Os avanços obtidos na política ambiental e a conscientização da população em relação aos problemas do meio ambiente têm levado a uma crescente demanda por espécies florestais nativas. A presença no mercado de viveiros, com alta tecnologia, e as exigências cada vez mais rígidas de padrão, fazem com que haja grande procura por alternativas que visem reduzir os custos de manejo, aumentar a taxa de crescimento e melhorar a qualidade das mudas produzidas. A produção pode ser comprometida pelo pouco conhecimento do comportamento silvicultural da espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento da espécie arbórea nativa Mirindiba (Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne), submetida a quatro diferentes tratamentos com promotores de crescimento, em duas fases distintas de seu ciclo de produção, nas condições específicas de um viveiro de mudas arbóreas, inclusive em relação à época de aplicação. O experimento foi conduzido em um viveiro localizado no município de Amparo-SP. Os tratamentos foram: Testemunha, Orgasol semanal, Biogain Max, Orgasol 15 dias e Biogain Plus. Os tratos culturais realizados habitualmente nos viveiros e as condições ambientais foram similares para todos. Os parâmetros quantitativos de vigor, usados foram: diâmetro do colo, DAP, altura da parte aérea, relação altura com diâmetro do tronco, matéria seca de 100 folhas e teores foliares de nutrientes. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos causalizados, com cinco blocos de cinco tratamentos, um recipiente por repetição e uma planta por recipiente. O tratamento com Biogain Max mostrou-se mais eficiente quando comparado aos demais tratamentos nas duas fases distintas da produção de mudas, em relação ao acréscimo médio na altura e diâmetro de tronco (H/D). Houve um maior desenvolvimento, em resposta aos diferentes tratamentos, nos períodos que representam os meses de agosto a março. Na fase 1, o tratamento com Orgasol semanal, apresentou a melhor relação H/D, nos dois primeiros períodos, enquanto que no terceiro período a melhor relação foi do Biogain Max. Nas mudas mais jovens, existiu uma tendência em ocorrer maior acréscimo em altura do que em diâmetro do colo e nas mudas com maior maturidade, essa tendência é inversa, de acordo com a relação H/D. O tratamento com Biogain Max apresentou a melhor relação H/D, no primeiro, terceiro e período total, na fase 2. A aplicação de promotores de crescimento via foliar se mostrou mais eficiente em relação à aplicação via solo. Existe uma tendência de um maior desenvolvimento, quando parcela-se a dosagem e aumenta-se a freqüência de aplicação, de acordo com os tratamentos Orgasol semanal e Orgasol 15 dias. Com a conclusão desse projeto, aumentam em muito as perspectivas para novos estudos, como a viabilidade de utilização de promotores de crescimento para a produção de mudas arbóreas. / The advances got in environmental policy and the conscientiousness of population with problems in relation to the environment has led to an increasing demand for native species. The presence of the nursery, with high technology and the demands of increasingly stringent standards, means that there is high demand for alternatives to reduce management costs, increase growth rate and improve the quality of plants produced. The production may be jeopardizing by poor knowledge of the natural conduct of species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of native tree, Mirindiba (Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne), subjected to four different treatments with growth promoters, in two distinct phases of production, the specific conditions of a tree nursery. Also, was to identify the best treatment for the production of this species in relation to the time of application and cost. The experiment was conducted in a nursery located in Amparo-SP. The treatments were: Control, Orgasol Semanal, Biogain Max, Orgasol 15 dias and Biogain Plus. The cultural treatments usually performed and environmental conditions were similar for all. The quantitative parameters of vigor, used were: the caliper of root crown, DAP, height, relation of height with caliper of trunk (H/D), dry weight of 100 leaves and foliar levels of nutrients. The statistical design adopted was causal block with five blocks of five treatments, one container by a repetition and one plant for a container. Treatment with Biogain Max was more efficient when compared to other treatments in two separate phases of the production in relation to the increase in average height and diameter of trunk. There was a further development in response to different treatments, which represent the period of August to March. In phase 1, treatment with Orgasol Semanal, presented the best H/D, in the first two periods, while in the third period was the best of Biogain Max. In young plants, there was a tendency to greater increase in height than diameter of trunk and in mature plants, this trend is reversed, according to the relation of H/D. Treatment with Biogain Max had the best H/D in the first, third and total period, in phase 2. The application in leaves of growth promoters was more efficient in relation to the application via soil. There is a tendency for further development, when the frequency of application is incresead, according to the treatments Orgasol Semanal and Orgasol 15 dias. Treatment with Biogain Max in addition to a development than the other treatments in most periods of the two phases also had the lowest cost during the experiment. With the conclusion of this project, increases in much the prospects for new studies, and the feasibility of the use of growth promoters for the production of trees

