Abstract The main purpose of this research is to explore the development characteristics, types, functions and operating mechanisms of incubation center in Taiwan and to analyze their relationships. The research processes mainly through case study.And Incubation Center of Taiwan University is selected for data collection and interview because of its outstanding performance. We analyze the operating mechanisms and the current state of our research target.To obtain more objective conclusions, we also interview and collect data from some tenants as comparation. The results and suggestions are as followed: 1.The float rate of the prjoect manager will influence the Incubation Center. 2.Government's relevant policies will influence the operating mechanisms and goals of Incubation Center. 3.The extent the school supports their own Incubation Center will influence the elasticity. 4.The completeness of incubation system will promote the efficiency of Incubation Center. 5.The operating model that Incubation Center, together with Incubation Company, channels into flexible and efficient corporatization management can plurally extend their targets and methods of service. 6.Because of the slow progress of the government¡¦s efforts in revising relevant law, the realistic operation can not be integrated. 7.The operations of the incubation center need to be set up on the basis of cooperartion in the manufacturer, school and incubation center to reach sustainablity.

近年來，社區林業的推行已然成為國際間林業經營的新趨勢，而我國亦在2002年推動「社區林業－居民參與保育共生計畫」，倡導「林業走出去，民眾走進來」的社區林業理念，該理念之倡導，旨在鼓勵在地居民參與，凝聚共識及培養社區自主能力，並由政府與社區居民及民間組織形成夥伴關係，以協力推動生物多樣性保育、永續森林生態旅遊及相關林業建設，藉以達成社區發展與森林永續之目標。 台大實驗林過去的林業治理多半採由上而下的治理方式，常導致管理單位與當地居民的對立，治理成效未盡理想，故台大實驗林管理處近年來嘗試遴選適當社區，推動社區林業，期望能找到林業資源治理新契機，然而，其成效若何值得深入考察，又因實驗林乃肩負試驗研究、教學實習、示範經營、環境保育等責任，本研究認為若能在此地區為政策示範地區，當能作為全國的林業治理借鏡，故遴選其轄區內執行之社區為個案加以探討，以獲悉施行實況。 森林係屬排他性很低但取用的減損性高的共用資源(Common Pool Resources, CPR)之一，若未能妥善經營管理，則易產生「共用地悲劇」。Elinor Ostrom(1990)曾就此提出由社區自主治理永續制度安排的設計原則，故本研究將藉以援引，並採深入訪談法，評估台大實驗林接受社區林業補助的案例的施行成果，提出自主治理的難題，包含參與者界定困難、參與者投入的成本與獲得效益不相稱、尚無監督參與者的機制、無權進行制裁機制、上級主管單位授權不足，並提出相關解決對策，期望使社區林業政策之推動更臻成熟，亦透過本研究肯認台大實驗林未來發展生態旅遊之潛力，而為改善我國森林資源治理效能之方針。 / In recent years, the implementation of community forestry industry has become a new trend in the international forestry operations , while now is also promoting " Community Forestry - residents to participate in conservation Symbiosis Project " in 2002 , advocated " Forestry go outside , people come inside ," the community forestry concept the idea of the initiative, designed to encourage residents to participate in the ground , build consensus and foster community autonomy , the government formed by residents and non-governmental organizations and community partnerships to promote the conservation of biological diversity in the third , sustainable forest eco-tourism and related forestry construction , in order to achieve the goal of sustainable community development and forest . The Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University (hereafter referred to as the Experimental Forest) past forestry governance mostly adopt a top-down governance , often leading management units and local residents opposing governance performance unsatisfactory , the Experimental Forest in recent years to try the selection of appropriate community , promote community forestry, expect to find new opportunities for forest resource management , however , the effectiveness of how worthy of further investigation, because of the experimental forests are shouldering experimental research, teaching practice , demonstration management, environmental conservation and other responsibilities , this study suggests that if the demonstration in the area of regional policy when a country's forestry governance can learn from , so the selection of its communities in the area to be explored is the case , learned to perform live . Department of Forestry is low but exclusive access to the shared resources with high impairment (Common Pool Resources, CPR) one of , if not the proper management, is easy to produce , " shared the tragedy ." Elinor Ostrom (1990) had been made by the community self- governance and sustainable design principles of institutional arrangements , the purpose of this study will be invoked , and mining depth interviews to assess the implementation of the outcome of Experimental Forest accepted the case of community forestry subsidies , raise self- governance the problem, in order to propose solutions that promote community forestry policies more mature, improve the performance of our forest resources governance .

