Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur dagvattenhanteringen i Norra Djurgårdsstaden är utformad, vilka föroreningar som renas bort och hur systemet är anpassat för kommande klimatförändringar. En litteraturstudie har gjorts för att få förståelse kring olika aspekter som påverkar dagvattnet samt hur växtbäddarna, som hanterar detta, fungerar. Även experter inom dagvatten på Sweco kontaktades för att få tillgång till utredningar som gjorts i Norra Djurgårdsstaden. I Norra Djurgårdsstaden, ett tidigare industriområde, hanteras mestadels av dagvattnet genom infiltration till växtbäddar med tät botten för att undvika läckage av ämnen från den förorenade marken. De bäddar som är vanligast är de som består av pimpstensjord som är en generellt beprövad metod. En annan jordart som utretts för området är biokol. Ämnen som renas bort är bland annat metaller, olja samt även fosfor och kväve. Detta leder till lägre föroreningsnivåer hos recipienterna där riktvärden för alla föroreningar, utom kvicksilver, förväntas underskridas. Växtbäddarna ska också kunna hantera ökad nederbördsmängd och högre temperaturer, där detta gjorts genom att dimensionera bäddarna för 20% högre flöden än de som vi har idag. När det kommer till eventuella perioder av torka har bäddarna inte anpassats till en acceptabel nivå i och med att de i dagsläget klarar av 10-20 dagar utan tillförsel av vatten och att torka förväntas bli allt vanligare. Gällande påverkan av klimatförändringar tyder studier som lyfts i rapporten både på oförändrad reningseffekt och försämrad rening av kväve och metaller. Sammanfattningsvis har växtbäddarna anpassas väl till dagens förutsättningar men mer studier behöver göras på lokal nivå för att utreda hur dessa kan komma att påverkas av klimatförändringarna. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how the stormwater treatment system in the urban development area Norra Djurgårdsstaden (Stockholm, Sweden) is designed, what pollutants are treated and how well the system is adapted to climate change. A literature study was carried out to get a general understanding of the different aspects of stormwater treatment and the function of rain gardens (also known as biofilters). Furthermore stormwater experts from Sweco were contacted in order to access documents and investigations specifically regarding stormwater treatment in the studied area. In Norra Djurgårdsstaden, a site previously occupied by gas works, the majority of the stormwater is treated through infiltration into rain gardens/biofilters with impenetrable geotextile preventing leakage of pollutants from the contaminated soil. According to previous studies rain gardens effectively remove pollutants such as N, P and PAHs, as well as Pb, Cu and Zn. Use of biofilters is expected to result in an improved water quality in nearby bodies of water and pollutant concentrations under the recommended values. The infiltration capacity of the rain gardens has been designed for a 20%-increase of precipitation, which aligns with the predictions for area at the end of the century. Furthermore the rain gardens are designed for 10-20 days without precipitation, however as dry periods and drought are expected to increase in the future the plants are presumably at risk for water stress. The treatment efficiency could be affected with a changing climate, as some studies indicate leakage of nutrients and reduced nitrogen treatment with higher temperatures and drought. On the other hand some studies show that no treatment reduction is expected with climate change. In conclusion the stormwater treatment is sufficient given today’s climate, but further studies should be made specifically for the area in order to investigate the consequences of climate change on treatment and water quality.

The ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling) technology has been widely available and acknowledged as an instrument used for different types of flow measurement since 1990s, from small scale river measurements to larger ocean current mappings. This study was conducted by the author in cooperation with SWECO with the focus on smaller scale measurements especially on small natural watercourses in a sub-arctic climate with the purpose to examine if the ADCP technology can be used as a complement to the more classic methods for this type of flow measurements Current meter and Conductivity flow measurements. To achieve the scope of the study a total of eight field excursions for data gathering on a total of four different watercourses was performed during the winter and spring season to be able to compare different types of flows. Literature studies and information gathering on the technology as well as previous studies on the subject was conducted throughout the period of the study, with a special focus around the Streampro implementation of the technology adapted for stream flow measurements on a smaller scale. During the early field excursions, it was realized that measurements using theADCP-technology during the winter was difficult due to thick icesheets on the watercourses as well as a low particle content in the water column which resulted in a high uncertainty in the data as well as in some cases unable to perform measurements that could be considered representative for the actual flow especially on the shallowest locations but also for the deeper watercourses examined in the report. The results showed that during the spring season from April to May the consistency in the data got substantially better resulting in a lower uncertainty and a higher precision in the data, in many cases a precision higher than the more classic methods of flow measurements. It was also realized during the study that to gain a better knowledge of the applicability of the technology in this field a similar study would have to be done during the remaining seasons and on additional watercourses. As concluded, the results from the study showed that the instrument is not well suited for flow measurements on smaller watercourses during the winter season, but as the seasonal flow conditions change to more homogenous flows the data produced by the technology gets more consistent and with a much lower measurement uncertainty.

