“The Future of Football is Feminine”: A Critical Cultural History of the U.S. Women’s National Soccer Team,focuses on the historical and cultural construction of the U.S. women’s national soccer team. The public and academic discourse that constitutes women’s soccer in the U.S. consistently links the game with the feminist legislation of Title IX, and positions male coaches as benevolent patriarchs who grant young girls and women the right to play. The combination of these two dominant narratives confronts the historical narrative of women’s soccer from an uncritical and celebratory space, which represses and decenters lines of power. I challenge these steadfast discourses by locating this team, and thus, women’s soccer, in the larger cultural frame of neoliberal, postfeminist, post-racial, and sexual politics. Through an examination of U.S. newspapers and magazines, United States Soccer Federation (USSF) and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) documents, and extensive soccer-specific journals and magazines, I explore the intersection of capitalism, feminism, and racism in women’s professional sport. This research also examines how the media and other corporations have cultivated the U.S. women’s national team and its individual stars, such as Mia Hamm, Brandi Chastain, Kristine Lilly, Abby Wambach, and Hope Solo to promote themselves as consumer conduits through which moral and ethical behaviors circulate and influence civil society. Since the mid-1990s, young female soccer players find themselves at an ideological crossroad of individual choice and self-discipline. The soccer field has been promoted as a space of gender and racial inclusion as well as economic and political freedom while subtly reinforcing the exact opposite. Moreover, I examine the historical and ever-shifting landscape of women’s soccer, and how neoliberalism as an economic and cultural theory is central to the use of race, class, gender, and sexual ideologies to develop women’s soccer in the United States.

Background: An increased load on the European elite football players is seen; both physically, with more matches with the national teams and the club teams, but also mentally. To play football on the highest level induce a high injury risk with injury incidences very high, both in the national team and in the club teams. Objective: To investigate the injury risk among elite football players in UEFA Champions League when playing in their clubs compared to international matches with their national team respectively. Further the objective also was to study the injury incidence and injury pattern differences between national team players and non national team players. Materials and methods: In this study 3233 player seasons were registered for 6141 injuries from 134 UEFA Champions League team seasons, during the seasons 2001/2002 to 2009/2010. Existing data from UEFA research group consisted of injuries, exposure, anthropometric data etc. The author collected data regarding national team exposure. Definitions of injury severity, injury categorization, injury incidence are standard definitions and the definition of being national team player or not were given by the author. Results: The baseline data showed that the national team players played more matches, had more match injuries, had a higher match exposure and were younger. No large differences are seen in injury incidence in the type of injuries. Some specific injuries as Achilles tendon, low back pain and ACL are more common in matches whit the non national team players, while knee MCL injuries are more common among the national team players. The non national team players had more absence from injuries. When comparing the both groups in injury incidence in total, there were no differences. Discussion: The results of this study can be compared to other similar studies, because of the same procedure regarding injury incidence etc. as consensus. The figures in this study show the same figures as other studies in the same subject. Conclusions: The injury incidence and injury pattern do not diverge from one another or from earlier studies on the same topic. The noteworthy finding is that the players who play for the national team have not a higher injury incidence than the players who do not play for the national team.

In the past, most studies of the multi-national team were focused on the differences of culture, or adopted the concept of Western theory to explain the organizational behavior of Chinese community. Research methods also are based on logical positivism, not showing the process of conflicting, bearing, and adjusting different cultures. In this study, there are several attempts, such as the standpoint of research and research method. In regard to standpoint of research, I adopt the perspective of Chinese to observe organization conflict and cultural differences within a multi-national team (CAT Problem); in regard to research method, I used Narrative Inquiry to explore and describe the progress and story of multi-national team and tried to analyze the Chinese members¡¦ silent response in the operational process of multi-national team, which can be interpreted as the following four meanings: (a) focusing on the harmonious relationship between the groups, and (b) showing the bearing, and (C) adhering to the formality, and(d) looking forward to equal payback. This study found that each member of the multi-national team has to understand and grasp his/ her deep cultural context which influences his/ her words and deeds. And then team members can base on understanding cultural differences in the interaction of the team to find out the consensus and the way of thinking of the multi-national team. In addition, this study also recommends the leader should assist the Chinese team member of multinational team to redefine the cognitive of the harmonious relationship. It will help Chinese team member to improve the performance in a multi-national team.

