Orientador: Adler Guilherme Viadana / Banca: Fadel David Antônio Tuma Filho / Banca: Ailton Luchiari / Resumo: Entre os biomas mais devastados do mundo está a Mata Atlântica, de sua área original restam apenas 7,9%, o Estado de São Paulo abriga a maior parte contínua desses remanescentes. A necessidade de preservação desses remanescentes é clara para todos, porém a avaliação dos desempenhos das Unidades de Conservação criadas com essa incumbência não é tão transparente. A inexistência de padrões que nivelem seus desempenhos e suas estruturas impede a conclusão acerca de qual Unidade poderia melhorar ou qual Parque é exemplar em toda sua atuação. Para que possamos preservar de modo apropriado é necessário antes conhecer o que se deve preservar. Para determinar a efetividade e o desempenho de uma Unidade de Conservação, deve-se analisar o cumprimento de seu propósito de funcionamento, que é condição para sua existência como tal. É preciso observar como se dá a preservação do meio ambiente, tornando possível a manutenção, a recuperação, a preservação e a sobrevivência da biota em questão, garantindo condições para a melhoria da qualidade de vida humana e ambiental / Abstract: Among the world's most devastated biomes is the Atlantic Forest, only remain 7.9% of its original area, the State of São Paulo holds the larger continuous part of the remnants. The need for environmental preservation is clear to everyone, but the evaluation of performance of the units is not so transparent, the lack of standards that leveled structures and performances prevent the conclusion about which unit could improve, or which have a exemplary performance between the parks. To be able of preserve with an appropriate mode is required before meet which must be preserved. Determining the effectiveness or the performance of a conservation area, is needed to concern about the regarding the fulfillment of its purpose and the operating condition for their existence as a protected area, preserving the environment making possible its maintenance, restoration, conservation and survival of the biota in question, ensuring conditions for improving the quality of human life and to the environment / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fs_me_rcla.pdf: 1139616 bytes, checksum: 11e3e771b063d1761e5218da48b13fbc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Entre os biomas mais devastados do mundo está a Mata Atlântica, de sua área original restam apenas 7,9%, o Estado de São Paulo abriga a maior parte contínua desses remanescentes. A necessidade de preservação desses remanescentes é clara para todos, porém a avaliação dos desempenhos das Unidades de Conservação criadas com essa incumbência não é tão transparente. A inexistência de padrões que nivelem seus desempenhos e suas estruturas impede a conclusão acerca de qual Unidade poderia melhorar ou qual Parque é exemplar em toda sua atuação. Para que possamos preservar de modo apropriado é necessário antes conhecer o que se deve preservar. Para determinar a efetividade e o desempenho de uma Unidade de Conservação, deve-se analisar o cumprimento de seu propósito de funcionamento, que é condição para sua existência como tal. É preciso observar como se dá a preservação do meio ambiente, tornando possível a manutenção, a recuperação, a preservação e a sobrevivência da biota em questão, garantindo condições para a melhoria da qualidade de vida humana e ambiental / Among the world's most devastated biomes is the Atlantic Forest, only remain 7.9% of its original area, the State of São Paulo holds the larger continuous part of the remnants. The need for environmental preservation is clear to everyone, but the evaluation of performance of the units is not so transparent, the lack of standards that leveled structures and performances prevent the conclusion about which unit could improve, or which have a exemplary performance between the parks. To be able of preserve with an appropriate mode is required before meet which must be preserved. Determining the effectiveness or the performance of a conservation area, is needed to concern about the regarding the fulfillment of its purpose and the operating condition for their existence as a protected area, preserving the environment making possible its maintenance, restoration, conservation and survival of the biota in question, ensuring conditions for improving the quality of human life and to the environment

Contemporary conservation and development understanding in both policy and academic circles espouses that natural resources have a significant contribution to the livelihoods of local people and that knowledge of this can better foster conservation policies that are consistent with livelihood and ecological needs. This thesis is based on research conducted in the southern Kalahari region, South Africa among the San and Mier communities bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. It looks at the importance of natural resources to the San and Mier community groups and ascertains the extent of resource use and its value within broader livelihood portfolios. It also focuses on the cultural values of natural resources and interactions among institutions and actors and how these shape natural resource governance and livelihood outcomes. Overall, natural resources represent an important livelihood source contributing up to 32 % and 9 % of the total income of the San and Mier respectively or up to 46 % and 23 % if livestock incomes are included. However, the dependence on, diversification patterns and distribution of natural resource income vary substantially between and within the two communities. With regards to the cultural values attached to natural resources by the San and Mier, the findings show that these arise from an incredibly diverse and sometimes conflicting array of values that punctuate the two communities’ way of life and they are inextricably linked to resource use. Lastly, governance of natural resources in the co-managed Park and communitymanaged resettlement farms is characterised by complex institutional arrangements, compounded by the existence of multiple actors that have multiple and sometimes conflicting objectives – as shaped by different meanings and interpretations of natural resources. Heightened inter- and intra-community conflicts are common, notably resource use conflicts between the San and Mier and between the San ‘modernist’ and ‘traditionalist’ groups. This demonstrates that the communities’ livelihood dynamics in general and the dependence on natural resources in particular, are closely linked with ecological, economic and social factors including history, culture and present livelihood needs. By exploring the social-environment interactions, the study highlights the complexities and diversity of resource use for livelihoods that should be taken into consideration for both conservation and development policy interventions and research. The main argument of the study is that the contribution of natural resources to local livelihood portfolios in co- and community-managed areas, can be better understood through a consideration of cultural dynamics and institutional arrangements since these condition natural resource access, value and use.