This paper surveys U.S. foreign policy in the late 1970s and early 1980s as the American administration reacted to the Soviet Union's interventions in Afghanistan and Poland and to its planned gas pipeline to Western Europe. Chapter I outlines the origins of the pipeline project; Chapters II and III describe U.S. foreign policy toward the Soviets during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Chapter IV focuses on the economic sanctions imposed against the Soviet Union by the United States and their failure to block or delay the pipeline, and Chapter V stresses the inability of economic sanctions-- in this and other instances--to achieve political ends.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonSS.pdf: 411955 bytes, checksum: 5e1635b0c0478f712655188f802072b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-23 / In the middle of modern social changes produced by globalization and capitalism, several markets have changed. States have left the direct coordination of these markets (chiefly public utility sector in the form of monopolies), introducing regulation in order to promote competition. These changes have affected natural gas industry by promoting competition as a key factor to the development and the increase of firms in this market. The regulatory reform of natural gas industry ocurred in EUA and Europe Union and it has produced its first results. In Brazilian context, Constitutional Amendment nbr. 09 and Federal Law nbr. 9.478/97 ( Petroleum Law ) opened the natural gas market to a broad range of private economic agents and they finished the monopoly over the industry before managed by Petrobras. The new regulatory framework of Brazilian natural gas industry has designed competition as a central element to the new form of managment of business and contractual relationships of this industry. Among the regulatory instruments, open access regulation in natural gas pipelines is directed to promote competition. The questions arised about its implementation in Brazilian context are studied in the present work, in which it is discussed the constitutional rules and principles are to be applied to the open access regulation within the theme of statal regulation of economy present in constitutional economic order / No movimento de mudan?as sociais capitaneados pelo capitalismo global e pelo discurso neoliberal, t?m sido promovidas no mundo reformas nos chamados setores de infra-estrutura (antes geralmente geridos de forma direta pelo Estado sob a forma de monop?lios) no sentido de se introduzir uma regula??o que promova a concorr?ncia. Desses setores a industria do g?s natural vem sofrendo reformas institucionais relevantes que procuram retirar-lhe caracter?sticas monopol?sticas e permitir, dessa maneira, o aumento dos agentes nesse mercado. Em alguns paises essas transforma??es na industria do g?s natural encontram j? seus resultados (EUA e Uni?o Europ?ia). O Brasil tem promovido reformas no setor de g?s desde a Emenda Constitucional n? 09 e a Lei 9.478/97, abrindo as portas do mercado brasileiro de petr?leo e g?s para os investimentos privados, criando um cen?rio onde a Petrobr?s n?o est? mais sozinha na execu??o de atividades da cadeia do petr?leo e g?s natural. Acabou-se, assim, com o monop?lio da execu??o das atividades da industria do petr?leo e g?s (foi mantido o monop?lio da titularidade), passando-se a introduzir nesses setores a interven??o pela regula??o, a regula??o econ?mica. Dentre as pautas de regula??o importante da ind?stria do g?s natural encontra-se o chamado livre acesso (open access) aos gasodutos de transporte, fazendo-se pensar a regula??o do livre acesso ? luz da ordem econ?mica da nossa Constitui??o e projetar as rela??es entre Estado e Economia, buscando desenhar o conjunto de regras e princ?pios que orientam a a??o reguladora e fundamentam a possibilidade constitucional do controle de estruturas pelo livre acesso no segmento de transporte de g?s natural