Syftet med denna undersökning var att studera eventuella skillnader i upplevd motivation och självförtroende mellan fotbollslandslagsspelande och icke fotbollslandslagsspelande ungdomar i åldern 14-19. Dessutom studerades eventuella skillnader mellan pojkarna och flickorna inom samma område. Total deltog 471 fotbollsspelande ungdomar varav 282 spelade i landslagen och 189 inte spelade i landslagen, 270 pojkar och 201 flickor. Spelarna fyllde vid ett tillfälle i enkäterna Grit scale, Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), The self-determination scale och Sport Confidence Inventory. Resultaten visade att det fanns skillnader mellan de landslagsspelande och icke landslagsspelande ungdomar inom variablerna upplevd motivation och upplevt självförtroende. Resultaten visade bland annat att de icke landslagsspelande ungdomarna upplever sig ha en högre grad av motivation än de landslagsspelande ungdomarna i denna studie. Dock visade resultaten att de landslagsspelande ungdomarna upplever sig ha ett högre självförtroende än de icke landslagsspelande ungdomarna i denna studie. Det finns även en signifikant skillnad mellan pojkar och flickor inom de två variablerna. Resultaten diskuteras i förhållande till uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk. / The purpose of this study was to examine if there is any possible differences in motivation and self-confidence among young soccer national team players and non-national soccer team players between 14-19 years old. The study also examined if there were any gender differences in the same areas. 471 young soccer players participated in this study, 282 of the players were national team players and 189 were not playing in any of the soccer national teams. 270 of the participants were boys and 201 were girls. A quantitative method with the questionnaires Grit Scale, Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), The self-determination scale and Sport Confidence Inventory was used. The results showed that the non-national players perceive themselves to have a higher level of motivation than the national team players in this study. The results also showed that the national team players perceived themselves to have a higher level of self-efficacy than the non-national team players in this study. There is also a significant gender difference within self-efficacy and motivation. The results are discussed in relation to the essay’s theoretical framework.

Title: The impact of training process on the stress tests results of women cross country skiing representation. Aim: The aim of this thesis is the comparison of the results of stress tests carried out preparatory period before and after the preparation period and whether the results were influenced by the applied training process. Methods: In this thesis was used background research of professional publications, content analyzes of documents and comparison of the results of stress tests and consultations with coaches and professionals who deal with cross-country skiing and stress tests issues. Results: The results of functional exercise diagnostic in test with the running ergometer showed positive effects of the training process on the stress test results after the preparatory period. Keywords: stress tests, laboratory conditions, stress, training, national team representants

Title: Characteristics of the senior men's volleyball in the past and its relationship to the current mode of the game. Objectives: The thesis aims to acquire, process and evaluate the views of large quantities mainly former players, coaches volleyball and CVS officials who actively participated in the development of volleyball in that period. The operational objective is to elaborate the history of men's national team of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in volleyball and an outline of the history of volleyball. Methods: To meet the research goals, I used method of questioning using non-standardized questionnaire with closed questions. In the second part of the research I used a research method interview. I Interview I chose because I wanted to check whether I am in the questionnaire did not forget any important fact related to your topic. Data collected from questionnaires were analyzed sum of probands and their answers. The results were processed by conventional statistical methods, expressed verbally, in tables and graphs. Results: The results indicated the views of players, coaches and officials CVF on the issue of characterization senior volleyball men in the past and its relationship to the current mode of the game. The results showed that in the monitored period, there were significant...

Muitas mudanças observadas na economia chinesa, principalmente desde os anos 2000, têm revelado uma crescente importância das grandes empresas nacionais desse país. Apesar de tantas transformações, poucos trabalhos foram direcionados para o tema. Destarte, essa dissertação propõe-se a fazer sua contribuição, examinando a real importância das grandes empresas chinesas no desenvolvimento econômico de seu país. Tal objetivo, entretanto, possui duas perspectivas. Primeiro, procura-se analisar o impacto desse grupo de empresas nos indicadores econômicos agregados de seu país. Em segundo lugar, analisa-se a sua interação com o governo chinês desde 1978. Para alcançar o objetivo do trabalho, houve uma análise teórica e uma histórica, além da apresentação dos processos de formação e internacionalização de grandes grupos nacionais. Conclui-se que: (i) a grande empresa chinesa, como um grupo, tem um papel relevante no desenvolvimento econômico de seu país, pela importância de suas economias de escala, de sua capacidade de aprendizado tecnológico e organizacional e pela sua aptidão para a inserção internacional; (ii) o Estado, por meio do suporte concedido a esse grupo, reconhece sua importância como um vetor fundamental a transformar a China em uma potência econômica. / There have been many significant changes observed in the Chinese economy over recent years and especially after the first half of 2000´s. Large enterprises have proven to be of increasing importance in this context. However, few papers have critically assessed this subject. Thus, this thesis aims to verify the actual importance of Chinese big enterprises in these economic shifts. It will be discussed in two perspectives. On the one hand, the impact most important national big enterprises have on the economy is examined. On the other hand, the relationship between the government and these corporations since 1978 is analyzed. In order to achieve the proposed aim, not only a theoretical and an historical analysis will be used but also it will be presented the discussion about the formation and internationalization processes of Chinese big businesses. It is concluded that: (i) large Chinese enterprises have had great importance to the development of China‟s economy according to their advantages in economies of scale, technological innovation and availability, organizational learning capabilities, and internationalization aptitude; (ii) clearly the government has played a key role in supporting this group of enterprises - what can be considered as a political recognition of the Chinese big business importance to push China into a world economic power position.

