In almost all types of work it is sometimes necessary to do harm as a means of doing good; as such, necessary evils are a wide spread phenomenon in work life. The present research furthers our understanding of necessary evils through exploring how one’s ethical orientation (measured in terms of idealism and relativism) affects one’s experience of performing such tasks. Molinsky and Margolis (2005) theorized that nine dimensions of necessary evil affect a person’s judgments, beliefs, and attitudes about the task they are required to perform, the self, and the impact of the necessary evil. When performing a necessary evil, individuals evaluate its dimensions -- this evaluation involves assessing the alternative actions one might take to carry out the necessary evil, and the possible consequences of each alternative course of action. Workers are thus faced with an ethical judgment as they realize that if the necessary evil is to be carried out, someone will be harmed. Two studies were conducted to develop a better understanding of workers’ experience of necessary evils in general, and to explore whether people’s idealistic and relativistic values are related to how they experience performing necessary evils. In an effort to gain rich and contextualized information about peoples’ experiences, 30 individuals with experience performing necessary evils were interviewed for Study 1. Respondents were asked to comment on their experiences before, during and after they performed necessary evils, as well as whether they felt that such tasks were ethical or moral in nature. Study 2 presented necessary evil vignettes to 150 university students and used structural equation modeling to test hypotheses about the relationship between ethical orientation and the necessary evil experience. Two models of how necessary evils are performed fit the data. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

In almost all types of work it is sometimes necessary to do harm as a means of doing good; as such, necessary evils are a wide spread phenomenon in work life. The present research furthers our understanding of necessary evils through exploring how one’s ethical orientation (measured in terms of idealism and relativism) affects one’s experience of performing such tasks. Molinsky and Margolis (2005) theorized that nine dimensions of necessary evil affect a person’s judgments, beliefs, and attitudes about the task they are required to perform, the self, and the impact of the necessary evil. When performing a necessary evil, individuals evaluate its dimensions -- this evaluation involves assessing the alternative actions one might take to carry out the necessary evil, and the possible consequences of each alternative course of action. Workers are thus faced with an ethical judgment as they realize that if the necessary evil is to be carried out, someone will be harmed. Two studies were conducted to develop a better understanding of workers’ experience of necessary evils in general, and to explore whether people’s idealistic and relativistic values are related to how they experience performing necessary evils. In an effort to gain rich and contextualized information about peoples’ experiences, 30 individuals with experience performing necessary evils were interviewed for Study 1. Respondents were asked to comment on their experiences before, during and after they performed necessary evils, as well as whether they felt that such tasks were ethical or moral in nature. Study 2 presented necessary evil vignettes to 150 university students and used structural equation modeling to test hypotheses about the relationship between ethical orientation and the necessary evil experience. Two models of how necessary evils are performed fit the data. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

<p>  </p> <p><em>The Necessary Biography of Elysia Martinez-Smith by Ezra Speckman </em>is the story of – as the title indicates – Elysia Martinez-Smith, a twentysomething writer, podcaster, and self-made media mogul. Told in chronological, protracted scenes, the biography follows her from her childhood growing up in Chicago’s north-shore suburbs; through her college years as an on-campus student leader at nearby Northwestern University; through her work as a blogger for the Trump-era feminist outlet <em>SmileLess.org</em>; culminating with her ascent to thought leader, content creator, and founder of her own website, the progressive-minded news collective Beecher Media Network. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The “biography” is framed as a found text: Ezra Speckman, the work’s author and a former friend of Martinez-Smith’s, left the work unfinished; as such, it is presented to the reader as containing his notes and marginalia. Through these notes, inconsistencies in Martinez-Smith’s character – and Speckman’s motivations – emerge. </p>

No description available.

This thesis is a study of the design and testing of a positive ion accelerator and necessary vacuum system.

Resumé Controversial Issues of Necessary Defense in the Judicial Practice The purpose of my thesis is to analyze some potential problems in the case law of necessary defence. Studying the judicature alw ays helps the law yers to understand better the subject, because in a particular case, the law is used "in action" and explained by the judges. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing w ith different aspects of criminal law or more precisely of necessary defence case law . Chapters One to Three introduce and describe the basics of czech criminal law , the intent of criminal law and criminal liability. Which are the ground topics of defence law . Chapter Four is the main chapter of the thesis and deals w ith defences - necessity and necessary defence. Chapter Four is divided into tw o subchapters. The first of them deals, as said before, w ith necessity. The second one w ith necessary defence and is itself divided into nine parts. Part One deals w ith the historically development of necessary defence and shortly introduces four (more precisely only three) different versions of those past and present legal forms. Parts Tw o to Seven examine the basic parts of necessary defence, those are: subsidiarity, attack, adequacy, excess from necessary defence, w eapon use in necessary defence and...

