 induzido por Angiotensina II foi diminuído na presença de MG132. O mesmo efeito ocorre com a indução de Nox4 pela Tunicamicina, que nesse caso foi drasticamente reduzida na presença de MG132. Além disso, tanto Angiotensina II quanto Tunicamicina induziram a atividade lítica do proteasoma 20S. A seguir, investigamos as conseqüências fisiológicas do MG132 na sinalização do estresse do RE, uma conhecida resposta mediada por Nox4. Células vasculares incubadas com MG132 induzem a expressão de marcadores do estresse do RE, GRP78 e XBP1, e também os marcadores mais tardios ATF4 e o próapoptótico CHOP/GADD153. Resultados similares ocorrem também com a Tunicamicina. Entretanto, a co-incubação de Tunicamicina e MG132 diminui e a sinalização do estresse do RE. AKT e p38 MAPK foram ativados por MG132, possivelmente como resposta ao estresse induzido pela inibição do proteasoma. Assim, a inibição do proteasoma bloqueia a NADPH oxidase, com aumento da atividade basal e expressão da Nox1 versus forte inibição da ativação e expressão da Nox4 frente ao estímulo. A inibição da Nox4 associa-se e pode contribuir para a inibição pelo MG132 da sinalização do estresse do RE. Portanto, o proteasoma parece exercer papel na integração de estresses celulares envolvendo a NADPH oxidase. A inibição do proteasoma pode ter papel na terapia de doenças associadas a estresse do RE. / Cellular processes governing vascular Nox family NADPH oxidases in disease conditions are unclear. Since redox processes are intrinsic to cell stress response, we asked whether oxidative stress merges with other types of stress via Nox(es). We focused on proteasome inhibition as a relevant stress condition. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) incubation with non-apoptotic concentrations of proteasome inhibitors MG132 or lactacystin promoted increased baseline superoxide generation (HPLC/DHE products) and NADPH oxidase activity, decreased SOD activity and GSH/GSSG ratio. Conversely, proteasome inhibitors decreased by Nox response to Angiotensin II (AngII) and abrogated Nox response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor tunicamycin. With MG132, basal Nox1 mRNA levels were increased, while Nox1 response to AngII was blunted. Moreover, MG132 abolished Nox4 mRNA levels TN-induced. Both AngII and TN (at 2 and 4 hs) promoted increased 20S proteasome lytic activity. We next assessed physiological consequences of MG132 in ER stress signaling, a known Nox4- mediated response. VSMC incubation with MG132 alone enhanced expression of the ER stress markers Grp78 and XBP1 and late markers such as ATF4 and proapoptotic CHOP/GADD153. Similar results occurred with the known ER stressor TN. However, co-incubation of TN and MG132 decreased Grp78, Grp94 and CHOP/GADD153, indicating that proteasome inhibition interrupts ER stress. AKT and p38 are activated by MG132 as response to stress and recover to survival. Thus, proteasome inhibition disrupts NADPH oxidase, with increased baseline activity and Nox1 expression vs. strong inhibition of stimulated Nox1 and Nox4 activation/expression. The later effect may underlie MG132-mediated inhibition of ER stress signaling. (Support: FAPESP, CNPq Milênio Redoxoma)