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lais Weber.pdf: 890829 bytes, checksum: 517bfe599a74d7b29d48130d4d5ef543 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 / Fundação Parque Tecnológico Itaipu / The antimicrobial property of the plants can be explained by the production of active compounds generated during secondary metabolism as well as volatile compounds. Currently, the knowledge of this property have been confirmed scientifically, thus revealing the enormous potential of the plants in the control of infectious diseases, while there is an increase in cases of pathogenic microrganisms resistant to known antibiotics. Essential oils and extracts of plants have shown effects on growth of micro -organisms in many situations, suggesting practical use thereof. In the present study focused on the research of plants as alternative and natural source of antimicrobial substances, determined the chemical composition of the essential oil and various plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane) of Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. by GC/MS and phytochemical screening respectively, and its antimicrobial effect against microorganisms Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as Gram positive Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus subtilis (CCCD - B005) and yeast such as Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) by determining the values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using the microdilution broth; and finally we sought to evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oil and plant extracts by the capture of free radicals DPPH (2.2difenil-1-picryl-hydrazyl). The largest class of volatile compounds identified in the oil was Prunus myrtifolia benzaldehyde (97%) followed by 3-hexen-1-ol (0.07 %) and benzyl benzoate (0.09 %). Generally through the phytochemical screening of the extracts was found the presence of secondary metabolites such as, flavonoids, tannins (ethanolic and aqueous), and triterpenoid saponins (ethanolic), which have proven active in different studies in the literature. Compared to hexane extract showed absence of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. The results indicate the aqueous and ethanolic extract as the most effective of the tested pathogens. Regarding oil, showed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens evaluated. In a third stage of the study it was found antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract, ethanolic and ethyl acetate; in relation to essential oil and hexane extract antioxidant activity was not detected. From the results obtained it was established antimicrobial capacity of plant products tested and determined the antioxidant activity of the same . In the second stage of the research took place evaluated the phytochemical profile , antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts from six Brazilian plants obtained from the dried leaves of Maytenus aquifolia Mart., Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez., Psidium guajava L., Ricinus communis L. and Schinus molle L. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was tested against 36 serotypes of Salmonella from poultry products by the broth microdilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The antioxidant properties of these was evaluated by DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazila) method. The phytochemical profile detected components with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential in all extracts , as a percentage capture of DPPH than 65 % , demonstrating the high antioxidant activity of the tested extracts. In microdilution tests, we observed the antimicrobial activity of all tested extracts , and in general the ethanol extracts were more effective when compared to aqueous and ethanol extract of P. cauliflora followed by P. guajava higher end bacteriostatic . The MIC ranged from 1.56 to 100 mg.mL-1 and MBC of 3.13 to 100 mg.mL-1. These results confirmed the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of these plant extracts / A propriedade antimicrobiana das plantas pode ser explicada pela produção de compostos ativos gerados durante o metabolismo secundário como também por compostos voláteis. Atualmente, os conhecimentos desta propriedade têm sido confirmados cientificamente, revelando assim o enorme potencial das plantas no controle de doenças infecciosas, enquanto verifica-se um aumento nos casos de micro-organismos patogênicos resistentes aos antimicrobianos conhecidos. Extratos e óleos essenciais de plantas têm mostrado efeitos sobre desenvolvimento de micro-organismos em inúmeras situações, o que sugere uso prático destes produtos. No presente estudo voltado à pesquisa de plantas como fonte natural e alternativa de substâncias antimicrobianas, determinou-se a composição química do óleo essencial e de diferentes extratos vegetais (aquoso, etanolico, acetato de etila e hexânico) de Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. (pessegueiro-bravo), através da CG/MS e triagem fitoquímica respectivamente, bem como seu efeito antimicrobiano contra micro-organismos Gram negativos Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 25933), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Gram positivos como, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Bacillus subtillis (CCCD - B005) e como levedura a Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) através da determinação dos valores de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) utilizando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo; e por fim buscou-se avaliar a atividade antioxidante do óleo essencial e dos extratos vegetais pelo método de captura de radicais livres DPPH (2.2difenil-1-picril-hidrazil). A maior classe de compostos voláteis identificados no óleo de Prunus myrtifolia foi benzaldeido (97%) seguido de 3-hexen-1-ol (0.07%) e benzoato de benzila (0.09%). De maneira geral através da triagem fitoquimica dos extratos verificou-se a presença de metabolitos secundários como, flavonoides, taninos (etanolico e aquoso), triterpenoides e saponinas (etanolico), que já se mostraram ativas em diferentes estudos descritos na literatura. Em relação ao extrato hexânico apresentou ausência de metabólitos secundários com atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados apontam o extrato aquoso e etanolicos como os mais efetivos os patógenos testados. Em relação ao óleo, apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente a todos patógenos avaliados. Em uma terceira etapa do estudo verificou-se atividade antioxidante entre o extrato aquoso, etanolico e acetato de etila; em relação ao óleo essencial e o extrato hexânico não foi detectada atividade antioxidante. Pelos resultados obtidos ficou estabelecida a capacidade antimicrobiana dos produtos vegetais testados, bem como determinou-se a atividade antioxidante dos mesmos. Em segunda etapa da pesquisa realizou-se Avaliou-se o perfil fitoquímico, ação antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais etanólico e aquoso de seis plantas brasileiras obtidos das folhas secas de Maytenus aquifolia Mart. (espinheira-santa), Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg (jabuticabeira), Ocotea spixiana (Nees) Mez. (canela-branca), Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira), e Ricinus communis L. (mamona) e Schinus molle L. (aroeira). A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos extratos vegetais foi testada frente a trinta e seis sorotipos de Salmonella de origem avícola pelo método de microdiluição em caldo com a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). A ação antioxidante dos mesmos foi avaliada pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila). O perfil fitoquímico detectou componentes com potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante em todos os extratos, assim como um percentual de captura do DPPH superior a 65%, demonstrando o elevado potencial antioxidante dos extratos testados. Nos testes de microdiluição em caldo, observou-se a atividade antimicrobiana de todos os extratos testados, sendo que em geral os extratos etanólicos foram mais eficazes quando comparados aos aquosos, sendo o extrato etanólico de P. cauliflora seguido por P. guajava de maior efeito bacteriostático. As CIMs variaram entre 1,56-100 mg.mL-1 e a CBM entre 3,13-100 mg.mL-1. Esses resultados confirmaram o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante desses extratos vegetais

Species prescriptions are developed for revegetating abandoned acidic coal overburden seepage sites in the Collie region of Western Australia. The research involved selecting appropriate plant species and determining successful methods of enhancing revegetation. Candidate species were screened for tolerance to acidic overburden materials, local climate conditions and metal toxicity. Methods tested included improving spoil conditions and trialing an alternative method for seeding.Twelve species of native plants were tested for tolerance in two acid overburden materials in pot and field trials. Eucalyptus robusta is the most tolerant, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus cladocalyx are highly tolerant, Eucalyptus rudis and Melaleuca hamulosa demonstrate potential, provided adequate soil moisture is available.An important growth restriction factor in acid soils is the presence of free aluminium ions. A glasshouse trial performed on seven species for tolerance to aluminium toxicity revealed E. robusta as most tolerant and E. camaldulensis and Kunzea ericifolia a highly tolerant. E. rudis and M. hamulosa are moderately tolerant, but E. cladocalyx and Eucalyptus diversicolor are very sensitive to aluminium.Various methods were trialed to increase growth of seedlings transplanted on to acidic overburden sites. Both commercial cow manure and slow-release fertiliser tablets increase growth, whereas commercial potting mix and lime do not. Inoculation of plants with the ectomycorrhiza fungus Pisolithus tinctorius increases the amount of infection in roots but does not enhance plant growth.Supplementary fertilisation is necessary to maintain growth (nitrogen) and restore chlorophyll production (phosphorus) in fast growing eucalypt seedlings planted into typical acidic spoils. Poor levels of nutrient availability in such acidic sites appear to be the primary factor in ++ / retarding growth. In the absence of supplementation, foliage reddening is observed in several species.An alternative method of seeding dumps is fascining. Prepared dump surfaces may be covered with capsule-laden branchwood of myrtaceous species. Material of the locally available Kunzea ericifolia is effective in producing many seedlings. Subsequent seedling growth is enhanced with fertiliser and lime addition.