Resilience of marine ecosystems are diminished due to climate change and increased human activities at sea. In the European Union acknowledge the issues in the Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP), and the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, which obligates member states to develop spatial plans for their coastal- and marine areas. The aim of the maritime spatial plans (MSP) is to promote sustainable blue growth within the marine sector by applying an ecosystem-based approach. One of the objectives of the directive is to encourage member states to enhance resilience to climate change in their plans. This study investigates how maritime spatial plans can enhance resilience against climate change in practice. The issue is approached by evaluating how maritime spatial planning can address general social-ecological resilience principles developed within resilience literature. Data for the evaluation is collected by interviews conducted with regional maritime spatial planners and experts. The study has special focus on the Finnish maritime spatial planning process and is limited to the Gulf of Bothnia where climate change impacts already has been observed, and significant future impacts are expected. The results indicate that there are possibilities to enhance resilience against climate change through MSP. Particularly due to its participatory process which facilitates sharing of experiences, knowledge, innovation and learning between governance scales and stakeholders. The resulting plan itself can potentially enhance resilience of the vulnerable ecosystem by spatially allocating human induced pressures and enhancing habitat connectivity. The strategical character of the maritime spatial plan and the fact that the plan will not be legally binding, facilitates an opportunity for an innovative approach to dealing with climate change in spatial planning. However, the successfulness of the plans depends on the willingness to allocate resources for learning and exploration of the opportunities introduced by MSP. / Havsekosystemens resiliens försvagas på grund av klimatförändring och ökade aktiviteter till havs. Europeiska Unionen har tagit i tu med dessa problem genom den Integrerade havspolitiken (Integrated maritime policy, IMP) och genom direktivet för havsplanering (Framework Directive for Maritime Spatial Planning, MSP) som uppmanar medlemsländerna att utveckla havsplaner för sina kust- och havsområden. Målet med havsplaneringen är att genom en ekosystemansats i planeringen stödja blå tillväxt inom den marina sektorn. En av havsplaneringsdirektivets målsättningar är att förbättra resiliensen mot klimatförändring. Denna studie utforskar vilka möjligheter det finns inom havsplanering att förbättra resiliens mot klimatförändring i praktiken. Frågeställningen bemöts genom att bedöma hur havsplanering kan bidra till ökad resiliens genom att använda principer för resiliens som utvecklats inom forskning. Information för att utföra bedömningen samlades genom intervjuer med havsplanerare och experter. Studien har speciellt fokus på den finska havsplaneringsprocessen och begränsas till Bottniska viken där konsekvenser av klimatförändringen redan observerats och signifikanta konsekvenser väntas i framtiden. Resultaten påvisar att det finns goda förutsättningar att höja resiliens mot klimatförändring genom havsplanering. Speciellt genom det allmänna deltagandet som möjliggör utbyte av erfarenheter, kunskap, innovationer och lärande mellan olika myndighetsnivåer och aktörer. Den slutliga planen kan höja resiliensen av det sköra havsekosystemet genom att spatialt fördela aktiviteter och relaterade inverkansfaktorer till havs samt genom att förbättra sammanlänkningen mellan habitat. Havsplanens strategiska karaktär och faktum, att planen inte kommer vara rättsligt bindande möjliggör en innovativ ansats till att bemöta klimatförändring i planläggning. Planernas framgång är dock beroende av viljan att fördela resurser för lärande och utforskning av möjligheter som havsplaneringen tillför.