Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal production)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / A study was conducted to examine the effect of protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens on egg production, hatchability and chick productivity. The first part of the experiment determined the effect of protein level on feed intake, number of eggs produced, egg weight, egg white nitrogen content, egg yolk nitrogen content, egg hatchability and chick hatch-weight. A total of 25 hens aged 30 weeks were confined in cages and fed diets differing in protein content. A complete randomized design, comprising of diets differing in protein levels (P12.94%, P13.94%, P14.38%, P15.75% and P18.13% CP), replicated five times with one hen in each replicate was used. Semen was collected from one cock to fertilize all hens. Protein level had an effect on (P<0.05) feed intake and egg white nitrogen content. However, protein level of the diet of hens had no effect(P>0.05) on the number of eggs produced, egg white nitrogen content, egg yolk,egg weight, egg hatchability and chick hatch-weight. Quadratic analyses indicated that feed intake, number of eggs produced, egg weight, egg white nitrogen content, egg yolk nitrogen content, hatchability and chick hatch-weight were optimized at different protein levels of 14.7 (r2 = 0. 623),14.9 (r2 = 0.568),13.9 (r2 = 0.094), 18.2 (r2 = 0.563), 15.1(r2 = 0.424), 15.9 (r2 = 0.451) and 15.9 %(r2 = 0.898) , respectively. The second part of the experiment determined the effect of protein level of hens on productivity of their progenies from a day old up to 13 weeks of age. A total of 95 chicks hatched from the first part of the study were assigned to 20 floor pens according to the number of chicks hatched. Chicks had an average initial live weight of 35 ± 2 g per bird. The chicks were fed the same commercial grower diet and fresh water ad libitum up to seven weeks of age. Protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens had an effect (P<0.05) on feed intake, live weight and feed conversion ratio of chicks from a day old up to seven weeks of age. However, protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens had no effect (P>0.05) on growth rate and mortality of chickens from a day old to seven weeks of age. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, growth rate and mortality of chickens were optimized atdifferent protein levels of 15.8 (r2 = 0.298), 16.1 (r2 = 0.236), 16.1 (r2 = 0.077) and 14.3 % (r2 = 0.617), respectively. Protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio of both their male and female progenies between eight and 13 weeks of age. Protein levels of the diet of hens had an effect (P<0.05) live weight of their male progenies and carcass weights of both their male and female progenies at 13 weeks of age. However, the level of protein of the diet of hens had no effect (P>0.05) on live weight of their male progenies, and breast meat yield, breast meat nitrogen content and fat pad weight of both their male and female progenies at 13 weeks of age. Live weight,breast meat yield, breast meat nitrogen content and fat pad weight of their male progenies at 13 weeks of age were optimized at different protein levels of the diets of hens of 18.9 (r2 = 0.666), 15.6 (r2 = 0.081), 15.4 (r2 = 0.786) and 17.7 %(r2 = 0.775), respectively. Similarly, live weight, carcass weight, breast meat yield, breast meat nitrogen content and fat pad weight of their female progenies at 13 weeks of age were optimized at different protein levels of 15.7 (r2 = 0.294),15.4 (r2 = 0.180), 15.8 (r2 = 0.059), 15.1 (r2 = 0.882) and 16.1 % (r2 = 0.405), respectively. It is concluded that protein level of the diet of the hen may affect its productivity and that of its progeny. However, the calculated protein levels for optimum productivity will depend on the production parameter in question. / National Research Foundation

