A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2017 / The study attempts to examine the relationship between national identity and political sovereignty and their impact on the emergence of nations, with a special focus on debates around the South African nation-state from 1990 to 2004. Located within the postcolonialism approach, the study looks at national identity through the prism of ethnicity, language, religion and race, while sovereignty is considered through its two component parts, the state and citizenry. By examining two postcolonial contexts, the Arab world and India, the study has developed a framework which is applied to the study of the South African state. This framework identifies nationalism as a glue which holds sovereignty and identity together in the nation-state. The two cases reveal that there is always more than one nationalist narrative, often competing against each other. In the case of the Arab world the study looks at the tensions between pan-Arabism, Arab nationalism and Islamism. In the case of India a secular Indian nationalism has had to compete against a Hindu nationalism. The study argues that South Africa’s history has been characterised by contestation between a white, Afrikaner nationalism and an African nationalism. As in the two case studies, these narratives are not just polar ends, but rather a complex spectrum which has seen alliances being struck across the racial divide. The essence of the former has been an attempt at addressing the ‘Native Question’, that is how to manage the continued subjugation of the overwhelming number of Africans in this country. Having its roots as a reaction to its socio-economic conditions in the Cape, it evolved into an ethnically constructed view of itself and through which it mobilised political and economic resources to perpetuate its dominance after it reached its zenith in the 1948 elections. This narrative’s arc saw it being redefined in race terms to encompass English-speaking whites, and then through a combination of anti-communist rhetoric and anti-African scare-mongering, included the coloured and Indian parts of the South African population. Today it manifests itself in a return to an ethnic laager which takes the form of attempts at discriminating against non-Afrikaans speakers on the basis of an appeal to victimhood and the exercise of constitutional rights. The African nationalism narrative begins from the mid-1800s, tracing the impact of those educated at missionary schools on the society they came from. This Christian elite came to play a powerful role in establishing a plethora of organisations so that as the wars of resistance were ending, political mobilisation was taking off. This mobilisation took the form of voter registration and voting for those white candidates considered to be acting in the interests of Africans, church congregations as well as newspapers which served as platforms for airing of grievances. A moderate, urbanbased, accommodating form of politics ran parallel to a more militant, rural-based form of resistance. The former would shape the first few decades of the African National Congress until the 1940s, while the latter was subsumed under the rhetoric of the nationalist elite – similar to the experiences of India and the Arab world. / XL2018

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olivia Carolino Pires.pdf: 1434727 bytes, checksum: 8d5658f4f5d2b878d618e4bd10ef8d1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / This thesis is about "The national question at the Latin American critical thought . The research analyzed the national question as a consequence of the paradoxes which features the historical process in Latin America. On the issue of analytical reference method of dialectical historical materialism, in a historical process of what happened in Europe, it is assumed that critical thinking on this reality have content about national question with specific characteristics to the social formations of past colonial, relative to assumed in the formulations of classical Marxism, which reflects the contradictions that drive the European historical process and universalized as the foundation of critical thinking of the working class worldwide. Latin America, from the contradictions of capitalist development, has peculiarities in the matter of national training, which try to examine two aspects: a specific capitalist development; and aleijume of the nation state. Our analysis leads the idea that in Latin America to identify the social forces whose contradictions set in motion each successive moment of the historical process, met the national liberation movements in the years 1960-70 an outcome of these contradictions to link the issue of national liberation to anti-imperialism and socialist transition. The national question related to the fight for national liberation is contributed by a moment of critical thinking in Latin America for Marxism. The national question related to the struggle for national liberation is contributed by a moment of critical thinking in Latin America for Marxism / Esta tese tem como fenômeno de interesse a " questão nacional no pensamento crítico da América Latina e como objetivo examinar a questão nacional como desdobramento das contradições que movem o processo histórico na América Latina. Nos marcos do referencial de análise do método do materialismo histórico dialético, tratando-se de um processo histórico diferente do que aconteceu na Europa, é de se supor que o pensamento crítico sobre as determinações dessa realidade tenha um conteúdo sobre a questão nacional, com especificidades próprias às formações sociais de passado colonial, em relação ao assumido nas formulações do marxismo clássico, que reflete as contradições que movem o processo histórico europeu (não homogêneo) e se universalizou como o fundamento do pensamento crítico da classe trabalhadora em nível mundial. A América Latina, a partir das contradições de seu processo histórico de desenvolvimento capitalista, apresenta peculiaridades na questão das formações nacionais, das quais procuramos examinar dois aspectos, a saber: um desenvolvimento capitalista específico, amplamente abordado nos estudos sobre capitalismo dependente; e um aleijume na formação do Estado Nação. Nossas análises conduzem à ideia de que em formações nacionais dependentes, ao buscar identificar as forças sociais cujas contradições puseram em movimento cada momento sucessivo do processo histórico, como no caso da América Latina, encontramos nos movimentos de libertação nacional nos anos 1960-70 um momento de desfecho dessas contradições, ao relacionar a questão da libertação nacional ao anti-imperialismo e à transição socialista. A questão nacional relacionada às lutas por libertação nacional é uma contribuição de um momento do pensamento crítico na América Latina para o marxismo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olivia Carolino Pires.pdf: 1434727 bytes, checksum: 8d5658f4f5d2b878d618e4bd10ef8d1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / This thesis is about "The national question at the Latin American critical thought . The research analyzed the national question as a consequence of the paradoxes which features the historical process in Latin America. On the issue of analytical reference method of dialectical historical materialism, in a historical process of what happened in Europe, it is assumed that critical thinking on this reality have content about national question with specific characteristics to the social formations of past colonial, relative to assumed in the formulations of classical Marxism, which reflects the contradictions that drive the European historical process and universalized as the foundation of critical thinking of the working class worldwide. Latin America, from the contradictions of capitalist development, has peculiarities in the matter of national training, which try to examine two aspects: a specific capitalist development; and aleijume of the nation state. Our analysis leads the idea that in Latin America to identify the social forces whose contradictions set in motion each successive moment of the historical process, met the national liberation movements in the years 1960-70 an outcome of these contradictions to link the issue of national liberation to anti-imperialism and socialist transition. The national question related to the fight for national liberation is contributed by a moment of critical thinking in Latin America for Marxism. The national question related to the struggle for national liberation is contributed by a moment of critical thinking in Latin America for Marxism / Esta tese tem como fenômeno de interesse a " questão nacional no pensamento crítico da América Latina e como objetivo examinar a questão nacional como desdobramento das contradições que movem o processo histórico na América Latina. Nos marcos do referencial de análise do método do materialismo histórico dialético, tratando-se de um processo histórico diferente do que aconteceu na Europa, é de se supor que o pensamento crítico sobre as determinações dessa realidade tenha um conteúdo sobre a questão nacional, com especificidades próprias às formações sociais de passado colonial, em relação ao assumido nas formulações do marxismo clássico, que reflete as contradições que movem o processo histórico europeu (não homogêneo) e se universalizou como o fundamento do pensamento crítico da classe trabalhadora em nível mundial. A América Latina, a partir das contradições de seu processo histórico de desenvolvimento capitalista, apresenta peculiaridades na questão das formações nacionais, das quais procuramos examinar dois aspectos, a saber: um desenvolvimento capitalista específico, amplamente abordado nos estudos sobre capitalismo dependente; e um aleijume na formação do Estado Nação. Nossas análises conduzem à ideia de que em formações nacionais dependentes, ao buscar identificar as forças sociais cujas contradições puseram em movimento cada momento sucessivo do processo histórico, como no caso da América Latina, encontramos nos movimentos de libertação nacional nos anos 1960-70 um momento de desfecho dessas contradições, ao relacionar a questão da libertação nacional ao anti-imperialismo e à transição socialista. A questão nacional relacionada às lutas por libertação nacional é uma contribuição de um momento do pensamento crítico na América Latina para o marxismo