Disputed Issues of Necessary Defence in the Case Law The thesis itself is focused on the points at issue of necessary defence mainly in the field of Czech criminal law although some partial issues are also compared to the foreign legislation. In compliance with the title of the work author's attention is dedicated in the first place to case law in the areas that have not been decided by courts yet, further, the law theory is described. The thesis is composed of seven chapters, from which the first forms as an introduction, where the goals and approaches are indicated. The last, seventh section summarizes the outcomes and conclusions of the thesis and also serves as a recommendation of some useful legislative changes that can be done in the future. The Second Chapter describes the institute of necessary defense itself and its position in the system of criminal law and defines the basic terminology. The circumstances excluding criminal liability (excuse defenses) are also depicted there and distinguished from circumstances excluding lawlessness (justification defenses). The last section of this part is dedicated to the current wording of the institute of necessary defence in the valid Czech Criminal Code. The Third Chapter serves as the key part of the whole thesis and deals with the issues creating...

This thesis is an examination of the linguistic approach to modality (also known as 'linguistic conventionalism') - i.e. the view that necessity is to be explained in terms of the linguistic rules that we have adopted. Drawing on an investigation into the history of this approach, I argue against the currently prevalent attitude that it can be dismissed as misguided. The aim, however, is not to argue that the linguistic approach is correct, but, more modestly, to put it back on the table as an interesting and viable research program. The thesis is divided into three parts. In part A, I articulate a conception of the commitments of the approach based on the ideas that influenced it, how it emerged and developed in the work of the logical positivists, and, in particular, the role it was meant to play in "making a consistent empiricism possible". Next, in part B, I defend the core ideas of the approach against various objections. Notably, I consider the objection that truth cannot be "created" by convention, the objection that necessities cannot be explained in terms of contingencies, and the objection that determining what the linguistic conventions are, unlike determining what the modal facts are, is a straightforwardly empirical matter. In part C, finally, I turn to objections which purport to show that there are limits to what can be explained in terms of linguistic convention. Specifically, I consider whether we need to assume a non-conventional distinction between admissible and inadmissible linguistic rules, a non-conventional consequence relation, or a non-conventional starting-point in order to get the linguistic approach off the ground. An overarching question is whether we are forced to take some logic for granted in a way which would undermine the explanatory ambitions of the approach. I argue that some of the prominent objections rely on misunderstandings, that some can be answered head-on, and that some point to genuine challenges and constraints which put pressure on the linguistic approach, but do not warrant a wholesale rejection of the view. Instead, they point to areas where further work is needed.

1 Abstract This diploma thesis deals mainly with the issue of necessary defense in Czech law focusing on some of the disputable queries brought by its application and interpretation. The primary fixation of this thesis is on the judiciary decisions, however, the work deals with the theoretical foundations and resources of the necessary defense. The aim of this work is to introduce the matter of necessary defense, to highlight the disputable queries appearing when applied and analyze their solution. This work is divided into six chapters. First chapter names and explains particular excuse defenses. Second chapter deals with the term of necessary defense, its development and valid legislation regarding it. Third chapter brings the analysis of the self-defense itself in consideration of judiciary decisions and expert literature and examines legal conditions of its application. The chapter is furtherly divided into 3 subheads. Subhead 3.1 explains the attack, subhead 3.2 approaches the interests protected by the Penal Code and subhead 3.3 deals with the apparently unreasonable defense. Excesses from the necessary defense are described in fourth chapter. Fifth chapter deals with so called putative defense in the judiciary decisions. The last, sixth chapter focuses on the automatic defense mechanisms and defense...

In this paper I examine the existence of God through a focus on the cosmological argument as it ispresented here. My aim is to show that this argument provides support for the existence of God. To do this I examine that which I call the three steps of the cosmological argument: the first step being the accepting of the world as an ordered something, the second step being the ultimate question why this ordered something is there to begin with and the third step being that of God viewed as the only plausible answer. I argue that the ultimate question’s claim for an ultimate answer ought to be accepted due to the inability of individual things to explain the mere existence and order of things in general, which implies that the explanation for existence and order as such is to be searched beyond those things. Regarding the third step I argue that there has to be something rather than noting and that this something is to be viewed as something living due to the orderly nature of the world. From this I, finally, argue in favor of the explanatory value of a necessary being - i.e. God.