Habitat fragmentation and biological invasions are widely considered to be the most significant threats to global biodiversity, and synergistic interactions between these processes have the potential to cause even greater biodiversity loss than either acting alone. The objective of my study was to investigate the effects of fragmentation on plant communities in native forest fragments, and to examine potential interactions between these effects and invasions by exotic plants at multiple spatial scales. I examined edge, area and landscape effects on plant invasions using empirical data from fragmented landscapes on the West Coast of New Zealand. My research revealed significant interactions between the amount of native forest cover in the landscape and the strength of edge and area effects on plant communities in forest fragments. The dominance of exotic plants in the community was highest at forest edges and decreased towards fragment interiors, however the interiors of very small fragments were relatively more invaded by exotic plants than those in larger fragments, reflecting a significant interaction between edge and area effects. Similarly, exotic dominance increased in more heavily deforested landscapes, but this effect was only apparent in very small fragments (<2 ha). The combined effects of small fragment size and low forest cover in the landscape appear to have promoted invasions of exotic plants in very small remnants. I explored the mechanisms underlying edge-mediated invasions in forest fragments and examined whether propagule availability and/or habitat suitability may be limiting invasions into fragments. Experimental addition of exotic plant propagules revealed that landscape forest cover interacted with edge effects on germination, growth and flowering rates of two short-lived, herbaceous species, and this appeared to be driven by elevated light and soil phosphorus levels at edges in heavily deforested landscapes. I also examined the role of traits in influencing plant responses to forest fragmentation. Different traits were associated with exotic invasiveness in edge and interior habitats of forest fragments, indicating that the traits promoting invasiveness were context dependent. Traits also had a major influence on responses of native plants to forest fragmentation, with generalist species appearing to benefit from fragmentation, as they can utilise both forest and open habitats, whereas native forest specialists have been negatively impacted by fragmentation.

Habitat fragmentation and biological invasions are widely considered to be the most significant threats to global biodiversity, and synergistic interactions between these processes have the potential to cause even greater biodiversity loss than either acting alone. The objective of my study was to investigate the effects of fragmentation on plant communities in native forest fragments, and to examine potential interactions between these effects and invasions by exotic plants at multiple spatial scales. I examined edge, area and landscape effects on plant invasions using empirical data from fragmented landscapes on the West Coast of New Zealand. My research revealed significant interactions between the amount of native forest cover in the landscape and the strength of edge and area effects on plant communities in forest fragments. The dominance of exotic plants in the community was highest at forest edges and decreased towards fragment interiors, however the interiors of very small fragments were relatively more invaded by exotic plants than those in larger fragments, reflecting a significant interaction between edge and area effects. Similarly, exotic dominance increased in more heavily deforested landscapes, but this effect was only apparent in very small fragments (<2 ha). The combined effects of small fragment size and low forest cover in the landscape appear to have promoted invasions of exotic plants in very small remnants. I explored the mechanisms underlying edge-mediated invasions in forest fragments and examined whether propagule availability and/or habitat suitability may be limiting invasions into fragments. Experimental addition of exotic plant propagules revealed that landscape forest cover interacted with edge effects on germination, growth and flowering rates of two short-lived, herbaceous species, and this appeared to be driven by elevated light and soil phosphorus levels at edges in heavily deforested landscapes. I also examined the role of traits in influencing plant responses to forest fragmentation. Different traits were associated with exotic invasiveness in edge and interior habitats of forest fragments, indicating that the traits promoting invasiveness were context dependent. Traits also had a major influence on responses of native plants to forest fragmentation, with generalist species appearing to benefit from fragmentation, as they can utilise both forest and open habitats, whereas native forest specialists have been negatively impacted by fragmentation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPORTAMENTO ECOFISIOLOGICO.pdf: 1820060 bytes, checksum: cc63b18f41fa04014c546ac63af492df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-17 / It was used the "transpirometer of balance" for planting of five tree species to evaluate the physiological behaviour regarding: total transpiration, stomatal conductance and transpiration leaf, growth, partition of phytomass, study the fluorescence of chlorophyll a e anatomical study of leaves of the species : Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols (Ipê yellow), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (Jatobá), Myroxilum balsamum (Linn) Harms (Balsamo), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (eucalyptus). The equipment