摘 要 臺大實驗林因其特殊歷史背景，與契約林農訂立之三種契約，歷經社會與經濟變遷後，漸生契約林農基於經濟因素而違規利用契約林地、林管處無法具體落實造林管理政策、契約林地利用契約規範與實際利用現況不甚相符等諸多問題。按非都市土地使用管制規則予以檢視，臺大實驗林契約林地係編定為林業用地，惟依臺大實驗林「被墾地合作造林辦法」、合作造林契約書規定，造林地可於單筆總面積的三成內從事森林特產物或果樹之種植，此與上開規則規定林業用地容許使用項目不得作農業使用之規範有所牴觸，除人為的利用，以保存自然資源?還是兼顧人們需要和環境保育，得積極介入以亟待研析解決辦法。 從自然資源利用的歷史角度以觀，除天然災害影響之外，人為干擾似乎是造成土地健康受損的根源。然而，究竟要完全排負責保育自然資源?凡此引發激烈的辯論。若從林地利用究屬保存與保育觀點檢視，林管處秉持林地林用的概念，是希望避免林地農用與干擾，以達成完全造林的目標，近乎保存的概念；而林農希望契約林地做混農利用，並希望透過在地知識以人為方式主動管理，且在不破壞林地健康的前提下，以提升經濟收入與環境健康，似屬保育的概念。然為落實維護林地資源，採取何種觀念為宜？ 本研究從臺大實驗林契約林地土地使用管制機制，藉由混農林業理論、保存與保育理論、土地使用管制等文獻評析，並透過深度訪談，分析臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用相關問題，最後得到以下結論：(1)臺大實驗林契約林地租地造林契約應予修正；（2）修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目；（3）臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及獎勵造林計畫。本研究對於臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用，提出以下之建議:(1)修正臺大實驗林契約林地三種租地造林契約內容不適宜之規範，以符合現今法令規範；(2)重新查定臺大實驗林契約林地可利用限度並編定合適用地類別，以符土地使用管制規範；(3)修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目，以利林地保育並導正使用；(4)臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及持續宣導獎勵造林計畫，以維護國土保育安全。最後，從導正土地使用管制機制，以利有效管理臺大實驗林契約林地，最終達成森林資源永續發展的目標。 關鍵詞：臺大實驗林契約林地、土地使用管制、保育與保存、混農林業、林業用地、違規使用 / Abstract Due to the unique historical background of the experimental forest of National Taiwan University (NTU), three types of contracts were signed with users of leased forest land. Many issues have now arisen after several social and economic changes. Such issues include the illegal use of the forest land, failure of the Forest District Offices to fully implement the relevant forestation management policies, and the inconsistency between the provisions of forest land use contracts and the conditions of actual use. According to the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control, the NTU experimental forest is defined as forest land. On the other hand, however, according to the “Cooperation Guideline for Reclaimed Land Forestation” and the “Forestation Contract,” 30% of the total area of a parcel of forestation land may be used for the plantation of special forest products or fruit trees, which is inconsistent with the rule under the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control prohibiting any agricultural use of forest land. As a result, a solution was to be analyzed and discussed to see whether the natural resources shall be preserved either without human use or with active intervention to balance human needs with environmental conservation. From the historical perspectives on natural resource use, human interference seems to be the main cause of damage to land. Heated discussions have been had regarding how to conserve natural resources. This issue might be viewed from the two points of view, i.e. preservation and conservation. The Forest District Office holds the view that forest land shall be used for the purpose of forestry to avoid agricultural use or interference and to achieve the goal of complete forestation. This is more of a concept of preservation. On the other hand, users of forest land would prefer agroforestry use of forest land and manage the land through local knowledge to improve economic returns and environmental health without destroying the forest land. This is more of a concept of conservation. Which concept is more ideal in terms of protection of forest land? In this study, we referred to publications in connection with agroforestry, preservation and conservation, and use control of land, along with in-depth interviews conducted to analyze the relevant issues regarding the use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and concluded that: (1) the forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest shall be amended; (2) the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations shall be revised; and (3) NTU experimental forest shall continue to participate in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation. The possible measures for the use of leased forest land at NTU experimental forest as suggested by this study include: (1) amending the three types of forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest for the purpose of legal compliance; (2) reinvestigating the scope of use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and stipulating appropriate use types to be in conformance to the land use control regulations; (3) revising the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations for the purposes of forest land conservation and corrective use; and (4) the continuous participation of NTU experimental forest in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation to maintain national land conservation. Finally, by correcting the mechanism of land use control, the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest will be effectively managed and the goal of perpetual development of forest resources achieved. Key words：Experimental forest leased forest land of National Taiwan University, Land use control, Conservation and preservation, Agroforestry, Forest land, Illegal use