Muitas mudanças observadas na economia chinesa, principalmente desde os anos 2000, têm revelado uma crescente importância das grandes empresas nacionais desse país. Apesar de tantas transformações, poucos trabalhos foram direcionados para o tema. Destarte, essa dissertação propõe-se a fazer sua contribuição, examinando a real importância das grandes empresas chinesas no desenvolvimento econômico de seu país. Tal objetivo, entretanto, possui duas perspectivas. Primeiro, procura-se analisar o impacto desse grupo de empresas nos indicadores econômicos agregados de seu país. Em segundo lugar, analisa-se a sua interação com o governo chinês desde 1978. Para alcançar o objetivo do trabalho, houve uma análise teórica e uma histórica, além da apresentação dos processos de formação e internacionalização de grandes grupos nacionais. Conclui-se que: (i) a grande empresa chinesa, como um grupo, tem um papel relevante no desenvolvimento econômico de seu país, pela importância de suas economias de escala, de sua capacidade de aprendizado tecnológico e organizacional e pela sua aptidão para a inserção internacional; (ii) o Estado, por meio do suporte concedido a esse grupo, reconhece sua importância como um vetor fundamental a transformar a China em uma potência econômica. / There have been many significant changes observed in the Chinese economy over recent years and especially after the first half of 2000´s. Large enterprises have proven to be of increasing importance in this context. However, few papers have critically assessed this subject. Thus, this thesis aims to verify the actual importance of Chinese big enterprises in these economic shifts. It will be discussed in two perspectives. On the one hand, the impact most important national big enterprises have on the economy is examined. On the other hand, the relationship between the government and these corporations since 1978 is analyzed. In order to achieve the proposed aim, not only a theoretical and an historical analysis will be used but also it will be presented the discussion about the formation and internationalization processes of Chinese big businesses. It is concluded that: (i) large Chinese enterprises have had great importance to the development of China‟s economy according to their advantages in economies of scale, technological innovation and availability, organizational learning capabilities, and internationalization aptitude; (ii) clearly the government has played a key role in supporting this group of enterprises - what can be considered as a political recognition of the Chinese big business importance to push China into a world economic power position.

Muitas mudanças observadas na economia chinesa, principalmente desde os anos 2000, têm revelado uma crescente importância das grandes empresas nacionais desse país. Apesar de tantas transformações, poucos trabalhos foram direcionados para o tema. Destarte, essa dissertação propõe-se a fazer sua contribuição, examinando a real importância das grandes empresas chinesas no desenvolvimento econômico de seu país. Tal objetivo, entretanto, possui duas perspectivas. Primeiro, procura-se analisar o impacto desse grupo de empresas nos indicadores econômicos agregados de seu país. Em segundo lugar, analisa-se a sua interação com o governo chinês desde 1978. Para alcançar o objetivo do trabalho, houve uma análise teórica e uma histórica, além da apresentação dos processos de formação e internacionalização de grandes grupos nacionais. Conclui-se que: (i) a grande empresa chinesa, como um grupo, tem um papel relevante no desenvolvimento econômico de seu país, pela importância de suas economias de escala, de sua capacidade de aprendizado tecnológico e organizacional e pela sua aptidão para a inserção internacional; (ii) o Estado, por meio do suporte concedido a esse grupo, reconhece sua importância como um vetor fundamental a transformar a China em uma potência econômica. / There have been many significant changes observed in the Chinese economy over recent years and especially after the first half of 2000´s. Large enterprises have proven to be of increasing importance in this context. However, few papers have critically assessed this subject. Thus, this thesis aims to verify the actual importance of Chinese big enterprises in these economic shifts. It will be discussed in two perspectives. On the one hand, the impact most important national big enterprises have on the economy is examined. On the other hand, the relationship between the government and these corporations since 1978 is analyzed. In order to achieve the proposed aim, not only a theoretical and an historical analysis will be used but also it will be presented the discussion about the formation and internationalization processes of Chinese big businesses. It is concluded that: (i) large Chinese enterprises have had great importance to the development of China‟s economy according to their advantages in economies of scale, technological innovation and availability, organizational learning capabilities, and internationalization aptitude; (ii) clearly the government has played a key role in supporting this group of enterprises - what can be considered as a political recognition of the Chinese big business importance to push China into a world economic power position.