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka Gävle kommuns utmaningar för att bli en framgångsrik cykelstad. Kan kommunen inspereras och dra lärdommar från det arbete som bedrivits i Köpenhamn under många år. Jordens klimat förändras i snabbare takt än någonsin och det är av stor vikt att genomföra en omställning om arbetet mot en hållbar utveckling och globala, nationella och lokala klimat- och miljömål ska uppnås. Utifrån en semistrukturerad intervju med en trafikplanerare från tekniska förvaltingen på Gävle kommun så har frågor ställts om hur Gävle kommun arbetar för att främja cykling. Kommunen har tidigare arbetat med hårda åtgärder vilket har resulterat i minskat antal cyklister. I Köpenhamn har staden arbetat länge med en kombination av mjuka och hårda åtgärder för att uppnå en framgångsrik cykelinfrastruktur. Deras framgång kan kopplas till de miljöpsykologiska teorierna nudgeing, affordance och social inlärning. Gävle kommun har inlett arbetet med mjuka åtgärder på en mindre skala för att påverka invånarna till ett miljövänligare beteende. Hittils har kommunen genomfört evenemang för att öka företags och invånarnas medvetenhet och intresse för cykling. Kommunen har även påbörjat arbetet med att ta fram skyltar för att underlätta vägvalen för cyklister samt se över möjligheterna att förbättra redan existerande cykelbanor, vilket är en typ av nudge. Slutssatsen som kan dras är att kommunen är medveten om sina utmaningar och har ändrat inriktning i sitt arbete. Ställningstagande och prioritering är utmaningar som de står inför om Gävle kommun ska nå sin ambition att bli en av Sveriges bästa cykelstäder. / The purpose of this examinationproject is to assess Gävle municipality's challenges in order to become a successful cycling city. Can the municipality be inspired and learn from the work that has been carried out in Copenhagen for many years. The Earth's climate is changing at a faster rate than ever and it is of great importance to carry out a change if the work towards sustainable development and global, national and local climate and environmental goals are to be achieved. Based on a semi-structured interview with a traffic planner from the technical administration at Gävle municipality, questions were asked about how Gävle municipality works to promote cycling. The municipality has previously worked with hard measures, which has resulted in a reduced number of cyclists. In Copenhagen, the city has worked for a long time with a combination of soft and hard measures to achieve a successful cycling infrastructure. Their success can be linked to the environmental psychology theories of nudgeing, affordance and social learning. The municipality of Gävle has started to work with soft measures on a smaller scale to influence the residents to behave more environmentally friendly. So far, the municipality has carried out events to increase business and residents' awareness and interest in cycling and has started the deployment of signage and the improvement of pre-existing cycle lanes as a type of nudge. The conclusion is that the municipality is aware of its challenges and has changed the direction of its work. Taking a stand and prioritizing are challenges they face if Gävle Municipality is to achieve its ambition to become one of Sweden's best cycling cities.