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Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Euclides Braga Malheiros / Banca: José Fernando Machado Menten / Resumo: Foram conduzidos seis experimentos para determinar as exigências de lisina (Lis) e de metionina + cistina (Met+cis) digestíveis para aves de corte da linhagem ISA Label de ambos os sexos em sistema semi-confinado durante as fases inicial (1 aos 28 dias), crescimento (28 aos 56 dias) e final (56 aos 84 dias). Em cada experimento um total de 480 aves foram alojadas em 24 piquetes. Cada piquete dispunha de área coberta de 3,13 m2 e área de pastejo de 72,87 m2. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (níveis de aminoácido e sexo) com três repetições de 20 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 0,850; 0,970; 1,090; 1,210% na fase inicial; 0,750; 0,870; 0,990; 1,110% na fase crescimento e 0,640; 0,760; 0,880; 1,000% na fase final. Os níveis de Met+cis digestível avaliados foram: 0,532; 0,652; 0,772; 0,892% na fase inicial; 0,515; 0,635; 0,755; 0,875% na fase de crescimento e 0,469; 0,589; 0,709; 0,829% na fase final. Avaliou-se o desempenho, característica de carcaça, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, peso e teor de proteína das penas. De acordo com os resultados recomenda-se níveis de lisina digestível para ambos os sexos de 1,041%; 1,006% e 0,760% na ração para as fases inicial, crescimento e final, respectivamente. Na fase inicial o nível de Met+cis digestível na ração, indicado para machos é de 0,728% e para fêmeas é de 0,774%. Na fase de crescimento recomenda-se o nível de 0,716% de Met+cis digestível na ração para aves de ambos os sexos. Na fase final o nível de Met+cis digestível indicado para melhorar o desempenho de machos é 0,756% e de fêmeas é 0,597% na ração. / Abstract: Six assay were carried out to determine digestible lysine and methionine+cys requirements for ISA Label, for both sex, in free range system on starter phase (1 to 28 days), grower phase (28 to 56 days) and finisher phase (56 to 84 days). 480 birds were distributed into 24 pens, each one composed by shelter (3.13 m2) and pasture (72.87m2). Experimental design was a completely randomized with 8 treatments as factorial arrangement (four levels of amino acids and two sexes) with three replicates of 20 birds. The digestible lysine levels were 0.850; 0.970; 1.090; 1.210% for starter phase; 0.750; 0.870; 0.990; 1.110% for grower phase and 0.640; 0.760; 0.880; 1.000% for finisher phase. The digestible methionine+cys levels were 0.532; 0.652; 0.772; 0.892% for starter phase; 0.515; 0.635; 0.755; 0.875% for grower phase and 0.469; 0.589; 0.709; 0.829% for finisher phase. The parameters analyzed were performance, carcass yield, body protein and fat deposition, weight and protein in the feathers. The digestible lysine level estimated, for both sex, were 1.041%; 1.006% e 0.760% in the diet for starter phase, grower phase and finisher phase, respectively. In the starter phase, the digestible methionine+cys level estimated for males was 0.728% and 0.774% for females. For grower phase, the digestible methionine+cys level estimated was 0.716% for both sexes. For the finisher phase, the methionine+cys level were 0.756% and 0.597% for males and females, respectively. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_dcn_me_jabo.pdf: 407919 bytes, checksum: 3930979a2f0f5e0e060aea3b093cd8fc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram conduzidos seis experimentos para determinar as exigências de lisina (Lis) e de metionina + cistina (Met+cis) digestíveis para aves de corte da linhagem ISA Label de ambos os sexos em sistema semi-confinado durante as fases inicial (1 aos 28 dias), crescimento (28 aos 56 dias) e final (56 aos 84 dias). Em cada experimento um total de 480 aves foram alojadas em 24 piquetes. Cada piquete dispunha de área coberta de 3,13 m2 e área de pastejo de 72,87 m2. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (níveis de aminoácido e sexo) com três repetições de 20 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 0,850; 0,970; 1,090; 1,210% na fase inicial; 0,750; 0,870; 0,990; 1,110% na fase crescimento e 0,640; 0,760; 0,880; 1,000% na fase final. Os níveis de Met+cis digestível avaliados foram: 0,532; 0,652; 0,772; 0,892% na fase inicial; 0,515; 0,635; 0,755; 0,875% na fase de crescimento e 0,469; 0,589; 0,709; 0,829% na fase final. Avaliou-se o desempenho, característica de carcaça, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, peso e teor de proteína das penas. De acordo com os resultados recomenda-se níveis de lisina digestível para ambos os sexos de 1,041%; 1,006% e 0,760% na ração para as fases inicial, crescimento e final, respectivamente. Na fase inicial o nível de Met+cis digestível na ração, indicado para machos é de 0,728% e para fêmeas é de 0,774%. Na fase de crescimento recomenda-se o nível de 0,716% de Met+cis digestível na ração para aves de ambos os sexos. Na fase final o nível de Met+cis digestível indicado para melhorar o desempenho de machos é 0,756% e de fêmeas é 0,597% na ração. / Six assay were carried out to determine digestible lysine and methionine+cys requirements for ISA Label, for both sex, in free range system on starter phase (1 to 28 days), grower phase (28 to 56 days) and finisher phase (56 to 84 days). 