consisted of a hydraulic system, composed of three elements: a reservoir of water (R1), another with a buoy (R2) to control the level of water in vessels (V) where the tree species were planted. The soil was analyzed by LASF / UFG-AGRO. It recommended, for pot, dolomitic lime (50g) and 88g of NPK (4-14-8). This study is subdivided parcels of split plot in time (split-plot in time), at a significance level of 5%, analyzed by SAS / STAT. E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora showed similar transpiration. Ipê, jatobá and balsamo showed no significant difference between them. The porometric measures suggested that the species obey strict control stomatic, with the closing of the stomates in the light of high evaporative demand of the air, changing the rates transpiration and stomatal conductance along the hours of the day. Evaluations biophysical showed that the growth in height, diameter and leaf area of E. camaldulensis was superior to other species. To partition of biomass, this species showed significant difference in dry stems, leaves and roots. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv / Fm) was statistically similar to the species E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, ipê and balsamo, with a significant difference between the ratio (Fv / Fm), E. camaldulensis and jatobá, suggesting that the jatobá showed greater susceptibility of photosystem II in this experiment because of the high brightness. The study of the anatomy leaf showed that E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora have leaves amphistomatic with stomatestype anomocytic, ipê and balsamo have leaves hypostomatics with stomates anomocytic. Jatobá leaves hypostomatics with paracytic stomates. Given the results, it is suggested that the leaf anatomy influenced the rate transpiration resulting in differences in growth and biomass of partition. Ipê, jatobá and balsamo had more layers of lacunary parenchyma than eucalyptus, adaptive characteristics that allow those species colonize places of lesser brightness. All species showed secretory cavities. The stomatic density estimated average of each species indicated proximity of the values found in sclerophylly plants (100-500/mm ²). This work showed the importance of the physiological responses of the tree species, on the consumption of water, helping in the definition of strategies for management of natural environments, guided information for reflorestations with native and exotic species in the savanna in Goias states. / Utilizou-se o Transpirômetro de equilíbrio para plantio de cinco espécies arbóreas para avaliar o comportamento fisiológico quanto à: transpiração total, transpiração e condutância estomática foliar, crescimento, partição de fitomassa, estudo da fluorescência da clorofila a e estudo anatômico de folhas das espécies: Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nichols (Ipê amarelo), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (Jatobá), Myroxilum balsamum (Linn) Harms (Balsamo), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn e Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (eucaliptos). O equipamento consistiu de um sistema hidráulico, composto de três elementos: um reservatório de água (R1), outro com uma bóia (R2) para controlar o nível de água nos vasos (V) onde foram plantadas as espécies arbóreas. O solo foi analisado por LASF/UFG-AGRO. Recomendou-se, por vaso, calcário dolomítico (50g) e 88g de NPK (4-14-8). Configurou-se experimento de parcelas subdivididas no tempo (split-plot in time), a um nível de significância de 5%, analisados por SAS/STAT. E. camaldulensis e E. citriodora apresentaram transpiração semelhantes. Ipê, jatobá e bálsamo não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si. As medidas porométricas sugeriram que as espécies obedecem a rigoroso controle estomático, com o fechamento dos estômatos em função da alta demanda evaporativa do ar, alterando as taxas transpiratórias e de condutância estomática ao longo das horas do dia. As avaliações biofísicas evidenciaram que o crescimento em altura, diâmetro e área foliar de E. camaldulensis foi superior às outras espécies. Para partição de fitomassa, essa espécie apresentou significativa diferença em matéria seca de caule, folhas e raiz. A eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) foi estatisticamente semelhante para as espécies E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, ipê e bálsamo, havendo diferença significativa entre a razão (Fv/Fm) de E. camaldulensis e do jatobá, sugerindo que o jatobá apresentou maior susceptibilidade do fotossistema II nesse experimento em razão da alta luminosidade. O estudo da anatomia foliar revela que E. camaldulensis e E. citriodora têm folhas anfiestomáticas com estômatos tipo anomocítico, T. serratifolia e M. balsamum têm folhas hipostomáticas com estômatos anomocíticos, Hymenaea stigonocarpa folhas hipostomáticas com estômatos paracíticos. Diante dos resultados, sugere-se que a anatomia foliar influenciou a taxa transpiratória resultando em diferenças no crescimento e partição de fitomassa. Ipê, jatobá e bálsamo apresentaram mais camadas de parênquima lacunoso do que os eucaliptos, características adaptativas que permitem essas espécies colonizar locais de menor luminosidade. Todas as espécies estudadas apresentaram cavidades secretoras. A densidade estomática média estimada de cada espécie indicou proximidade dos valores encontrados em plantas esclerófilas (100-500/mm²). Este trabalho evidencia a importância das respostas fisiológicas das espécies arbóreas, quanto ao consumo de água, contribuindo na definição de estratégias de manejo de ambientes naturais, norteando informações para reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas e nativas no Cerrado goiano.