Global warming is a significant threat to our planet. Adopting the Paris Agreement is a global action that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An extensive deployment of negative emission technologies (NETs) is required to achieve the targets set by the Paris Agreement. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is emerging as one of the most promising NETs. Among different biomass utilization processes, integrating BECCS with biomass-fired and waste-fired combined heat and power (bio-CHP and w-CHP) plants has been considered the most feasible solution. Bio/w-CHP plants are characterized by high fluctuations in operation, which can result in more dynamic variations of flue gas (FG) flowrates and compositions and available heat for CO2 capture. Such changes can clearly affect the performance of CO2 capture; therefore, doing dynamic simulations becomes crucial. This thesis aims to investigate the performance of different dynamic physical model-based approaches and provide suggestions for approach selection. In addition, the data-driven modeling approach, which is an emerging technology, has also been tested. Three physical model-based approaches include the ideal static model (IST), the dynamic approach without control (Dw/oC), and the dynamic approach with control (DwC). To compare their performance, the operating data from an actual waste CHP plant is employed. Various cases have been defined considering different critical operating parameters, including the FG flowrate, the CO2 concentration (CO2vol%), and the available heat for CO2 capture. Apparent differences can be observed in the results from different approaches. For example, when the CO2vol% drops from 15.7 % to 9.7 % (about 38 %) within 4 hours, the difference in the captured CO2 can be up to 22% between DwC and Dw/oC. It is worth noting that when there are both increases and decreases in the variations of parameters, the differences become smaller.  Based on the comparison, the recommendations on approaches have been summarized. Dw/oC is recommended for checking the boundary of safety operation by the response analysis. DwC is recommended for designing the control system, observing the flexible dynamic operation, estimating the short-term CO2 capture potential, and optimizing the hourly dynamic operation. IST is recommended for estimating the long-term CO2 capture potential, and optimizing the long-term dynamic operation when the input parameters vary not as often as hourly. A data-driven model, Informer, is developed to model CO2 capture dynamically. The dataset is generated by using a physical model. The FG flowrate, the CO2vol%, the lean solvent flowrate, and the available heat for CO2 capture are employed as input parameters, and the CO2 capture rate and the energy penalty are chosen as outputs. The results show that Informer can accurately predict dynamic CO2 capture. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was found to be 6.2% and 2.7% for predicting the CO2 capture rate and energy penalty, respectively.

Oil spills can cause significant damage to living organisms and the environment. Oil spills have historically had devastating consequences for the environment and wildlife. Both the oil itself and its by-products such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are harmful for living organisms and wildlife. This work investigated the possibility of cleaning oil pollution in an arctic wetland using electrokinetic remediation in combination with a permeable reactive barrier.   Three experimental setups were compared to evaluate the degree of remediation. One cell contained only oil-contaminated soil and was used a control, one cell contained contaminated soil and a reactive barrier filled with thermally treated peat granulate (FloatAbsorb) and the third cell was filled the contaminated soil, the barrier and was complemented with electrodes inserted directly into the soil and the barrier for electrooxidation. Deionized water was pumped through the cells to simulate the natural groundwater flow. The percolated water was collected over nine weeks and analyzed every two weeks for aliphatic and aromatic compounds, PAH and oil index. The soil was analyzed before the experiment started and in all three cells after the experiment for aliphatic and aromatic compounds, PAH and oil index.    The water analysis showed that most analytes were below detectable levels throughout the entire study period. pyrene and some aliphatic compounds could be detected.  The soil analysis after the experiment showed that none of the analyzed aromatic compounds could have been detected in any of the three cells. For both aliphatic fraction >C12-16 and >C16-35, the highest concentration was found in cell with soil and reactive barrier and the lowest concentration in cell with electrooxidation treatment. The concentration in fraction >C12-C16 varied between 494 mg/kg and 578 mg/kg, and in fraction >C16-C35 between 3890 mg/kg to 4620 mg/kg. Concerning the total concentration of oil in the fraction >C10-C40, the highest concentrations were in the control cell without treatment with a concentration of 18900 mg/kg. The cell with permeable reactive barrier had a concentration of 10800 mg/kg and the cell with permeable reactive barrier and electrokinetic treatment 6530 mg/kg. The total oil concentration was reduced by 65.4% in the cell with permeable reactive barrier and electrokinetic treatment compared to the control cell. The results showed a higher degree of remediation compared to the expected the results. The method needs to be tested in situ but are promising for remediation of oil contaminated artic wetlands.

No description available.

