The term and legal consequences of exceeding the limits of extreme necessity and necessary defence Abstract This thesis deals with the concept and legal consequences of exceeding the limits of extreme necessity and necessary defence, i.e. two conditions precluding the illegality of an act, which can be found in Chapter III of the current Criminal Code. Those conditions preclude the illegality of an act that would normally be illegal, because an act under those conditions is generally desirable in order to defend the interests protected by the Criminal Code. With the absence of illegality, acts under one of the conditions precluding illegality do not at all result in the commission of a criminal offence, which in case of extreme necessity and necessary defence, allow people to defend themselves at times when the state does not provide them protection against a certain danger or attack. However, if the statutory limits of these conditions precluding illegality are exceeded, the illegality will not be eliminated and a criminal offence will be committed. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse the Czech legislation related to extreme necessity and necessary defence in terms of its limits. In particular, it aims to reveal the shortcomings of the legislation and offer solutions. The goals and structure of...

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Contentious issues of necessary defence in judicial practise Abstract This thesis is focused on the analysis of contentious issues of the criminal law institute of necessary defense within the relevant cases of judicial practise. Its purpose is to summarize the concept of the institute of necessary defense in the Czech legal system, to find out the circumstances that courts usually take into account in their decision-making and to answer other questions that are inextricably linked to the institute of necessary defense. The content of the diploma thesis is divided into chapters and subchapters. The first two chapters briefly deal with the development and function of circumstances precluding wrongfulness within the system of criminal law, the purpose of the necessary defense as one of them and its relation to necessity. The content of these chapters is mainly undisputed knowledge about these institutes. The final part of the second chapter draws on the relation between necessary defense and necessity and deals in more detail with the issue of subsidiarity, taking into account the decision-making of courts. The third chapter deals with the core of the institute of necessary defense and its necessary requirements and provides a full insight into the issue of conflict initiation and the associated...

Studiens syfte är att få kunskap om hur förrättningslantmätare tillsammans med mätningsingenjörer förhåller sig till behövlig omfattning av gränsmarkering. Begreppet behövlig omfattning återfinns i Fastighetsbildningslagen, FBL, 4 kap. 27 §.   Metoder som tillämpats för att uppnå studiens syfte består, utöver en pilotstudie, av intervjuer och en kvalitativ enkätundersökning. Urval har gjorts bland statligt och kommunalt anställda förrättningslantmätare och mätningsingenjörer. 11 personer intervjuades och 36 personer besvarade enkät. I pilotstudie intervjuades 2 personer.   Erfarenhet av yrket är en viktig faktor som påverkar synen på gränsmarkering i lantmäteriförrättning. Bedömning, tolkning och tillämpning av behövlig omfattning grundas på sakägares behov av att tydligt förstå var fastighetsgränser går. Det råder delade meningar om hur tydliga tillgängliga riktlinjer är. Handbok för Enhetligt arbetssätt används som bedömningsunderlag, vilket innefattar en basnivå för fältarbete. Rättssäkerhet från juridiskt perspektiv är den enskilt viktigaste faktorn som styr behövlig omfattning av gränsmarkering. Mätningsingenjör har också de facto stor del i beslutsprocessen.   Slutsatser från genomförd studie visar att det finns svårigheter med att markera gränser i exploateringsområden. Erfarenhet ligger ofta till grund för bedömning, tolkning och tillämpning av behövlig omfattning. / The purpose of the study is to gain knowledge how surveying engineers together with cadastral surveyors relates to necessary existent when marking a boundary. The term necessary extent can be found in the Swedish property formation law, chapter 4 § 27.   The methods used to reach the purpose of the study were, besides a pilot study, interviews and a qualitative questionnaire. A selection was made among employees from the National cadastral authority and Municipal cadastral authority. 11 people were interviewed and 36 people answered the questionnaire. In the pilot study 2 people were interviewed.   Experience of the profession is an important factor which affects the view of marking a boundary in cadastral procedure. Assessment, interpretation and application of necessary extent are based on the interested parties’ need of clear understanding of property boundaries location. The opinion is divided of how clear existing guidelines are. The instruction manual Handbok för Enhetligt arbetssätt is used for assessments which consist of a base level for field work. The most important factor for necessary extent is to ensure the rule of law from a legal perspective when marking a boundary. Surveying engineers has in reality a major part in the decision making.   The conclusion from completed study shows difficulties when marking boundaries in land development sites. Experience is often the basis for the evaluation, interpretation and application of the necessary extent.

Contentious issues of necessary defence in judicial practise Abstract The subject of this thesis is necessary defence, or more precisely some of its contentious issues that have been dealt with by Czech courts within the framework of their judicial practise. The fundamental focus of the thesis lies with the judicial decisions providing solutions to these issues, emphasis, on the other hand, is not placed on doctrinal concept of the legal institute. The thesis subjects some of the judicial decisions to evaluation and comparison with other judgments. As for the structure, the thesis is divided into a total of seven chapters with regard to the elements of necessary defence that are primarily related to the issues dealt with by the judicial practice in each particular case. The first chapter presents a brief general outline of the topic, as it pursues, above all, the function of the legal institute of necessary defence, the way how it is established within the Czech law and the character of the relevant provision of the penal code. Chapter two deals with integral prerequisites or structural elements of necessary defence, specifically attacker and defender subjects, as well as attack itself. It ponders about whether someone who is not primarily targeted by an attack can be deemed a defender. The same question is...