Ações de recuperações de áreas degradadas têm sido amplamente empregadas, tanto por exigências legais como por iniciativas de grupos preocupados com a qualidade ambiental, assim não havendo uma padronização destas ações. Surgindo então a necessidade de avaliar se as metodologias empregadas estão alcançando seu objetivo e proporcionando uma auto-sustentação da comunidade florestal formada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a comunidade arbustivo-arbórea de uma área restaurada, por meio de um plantio com alta diversidade, após 18 a 20 anos de sua implantação. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) no município de Iracemápolis estado de São Paulo Sudeste do Brasil (22°35\'S e 47°31\'W). O clima regional é do tipo Cwa segundo a classificação de Köppen, com precipitação variando de 1.100 a 1.700mm por ano. O plantio foi realizado entre 1988 e 1990, em aproximadamente 50ha. Foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de duas áreas com 1,0ha cada, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com perímetro a altura do peito igual ou maior que 10cm para calculo dos parâmetros fitossociológicos e dos índices de diversidade e de equidade. As espécies amostradas foram classificadas quanto a classe sucessional e a síndrome de dispersão. Foi verificada fisionomia florestal nas duas áreas estudadas. Foram encontrados 2.532 indivíduos vivos, distribuídos em 52,05% na área 1 e 47, 95% na área 2, e estavam distribuídos em 143 espécies, compondo 40 famílias. A altura do dossel foi inferior ao encontrado em remanescentes de FES, porém os índices de diversidade e equidade, bem como a densidade absoluta estiveram entre os valores obtidos para FES. As espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento foram Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis e Balfourodendron riedelianum na área 1 e Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum e Triplaris americana na área 2. Foram verificados indivíduos com forma de vida vegetais diferentes dos introduzidos assim como espécies arbustivo-arbóreas diferentes das implantadas. A maior parte dos indivíduos regenerantes foi de espécies secundárias iniciais e pioneiras, sendo que as maiores espécies, tanto em altura como em área basal, foram provenientes das espécies plantadas. As duas áreas foram consideradas como restauradas e apresentam características de vegetação secundária. A composição inicial das espécies utilizadas e suas classes sucessionais influenciaram a composição da floresta formada com 18 e 20 anos. A utilização de alta diversidade em plantios de restauração apresenta-se de grande importância para o restabelecimento da estrutura, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos processos existentes em florestas naturais nas áreas restauradas, especialmente em áreas não conectadas a fragmentos florestais naturais. / Restoration actions in degraded areas have been widely used, as much for legal requirements as for initiatives of groups worried about the ambient quality, in this way not having an standardizing of this actions. Appearing the necessity to evaluate if the employed methodologies are reaching its objective and providing a self-sustentation of the formed forest community. The present work had as objective to describe the community of tree and shrub from restored area, by a high diversity plantation, after 18 and 20 years of your implementation. The study was developed in Semideciduous Seasonal Forests (FES) at Iracemápolis City in São Paulo, Southeastern of Brazil (22°35\'S and 47°31\' W). The regional climate is Cwa, according to Köppen classification, with precipitation varying from 1.100 to 1.700mm per year. The plantation was realized between 1988 and 1990, in approximately 50ha. It was realized a floristic and phytosociological survey from two areas with 1,0ha each, where had been sampled individuals with perimeter at breast height equal or bigger than 10cm for calculate phytosociological parameter and diversity indices of equability. The showed species had been classified according to sucessional class and the syndrome of dispersion. Forest physiognomy was verified in the two studied areas. It has been found 2,532 individuals alive, distributed in 52,05% at area 1 and 47, 95% at area 2, and were distributed in 143 species, composing 40 families. The canopy heights had been less than found in FES remained, however, the diversity and equability index, and the absolute density has been among the value obtained to FES. The species that had presented greater growth had been Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis and Balfourodendron riedelianum in the area 1 and Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum and Triplaris americana in area 2. Had been verified individuals with different vegetal life forms from introduced species as well as tree and shrub species different from implemented. Most of the regenerate individual was from pioneering and initial secondary species, and the biggest species, in height and in basal area had been coming from the planted species. It is concluded that the two areas are restored and present characteristic of secondary vegetation, the initial composition from used species and respective sucessional class had influenced the forest composition formed with 18 and 20 years. The use of high diversity in plantations of restoration present with high importance to re-establishing of the structure, enabling the development of existing process in a natural forests, especially in areas not connected with fragments of natural forests.