Orientador: Paulo Cesar Montagner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T13:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nunes_JoaoAntonio_M.pdf: 849032 bytes, checksum: 893316164592f59cba2dd070d4b62dda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O Basquetebol é um desporto complexo que envolve muitas variáveis. O entendimento da relevância das variáveis físicas, técnicas e táticas dentro do contexto do jogo, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento da modalidade. Esta é uma pesquisa de campo descritiva e correlacional, que teve como objetivos descrever, comparar e correlacionar as variáveis antropométricas (peso, altura, gordura relativa, IMC) e biomotoras (força, potência aeróbia, anaeróbia e resistência anaeróbia), com os indicadores técnicos de jogo (tempo de jogo, arremessos, rebotes, bolas recuperadas e erros). A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por atletas da Seleção Brasileira de Basquetebol Feminino, que estavam em preparação e participaram das Olimpíadas de Sidney-2000 e Atenas-2004. Para o levantamento dos dados, foram utilizados testes de supino, agachamento, salto vertical, Forward-Backward e VO2 máx, os indicadores técnicos foram adquiridos à partir do site de domínio público. O tratamento estatístico das informações foi realizado mediante o pacote computadorizado StatisticaTM 6.0®. Após constatação da normalidade (teste de shapiro wilk) dos dados, recorreu-se aos procedimentos da estatística descritiva e, ao teste ¿t¿ de Student para amostras independentes. Foram determinados ainda os coeficientes de correlação simples de Pearson. Como resultados mais relevantes, destacam-se: a) O valor significantemente maior de VO2max nos Jogos Olímpicos de Sidney em relação ao encontrado nos Jogos Olímpicos de Atenas (p<0,05), b) Foram encontradas correlações moderadas (r>0,40) e significantes entre o tempo de jogo e o índice de massa corporal (IMC), %G e VO2máx (p<0,05), c) Quanto aos rebotes, esses apresentaram moderadas e significantes correlações com a estatura e a massa magra (p<0,05). Conclui-se que existe uma relação inversa entre percentual de gordura elevado e os indicadores técnicos que contribuem de forma positiva para o resultado final de jogo. Palavras chaves: Basquetebol, Esportes femininos, Seleção olímpica, Capacidade motora / Abstract: Basketball is a complex sport that involves many variables. The understanding of the relevance of the physical variables, techniques and tactics within the context of the game, is fundamental towards the development of the modality. This is a descriptive and correlational field research, which has as an objective to describe, compare and correlate the anthropometric variable (weight, height, body fat, BMI) and biomotor capacity (strength, aerobic, anaerobic, power and anaerobic resistance), with the game technical indicators (playing time, points, rebounds, steal balls and turnovers). The sample of the research was made of athletes from the Brazilian Female Basketball Olympic National Team who were on the training and participated for the Sydney Olympic Games/2000 and Atenas/2004. For raising the data, the bench press test, squat, vertical jump, Forward-Backward and VO2max have been used; the technical indicators have been acquired from a public domain site. The statistic treatment on the information has been run according to the StatisticaTM 6.0®. After the proving of the normality (shapiro wilk test) of the data, the descriptive statistics procedures and the ¿t¿ Student test were run to for independents samples. And also Pearson¿s simple correlation coefficients have been determined. As more relevant results, stand out: a) the significantly bigger value of VO2max in the Sydney Olympic games in relation to the ones that have been found in the Atenas Olympic games (p<0,05), b) moderate correlations (r>0,40) and significants between the playing time and the body mass index (BMI), % body fat mass e VO2max (p<0,05) have found; c) about the rebounds, they have shown moderate and significant correlations with the height and fat free mass (p<0,05). In conclusion, it is possible to assure there is an inverse relationship between a high body fat mass percentage and technical variables which contribute in a positive way to the final result of the game / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física