Procurou-se demonstrar que o processo penal internacional praticado pelos Tribunais Penais Internacionais, bem como as normas penais internacionais oriundas de pactos internacionais exercem influências nos países em geral. Tais influências encontram limites políticos e jurídicos, podendo ser úteis na solução de lacunas existentes no direito interno, conforme admite o art. 3º do Código de Processo Penal, sendo mais um instrumento com essa finalidade. Referidas influências podem ainda ser classificadas em: influências já ocorridas e em perspectivas, pois há situações em que tais influências já estão verificadas e outras, em que seria premente que ocorressem. Assim é que, a inversão do ônus da prova na lavagem de dinheiro, a Lei Maria da Penha, O tratamento da revelia no processo penal e a prisão civil do depositário infiel são exemplos da primeira hipótese. Quanto às influências em perspectiva, propugna-se pela influência quanto aos seguintes assuntos relevantes para o processo penal brasileiro: o conceito de crime organizado, a investigação pelo Ministério Público, o papel da defesa durante a investigação, o papel do juiz e a imparcialidade, a publicidade e a mídia no processo penal, as prisões cautelares, produção probatória, a fase de confirmação da acusação, a sentença apelação e revisão e execução penal. Todas essas influências são tratadas sob o crivo do binômio: eficiência e garantismo, vetores presentes em todos os temas de processo penal. Propugna-se também pelo incremento de tais influências, ainda que não se tenha precisão do como ocorrerá tal evolução, sendo certo, contudo, que deve ocorrer cada vez mais. / This paper tries to demonstrate that the international criminal proceedings exerted by International Criminal Courts, as well as international criminal procedures generated by international treaties, exert certain influences on countries in general. Such influences are within the political and lawful limits, and can help the solution of gaps in internal law, as admitted by article 3rd of Código de Processo Penal, being another instruments for such solution. Such influences can still be classified in: 1) existing influences; and 2) influencesto- be, since there are certain situations in which they have already been found, and other situations in which they are still to happen. Thus, the inversion of onus in the evidence of money laundry, Maria da Penha Law, the in default treatment in the criminal proceeding, and the civilian arrest of the unfaithful depositary are examples of the first classification. As for the influences-to-be, we defend the influence concerning the following relevant subjects for the Brazilian criminal proceedings: the concept of organized crime, the investigation by the Public Ministry, the role of defense during investigation, the role of judges and impartiality, publicity and the media in the criminal proceeding, preventive arrest, evidentiary production, the phase of confirmation by the prosecution, the sentence, appealing and review, and lawful execution. All these influences are approached by the efficiency/granting binomial, two vectors to be found in all themes of a criminal proceeding. We also defend the increasing of such influences, even if we do not precisely know how their evolution will happen, but what is for sure is that it must happen more and more frequently.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Christina Thorstensen.pdf: 363239 bytes, checksum: 3145317df44310cd98a2f490334a42d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-21 / This dissertation proposes a discussion on the phenomenon of incestuality, conceived as a primal and regressive dimension of sexuality and sustained by an illusion of completeness. Incestuality permeates the entire family and, in its vitai and necessary aspects, is responsible for the psychic constitution of the younger generations. But it can also imprison the family's members and become an obstacle to their development. We suggest here the use of the terms necessary incestuality and imprisoning incestuality, pointing the distinction between their modes of operation. Depending on the way incestuality circulates in family inter-relationships it can impair the progression of children toward exogamic choices. In this regard, incestuality and exogamic choice are interdependent notions and are considered as such in the text choices / Esta pesquisa propõe-se a refletir sobre o fenômeno da incestualidade, concebido como dimensão primitiva e regressiva da sexualidade e sustentado pela ilusão de completude. A incestualidade permeia a família e, em seus aspectos vitais e necessários, é responsável pela constituição psíquica das novas gerações. Mas pode igualmente ser aprisionadora e converter-se em fator de obstáculo ao seu desenvolvimento. Sugere-se o uso das expressões "incestualidade necessária" e "incestualidade aprisionadora" para indicar uma diferenciação nos seus modos de atuar. Dessa forma, dependendo da maneira como a incestualidade circula nos inter-relacionamentos familiares ela pode comprometer a progressão dos filhos na direção das escolhas exogâmicas. Nesse sentido, incestualidade e escolhas exogâmicas são noções interdependentes e assim serão consideradas neste trabalho

