L'étude que voici a pour but d'élaborer la façon dont peut être traitée, à partir de plusieurs aspects différents, la compréhension spécifique de Marcel Proust concernant l'identité, notamment dans le roman À la recherche du temps perdu. Dans la première partie, nous allons essayer de lier la question de l'identité à la déclaration de Proust selon laquelle sa tendance dès le début était de créer une suite des romans de l'inconscient, une déclaration qui tout de suite change la compréhension rationnelle de la définition de soi. Nous allons lier l'inconscient aux affects, désirs et passions qui sont élaborés dès le début de la création proustienne, à travers ses récits où s'ouvrent ces thèmes par leur relation aux processus de l'inceste, du parricide ou du matricide. La deuxième partie aborde le problème d'une différente identification, celle qui introduit le sujet d'abord dans le réseau de l'histoire, puis dans le réseau de la société. La période concrète de l'histoire française sert à capter grâce à la narration le conflit des passions du niveau individuel (les personnages) au niveau collectif (les groupes). Nous abordons aussi le problème de la vérité historique et de son orientation vers la fiction et le mythe. Dans la troisième partie seront placés tous ces moments de l'œuvre qui témoignent de la perte de soi, de l'absence de la représentation ou de l'image de soi et l'insuffisance de la narration dans la fixation des identités. D'abord, seront mentionnés les expériences de rêve et des sphères les plus proches à l'inconscient, puis la recherche de soi à travers l'autre qui dans l'amour se reconnaît comme une mission impossible, et qui dans la tentative d'atteindre l'être de l'autre, le perd irréversiblement ou obtient seulement les fragments qui ne sont pas susceptibles d'être composés comme une histoire.Comme une transition vers la conclusion seront analysées les conditions proustiennes pour comprendre l'être, n'importe s'il s'agit du social ou du plus intime, du genre ou de la religion, reconnues dans son intérêt pour la philosophie. Au lieu de l'ontologie ou de la foi, chez Proust sera essentielle la création artistique, qui, après toutes les péripéties de l'identité et des exemples de sa destruction, va vivre sa renaissance par la création, et nous pouvons faire un retour vers le début de l'exposition et dire que ce qui est atteint à la fin est exactement le processus de la métamorphose, de la renaissance de tous les phénomènes et événements vivants à travers le texte. / The purpose of this study is to elaborate the way in which In Search of Lost Time can be treated, from several different aspects, the specific understanding of the author concerning identity, even if his Narrator never explicitly mentions such a project, he rather leaves us as readers to organize the implicit system of literary figuration that is offered.We define at first the theoretical preliminary concept, before situating Proust in a new perspective of metamorphosis as a changing and living form which corresponds to his understanding of phenomena and which is not exclusively submitted to the rational philosophical formula of identity, but includes the literary principle of Proustian transubstantiation - the process of transfer of all emotions, affects, feelings and passions in a creative text.In the first part, we tried to link the question of identity to the Proust's statement that from the beginning his tendency was to create a serie of novels of the unconscious, a statement that immediately changes the rational understanding of the definition of the self. We linked the unconscious to the affects, desires and passions that are developed in the beginning of Proust`s creation, in his short stories where these themes are opened through their relationship to the processes of incest, the parricide or matricide.The second part addresses the problem of a different identification, which introduces the subject in the context of history, then in the context of society. The actual period of French history serves to Proust to show once again the course of the conflict of passions on individual level (the characters) and on the collective level (the groups).The third part is somehow an opposition to the previous, and if the claim of the definition of self in society was seen as a mistake and lie to oneself, in the third part will be placed all those moments of the work that reflect the total loss of the self, the absence of representation or self-image. First will be mentioned the experiences of the dreams and the spheres that are closest to the unconscious, afterwards the self-seeking through the other in love who is recognizable as an impossible task, and who in his try to reach the being of the other, loses himself irreversibly or obtains only fragments that are not likely to be composed as a story. As well as in the previous part, the abolition of the truth will represent here one of the conditions of the impossible identity of the characters. In this section will be developed also the phenomena of gender identity and the concept of sin which joins it according to Proust, through the two characters of Charlus and Albertine who represent the sexual division, which will became later also a mental division.As a gateway to the conclusion will be analyzed the Proust`s conditions to understand the being, no matter if it is a question of the social or of the most intimate, the gender or the religion, recognized in his interest in philosophy. Instead of the ontology or the faith, in Proust will be essential the artistic creation, which, after all the vicissitudes of identity and the examples of its destruction, will live its rebirth through the creation, and we can make a return to the beginning of the exposure and say that which is attained at the end is exactly the process of metamorphosis, the rebirth of all living phenomena and events through the text.

This thesis deals with time and space expresion in written composition of 5th and 9th grade students. The thesis is dividend in two parts. First on eis focused on teoretici knowledge of naratology, development psychology and research of language acqusition regarding upper primary school students. Written compositions of 5th and 9th grade students are analyzed in sekond (practical) part according to knowledge described in first part of this thesis. Areas of interest are koherence of expresion, time, space and charakter describing. In closing of this part is comparison between both age Gross. In conclusion you can find proposals for school edication improvng according to results of students works analysis.

This thesis examines life stories of three chosen preschool directresses. Based on life story interviews it brings and partially compares their life stories, picks out the critical incidents and characteristic features of their lives, gives insight into individual phases of their director's role and document their reflection of the role itself. The in - depth interviews focus on complex understanding of individual's life. The directresses are examined based on both their professional development and personal experiences. This thesis documents own interpretations of life stories; it is a source of self-reflection for the examined directresses. It also serves as an inspiration source for directors newly in the office. It is formally divided into two parts: the theoretical one gives an overview of life-story interview as a methodological approach applied. Furthermore, it is also devoted to the director as an individual being defined mainly in the Czech School Law. It also represents the existing results of both teachers' and directors' life stories research. The research part represents an analysis of life story interviews with three chosen preschool directresses in connection to the research questions.