Orientadores: Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Flavio Antonio Maes dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_LeticiaCouto_D.pdf: 4213297 bytes, checksum: 251e5ae3edee734a1c9d00ebaa020ca4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A busca pela restauração de ambientes degradados tem sido um desafio em todas as regiões do planeta e há consenso de que estudos ecológicos podem contribuir para o aprimoramento da prática da restauração. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre a trajetória dos ecossistemas em processo de restauração, especialmente quanto ao restabelecimento da diversidade de espécies e de suas funções nos processos ecológicos. O objetivo da pesquisa proposta foi verificar se há ou não a previsibilidade da recuperação de atributos ao longo do tempo, no que tange à diversidade de espécies, estrutura da vegetação, grupos funcionais, diversidade e redundância funcional e oferta de recursos para a fauna, em comunidades vegetais de matas ciliares em restauração em comparação com um ecossistema de referência. O objeto de estudo foram matas ciliares em região de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, cujos plantios utilizaram elevada diversidade inicial. Foram amostrados mensalmente todos os indivíduos em reprodução de todas as formas de crescimento e a sua fenologia durante dois anos (353 espécies). Nestes indivíduos foram levantadas as características estruturais e reprodutivas, como: formas de crescimento, altura e área basal, fenologia, tipos florais, cores e tamanho das flores, índice de originalidade floral, síndromes de dispersão, cores e tamanhos dos frutos. Partiu-se da premissa de que o restabelecimento dos descritores estudados indica uma evolução positiva e autônoma dos ecossistemas em processo de restauração rumo à sua sustentabilidade. Alguns desses descritores se restabeleceram com o tempo, tais como a estrutura da vegetação, proporção de grupos sucessionais, diversidade de espécies arbóreas e sua funcionalidade e originalidade floral, quantidade de flores e frutos produzidos. Porém, ações de manejo adaptativo podem ser necessárias com vistas a suprir eventuais lacunas funcionais, principalmente no que tange às formas de vida não-arbóreas, devendo essas serem introduzidas, já que foram insuficientemente representadas, principalmente em áreas bastante fragmentadas. Desse modo, o manejo adaptativo dessas áreas poderá auxiliar na recuperação desses descritores. Para as futuras áreas que serão implantadas, a consideração desses fatores e o planejamento prévio de quais espécies, características funcionais e formas de vida a serem plantadas serão de grande relevância. Para completar o trabalho, acreditamos que aliar o conhecimento adquirido com políticas públicas e com a legislação ambiental nacional é indispensável. Desse modo, discutimos também o projeto de alteração da lei do Código Florestal brasileiro e os efeitos que poderão ocorrer na conservação e restauração dos ecossistemas nacionais / Abstract: Throughout the world there is large scale environment degradation. Hence, restoration of degraded areas has been a challenge. There is a consensus that ecological studies can contribute to improve the practice of restoration. However, there is a knowledge lack about the trajectory of ecosystems' under restoration; in particular, regarding re-establishment of species diversity and its function in the ecological process. The aim of the present study is to verify whether riparian forest communities under restoration recover their attributes over time, such as species diversity, structure, plant functional groups, functional diversity and redundancy and resource provision for fauna compared to a reference forest. We studied riparian forests of the seasonal semideciduous forest domain, in the Atlantic Forest Biome, São Paulo State, SE, Brazil. These areas were restored using a high diversity of species during the planting process. We sampled all reproductive individuals of all growth forms and followed their phenology monthly for two years (353 species). We measured reproductive and structural plant traits such as growth form, size, basal area, reproductive phenology, floral types, flower color and size, dispersal syndrome, fruit color and size. We assumed that recover of the studied descriptors indicates positive and autonomous advancement in ecosystem restoration towards its sustainability. Several of these attributes were re-established over time, such as the vegetation structure, ecological sucessional group proportion, species diversity of trees and their flower functionality and originality, as well as the amount production of flowers and fruits. On the other hand, adaptive management actions may be necessary in order to afford any functional gaps, especially in regard to forms of non-tree species that should be introduced since they have been underrepresented, particularly in landscapes very fragmented. Thereby, adaptive management of these areas may assist the recovery of these descriptors. Consideration of these factors and prior planning of which species and grow forms should be planted will be of great relevance for areas that will be implemented in the future. We also believe that combining the knowledge acquired with public policy and the national environmental legislation is essential. Hence, we discussed the proposal bill to the Brazilian Forest Code and the effects that may occur in conservation and restoration of national ecosystems, where several current protected areas may lose protection and it will be a setback for conservation and restoration of Brazilian forests / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Sur le site de la friche industrielle de l'Escalette dans le parc national des Calanques (Marseille), une réflexion alliant écologie de la restauration et phytoremédiation est menée dans le but d'optimiser les fonctions écosystémiques qui limitent les transferts d'éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes (ETMM) des sols. Une caractérisation in situ de la composition et la structure des communautés végétales natives et spontanées a été menée sur des sites fortement contaminés, permettant de sélectionner des plantes tolérantes. La réponse de deux espèces pérennes natives à l'hétérogénéité de la contamination des sols en ETMM a été évaluée in situ, notamment via l'analyse des interactions sol-plantes microorganismes de la zone rhizosphérique. Enfin, des essais de restauration écologique des communautés végétales natives, basés sur la capacité de plantes natives tolérantes à stabiliser les ETMM et les dynamiques de résilience des communautés végétales, ont été menés sur une zone fortement contaminée. Les résultats indiquent qu'un siècle de contamination en ETMM a affecté de façon significative les communautés végétales en terme de composition, diversité et structure. Ils mettent en évidence une tolérance des plantes natives impliquant des microorganismes symbiotiques. Les résultats préliminaires des essais de restauration écologique confirment le choix d'espèces natives pour relancer une dynamique de végétation sur sols très contaminés et l’importance de créer des microsites favorables dans des milieux (semi-)arides hétérogènes. Ils apportent une contribution au développement d'écotechnologies pour la restauration des sols contaminés dans un contexte méditerranéen. / On the Escalette brownfield, included in the area of the Calanques National Park (Marseille, southeastern France), a research project combining restoration ecology and phytoremediation is carried out, in order to optimize the ecosystem functions which limit the transfers of metals and metalloids (MM) and to restore the functions of the contaminated soils. We developed an in situ characterization approach of the composition and structure of plant communities that grow on MM contaminated sites. This enabled the selection of native plants, tolerant to high concentrations of MM. In a second step, the response of two native perennial species to surface and depth heterogeneity of MM soil contamination was evaluated in-situ, regarding the soil-plant-microorganism interactions at the rhizosphere level. Finally, ecological restoration trials of native plant communities were carried out in a polluted hotspot, based on the ability of native plants to stabilize MM and the resilience dynamics of plant communities.The results indicated that a century of MM pollution pressure produced a significant correlation with plant community dynamics in terms of composition, diversity and structure. They showed that the tolerance of native plants involves symbiotic microorganism interactions. Preliminary results from ecological restoration trials confirmed the method for native plants species selection to recover a vegetation dynamic on highly polluted soils and the importance of creating favorable microsites in heterogeneous (semi-)arid environments. They contribute to the development of ecotechnologies for the restoration of contaminated soils in a Mediterranean context.

En la siguiente tesis se explica la viabilidad del negocio de almohadillas terapéuticas que contienen semillas aromatizantes, hojas de plantas nativas peruanas. Estas hojas tienen propiedades relajantes y aliviadoras de tensión muscular, que permitirán reducir los dolores musculares causados por la tensión. Los segmentos por abarcar en este proyecto son los niveles socioeconómicos A y B de Lima Metropolitana cuyo rango de edad se encuentre entre 20 y 40 años. Nuestra idea de negocio consiste en la venta de una almohadilla  terapéutica, la venta se realizará a través de los canales de Facebook e Instagram. Nuestro producto será entregado en una bolsa ecológica el cual contendrá nuestra almohadilla terapéutica a un precio de 50 soles.  En cuanto a lo desarrollado en nuestro plan de negocio se ha obtenido los siguientes resultados: Respecto a nuestro flujo de caja anual proyectado por lo próximos 3 años se obtiene que Almohadish si está siendo rentable. En cuanto a nuestro margen neto tenemos un crecimiento del 9% del año 2 al año 3, debido a que nuestras ventas aumentan más de lo que aumentan nuestros gastos en Marketing y RRSS. Finalmente, en cuanto a los indicadores financieros tenemos que nuestro VAN es positivo, cabe recalcar que la industria tomada para el beta es Healthcare products. La TIR, nos muestra que esperamos que nuestro proyecto rinda mínimo un 10%, sin embargo como nuestro proyecto es rentable,  nos está rindiendo un 48% es decir más de lo esperado, por último tenemos como resultado que en 2 años aprox. se recuperará la inversión. / The following thesis explains the viability of the business of therapeutic pads containing flavoring seeds, leaves of native Peruvian plants. These leaves have relaxing and muscle tension relieving properties, which will reduce muscle aches and pains caused by tension.  The segments to be covered in this project are the socioeconomic levels A and B of Metropolitan Lima whose age range is between 20 and 40 years. Our business idea consists of the sale of a therapeutic pad, the sale will be made through the channels of Facebook and Instagram. Our product will be delivered in an ecological bag which will contain our therapeutic pad at a price of 50 soles. As for the development of our business plan, we have obtained the following results: With respect to our annual cash flow projected for the next 3 years, we have obtained that Almohadish is profitable. As for our net margin, we have a 9% growth from year 2 to year 3, due to the fact that our sales are increasing more than our Marketing and HR expenses. Finally, as far as financial indicators are concerned, our NPV is positive; it is worth noting that the industry taken into account for the beta is Healthcare products. The IRR shows that we expect our project to yield at least 10%; however, since our project is profitable, it is yielding 48%, which is more than expected. / Trabajo de investigación