When evaluating and comparing household waste collection systems, various aspects are relevant to consider, e.g. environmental objectives, technical function, operating cost, types of recycling materials collected separately, property-close collection or drop-off system, economic incentives, information strategies, residential structure, social codes, etc. Data describing the actual waste flow is the basic input to evaluating the function of source-sorting programs. The questions raised are: How can household waste quantities and composition be measured? How can waste flow data from different collection systems be interpreted and compared? What factors influence the output of source-sorting programs? The usefulness and weaknesses of solid waste composition studies are discussed. Multivariate data analysis is applied in order to obtain an overview of collection and composition data, and identify influential variables, clusters and trends. In a case study, curbside collection of recyclables and weight-based billing respectively led to increased source-sorting activities. Other influential factors are listed and discussed. Eight indicators are proposed for facilitating comparisons of collection systems in an easily comprehensible way. / <p>Godkänd; 2005; 20061214 (haneit)</p>

Syfte med studien är att undersöka om nudging är en effektiv metod för att förändra beteende hos studenter på Högskolan i Gävle. Studien kommer att undersöka om två nudgingmetoder (informationskampanj och nudge) kan förändra studenternas beteende, samtidigt jämföra vilken metod som ger bättre effekt till att förändra beteende och minska köttkonsumtion. Först undersöks genom en litteraturstudie om kött påverkar klimat och hur mycket växthusgasutsläpp från kött potentiellt kan reduceras hos studenter på högskolan i Gävle med hjälp av informationskampanjer och nudge. För att vidare besvara syfte har två enkätstudier och två nudgingmetoder utförts på Högskolan i Gävle. Första enkätstudie har genomförts för att mäta hur mycket kött och vilken typ av kött som konsumeras av studenter, sedan har två nudging metoder använts i syfte till att förändra beteende och minska eller förändra val av kött hos studenter. Den andra enkätstudien har genomförts för att undersöka om kampanjerna har förändrat beteende och minskat eller förändrat val av kött hos studenter. Resultat visar att nudging har gett effekt då beteende har förändrats. Nudge har gett effekt till att reducera köttkonsumtion och koldioxidutsläpp. Enkätstudien innehöll 6 frågor där endast fråga 1 visade sig vara signifikant och kan kopplas till att nudge vid interaktion är en bidragande orsak till denna förändring. / Abstract The purpose of the study is to investigate whether nudging is an effective method for changing behavior among students at Gävle University. The study will investigate whether two nudging methods (information campaign and nudge) can change the students' behavior, while comparing which method gives better effect to changing behavior and reducing meat consumption. First, a literature study will investigate wheater meat affects the climate and how much greenhouse gas emissions from meat can potentially be reduced by students at the Högskolan i Gävle using information campaigns and nudge. To further answer the purpose, two surveys and two nudging methods have been conducted at the Högskolan i Gävle. The first survey study was conducted to measure how much meat and the type of meat consumed by students, then two nudging methods have been used in order to change behavior and reduce or change the choice of meat among students. The second survey study was conducted to investigate whether the campaigns have changed behavior and reduced or changed the choice of meat among students. Results show that nudging has had an effect and behavior has changed. Nudge has reduced meat consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The survey study contained 6 questions where only question 1 turned out to be significant and can be linked to nudge [KH1] in the interaction, information campaign is a contributing factor to this change.

New types of materials and products are developed every day, and subsequently, new types of wastes. At the same time, new regulations are put forth to protect human health and the ecosystems from the negative impacts of wastes. Often, the waste management industry is responsible to deal with these problems, and hence, good knowledge about wastes and their treatment is crucial. Waste is normally characterized in order to determine a treatment; however, this usually implies a known treatment method. This thesis aims to provide a structured approach about how to describe different treatments, and to provide guidance on how to characterize wastes in a solution oriented manner. A distinction is made between two types of treatments: those based on separation processes and those based on transformation processes, as well as combinations of the two. Separation processes are common in mechanical treatment such as sieving or air-classification. Transformation processes are common in such treatments as shredding, electroporation, radiation treatment, and stabilization. Most treatments consist of both a transformation and a separation process, such as incineration, in which the organic carbon is oxidized (transformed) into CO2,that then is separated from the remaining solids. Other examples of combined processes are composting and anaerobic digestion. A framework is presented that enables a quantitative description of different waste treatments such as anaerobic digestion and incineration in the same context. All transformation processes take place in an environment that can be described by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, redox, radiation etc. By relating different treatments or observations to each other in an n-dimension matrix, it is possible to not only locate the currently known treatments, but also to locate unexplored areas, i.e. combinations of environmental factors that could be used to treat wastes in new ways. The addition of the n-dimensional framework to the general characterization model, together with the “top down” strategy for characterization provide valuable insights useful for dealing with new types of wastes in an efficient manner.