The focus of this study is the assumption that the return of refugees is a necessary condition for the establishment of sustainable peace after armed conflict. This assumption is often made in the peacebuilding literature as well as by policy makers, but it has rarely been the object of systematic analysis. The purpose of the study, therefore, is to test this assumption, which I label the “peace-by-repatriation thesis.” I adopt a two-step approach to analyzing the peace-by-repatriation thesis. The first step is to formulate an analytical framework. The second step is to use the framework to test the peace-by-repatriation thesis on a medium number of cases. The formulation of the analytical framework starts with an examination of previous research. I trace the theoretical foundations of the peace-by-repatriation thesis in research on peacebuilding, forced migration, and partition. The analytical framework is further informed by case studies of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Nagorno-Karabakh, two cases that represent opposing perceptions of repatriation as a condition for peace. I adopt a set-theoretic approach to test the peace-by-repatriation thesis. I describe in some detail how the key concepts of the analytical framework are operationalized. I select and code forty-three cases—terminated conflicts that caused large-scale displacement—and use fuzzy-set analysis to test the peace-by-repatriation thesis. The analysis shows that repatriation is not a necessary condition for sustainable peace. Instead, ending displacement—irrespective of how this is done—turns out to be an important condition for peace. This result is consistent across tests of different combinations of cases and tests using alternative operationalizations of key concepts. Taken together, the fuzzy-set analysis and the case studies suggest that the relationship between repatriation and peace will vary from case to case and that pre-war interethnic relations is one of the circumstances that affect that relationship.

Bakgrund: Beröring är livsviktigt genom hela livet. Människor mellan 66 och 100 år är de som får minst beröring. Beröring är en form av icke verbal kommunikation som kan förmedla kontakt och inge trygghet. Då äldre personer ofta får nedsatt kommunikationsförmåga blir den icke nödvändiga beröringen, det vill säga beröring som inte relaterat till omvårdnadsuppgifter, ett naturligt kommunikationsmedel. Syftet: Belysa icke nödvändig beröring i omvårdnaden av äldre personer. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes baserat på nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet: analysen resulterade i kategorierna icke nödvändig beröring i mötet mellan vårdpersonal och äldre vårdtagare, äldre vårdtagares upplevelser av och attityder till icke nödvändig beröring och vårdpersonals upplevelser av och attityder till icke nödvändig beröring. Konklusion: Som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att vara medveten om hur den icke nödvändiga beröringen kan uppfattas av äldre vårdtagare eftersom upplevelsen av beröring kan vara både positiv och negativ. / Background: Touch is vital throughout life. People between 66 and 100 years are the ones that receive the least touch. Touch is a form of non-verbal communication that can mediate contact and security. Since older people’s ability to communicate decreases the non-necessary touch, that is, touch that is not related to nursing tasks, becomes a natural way to communicate. Purpose: To highlight non-necessary touch in the care of elderly people. Method: A literature review was conducted based on nine scientific articles. Result: The analysis resulted in the categories non-necessary touch in the encounter between caregivers and elderly care receivers, elderly care receivers' experiences of and attitudes towards non-necessary touch and caregivers' experiences of and attitudes towards non-necessary touch. Conclusion: As a nurse it is important to be aware of how the non-necessary touch can be experienced since the experience can be both positive and negative.

The goal of this research work is to further the understanding of crystal plasticity, particularly at reduced structural and material length scales. Fundamental understanding of plasticity is central to various challenges facing design and manufacturing of materials for structural and electronic device applications. The development of microstructurally tailored advanced metallic materials with enhanced mechanical properties that can withstand extremes in stress, strain, and temperature, will aid in increasing the efficiency of power generating systems by allowing them to work at higher temperatures and pressures. High specific strength materials can lead to low fuel consumption in transport vehicles. Experiments have shown that enhanced mechanical properties can be obtained in materials by constraining their size, microstructure (e.g. grain size), or both for various applications. For the successful design of these materials, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the influence of different length scales and evolving microstructure on the overall behavior. In this study, distinction is made between the effect of structural and material length scale on the mechanical behavior of materials. A length scale associated with an underlying physical mechanism influencing the mechanical behavior can overlap with either structural length scales or material length scales. If it overlaps with structural length scales, then the material is said to be dimensionally constrained. On the other hand, if it overlaps with material length scales, for example grain size, then the material is said to be microstructurally constrained. The objectives of this research work are: (1) to investigate scale and size effects due to dimensional constraints; (2) to investigate size effects due to microstructural constraints; and (3) to develop a size dependent hardening model through coarse graining of dislocation dynamics. A discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) framework where the scale of analysis is intermediate between a fully discretized (e.g. atomistic) and fully continuum is used for this study. This mesoscale tool allows to address all the stated objectives of this study within a single framework. Within this framework, the effect of structural and the material length scales are naturally accounted for in the simulations and need not be specified in an ad hoc manner, as in some continuum models. It holds the promise of connecting the evolution of the defect microstructure to the effective response of the crystal. Further, it provides useful information to develop physically motivated continuum models to model size effects in materials. The contributions of this study are: (a) provides a new interpretation of mechanical size effect due to only dimensional constraint using DDD; (b) a development of an experimentally validated DDD simulation methodology to model Cu micropillars; (c) a coarse graining technique using DDD to develop a phenomenological model to capture size effect on strain hardening; and (d) a development of a DDD framework for polycrystals to investigate grain size effect on yield strength and strain hardening.