This study, using the theoretical basis of the writings of Lenin and Gramsci on revolutionary theory and praxis, traces the formation, policy and aims, membership and structure, and practices of the United Democratic Front (UDF) and selected affiliate organisations during the period 1983-1987. The central problem investigated is the relation between revolutionary theory and praxis and the aims, policies and practices of the UDF and its affiliates. More particularly, in what respects does the formation of the UDF and revolutionary developments thereafter meet the strategic and tactical requirements of Lenin and Gramsci's theories of revolutionary strategy? It is argued that the formation of the UDF, and revolutionary developments during the period of review, conformed to the strategic and tactical requirements of a Leninist-Gramscian model of revolutionary praxis in the following way: the general drive to establish mass-based community organisations (increasing the complexity of civil society by establishing mass organisations); the formation of the UDF in August 1983 (creating a historical bloc in opposition to the ruling bloc during the phase of democratic struggle); and the development and spread of a common national political culture based on resistance to apartheid (expanding the revolutionary consciousness of the masses). During the period under review, the UDF-Ied opposition to apartheid resulted in the organisational and ideological penetration of the Front into almost every major sector of black civil society. The major forces behind the increasing political and ideological leadership of the UDF were the affiliated civic associations, trade unions, student/youth and women's organisations. These organisations played a central role in mass mobilisation and organisation and the spread of revolutionary consciousness throughout black civil society. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

Bibliography: leaves 290-311. / xiii, 354, 14 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study investigates the roles and experiences of "women warriors" in Zimbabwe's anti-colonial national liberation war, and reveals certain glorifications which have served to obscure and silence the voices of thousands of young girls and women involved in the struggle. The problems associated with the inclusion of women in an armed/military guerrilla force are discussed, and the (re)presentation of women in discourses of war, fictional accounts, public and national symbols and other multiple discursive layers which have re-inscribed the women back into the domestic examined. The Zimbabwean film Flame highlights the political sensitivity of the issues, including accusations of rape by male comrades in guerrilla training camps. An overview of women's involvement in Zimbabwean history, anti-colonial struggle, and the African nationalist movement provides the background for a critique of western feminist theories of nationalism and women's liberation in Africa. Historical records are juxtaposed with the voices of some women ex-combatants who speak their reasons for joining the struggle and their experiences of war. White Rhodesian women's roles are also examined in light of the gendered constructions of war. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Politics, 1999

Originally issued as a Ph. D. thesis from the University of Oxford, 1993. / Title from introductory page (SAHO website, viewed July 28, 2005). Includes bibliographical references. HTML version of the print thesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Stabilization and Reconstruction))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010. / Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia. ; Second Reader: McNab, Robert M. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Zimbabwe, Mugabe, structural adjustment program, democracy, autocrat, state sponsored violence, ZANU, ZAPU, Nkomo, Movement for Democratic Change, Tsvangirai, Fifth Brigade. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-55). Also available in print.

Thesis (doctoral)--Wageningen Universiteit, 2008. / "Propositions/Stellingen" ([1] leaf) inserted. Erratum slip inserted. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-218).

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, February 2008.