480 birds were distributed into 24 pens, each one composed by shelter (3.13 m2) and pasture (72.87m2). Experimental design was a completely randomized with 8 treatments as factorial arrangement (four levels of amino acids and two sexes) with three replicates of 20 birds. The digestible lysine levels were 0.850; 0.970; 1.090; 1.210% for starter phase; 0.750; 0.870; 0.990; 1.110% for grower phase and 0.640; 0.760; 0.880; 1.000% for finisher phase. The digestible methionine+cys levels were 0.532; 0.652; 0.772; 0.892% for starter phase; 0.515; 0.635; 0.755; 0.875% for grower phase and 0.469; 0.589; 0.709; 0.829% for finisher phase. The parameters analyzed were performance, carcass yield, body protein and fat deposition, weight and protein in the feathers. The digestible lysine level estimated, for both sex, were 1.041%; 1.006% e 0.760% in the diet for starter phase, grower phase and finisher phase, respectively. In the starter phase, the digestible methionine+cys level estimated for males was 0.728% and 0.774% for females. For grower phase, the digestible methionine+cys level estimated was 0.716% for both sexes. For the finisher phase, the methionine+cys level were 0.756% and 0.597% for males and females, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBFSJ_DISSERT.pdf: 848742 bytes, checksum: 5da6694c94e2b15db5ab8ba10f875e9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of corn particle size on performance, egg quality and sensible heat loss, beyond of the regional differences in surface temperature of naked neck laying hens by infrared thermography. In Mossoró-RN, 60 label Rouge chickens in laying stage were distributed in a completely randomized design, where were fed with diets containing different corn particle size or geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 605 µm, 1030 µm and 2280 µm. Environmental variables were measured in center of the shed: black globe temperature (TG) and air (TA), wind speed (U) and relative humidity (RH). Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature (TS) were measured in each bird once a week. For sensible heat loss, RT, RR and TS, the analysis of variance was performed by least squares method and comparison of means by Tukey's test (p<0.05). The results showed that the GMD 2280 µm increased the feed intake, causing elevation in body temperature and respiratory rate in response to increased metabolic heat production. The hens fed with this same GMD showed lower quality eggshell. The sensible heat transfer was, during the study, a heat dissipation mechanism, where the increase in radiation and TA levels caused significant decrease in heat loss by radiation, but heat loss by convection was high in high TA due to increased wind speed. There are regional differences in the TS, where the legs act as thermal windows / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as diferenças regionais na temperatura superficial através de imagens térmicas e o efeito do ambiente semiárido e do tamanho da partícula do milho no desempenho, qualidade do ovo e perda de calor sensível de poedeiras do pescoço pelado. Em Mossoró-RN, 60 galinhas da linhagem Label Rouge em fase de postura foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde foram fornecidas rações com diferentes tamanhos da partícula do milho ou diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM) de 605 µm, 1030 µm e 2280 µm. As variáveis ambientais foram aferidas no centro do galpão: temperatura do globo negro (TG) e do ar (TA), velocidade do vento (U) e umidade relativa (UR). A temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura superficial (TS) foram aferidas em cada ave uma vez por semana. Para a perda de calor sensível, TR, FR e TS a análise de variância foi realizada pelo método dos quadrados mínimos e a comparação de médias para todas as variáveis pelo teste de Tukey (p<0.05). Os resultados mostraram que o DGM igual a 2280 µm aumentou o consumo de ração, causando elevação na temperatura corporal e frequência respiratória como resposta à maior produção de calor metabólico. As aves alimentadas com este mesmo DGM apresentaram qualidade da casca do ovo inferior. A transferência de calor sensível apresentou-se com um mecanismo de dissipação térmica, onde o aumento nos níveis de radiação e TA causaram diminuição significativa na perda de calor por radiação, mas a convecção foi elevada em alta TA devido ao aumento na movimentação do ar. Houve diferença regional na TS, onde as patas atuaram como janelas térmicas