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<p>One of the key mechanisms that mediate renal autoregulation is the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system, which is a negative feedback loop in the kidney that balances glomerular filtration with tubular reabsorptive capacity. In this dissertation, we develop several mathematical models of the TGF system to study TGF-mediated model dynamics. </p><p>First, we develop a mathematical model of compliant thick ascending limb (TAL) of a short loop of Henle in the rat kidney, called TAL model, to investigate the effects of spatial inhomogeneous properties in TAL on TGF-mediated dynamics. We derive a characteristic equation that corresponds to a linearized TAL model, and conduct a bifurcation analysis by finding roots of that equation. Results of the bifurcation analysis are also validated via numerical simulations of the full model equations. </p><p>We then extend the TAL model to explicitly represent an entire short-looped nephron including the descending segments and having compliant tubular walls, developing a short-looped nephron model. A bifurcation analysis for the TGF loop-model equations is similarly performed by computing parameter boundaries, as functions of TGF gain and delay, that separate differing model behaviors. We also use the loop model to better understand the effects of transient as well as sustained flow perturbations on the TGF system and on distal NaCl delivery.</p><p>To understand the impacts of internephron coupling on TGF dynamics, we further develop a mathematical model of a coupled-TGF system that includes any finite number of nephrons coupled through their TGF systems, coupled-nephron model. Each model nephron represents a short loop of Henle having compliant tubular walls, based on the short-looped nephron model, and is assumed to interact with nearby nephrons through electrotonic signaling along the pre-glomerular vasculature. The characteristic equation is obtained via linearization of the loop-model equations as in TAL model. To better understand the impacts of parameter variability on TGF-mediated dynamics, we consider special cases where the relation between TGF delays and gains among two coupled nephrons is specifically chosen. By solving the characteristic equation, we determine parameter regions that correspond to qualitatively differing model behaviors. </p><p>TGF delays play an essential role in determining qualitatively and quantitatively different TGF-mediated dynamic behaviors. In particular, when noise arising from external sources of system is introduced, the dynamics may become significantly rich and complex, revealing a variety of model behaviors owing to the interaction with delays. In our next study, we consider the effect of the interactions between time delays and noise, by developing a stochastic model. We begin with a simple time-delayed transport equation to represent the dynamics of chloride concentration in the rigid-TAL fluid. Guided by a proof for the existence and uniqueness of the steady-state solution to the deterministic Dirichlet problem, obtained via bifurcation analysis and the contraction mapping theorem, an analogous proof for stochastic system with random boundary conditions is presented. Finally we conduct multiscale analysis to study the effect of the noise, specifically when the system is in subcritical region, but close enough to the critical delay. To analyze the solution behaviors in long time scales, reduced equations for the amplitude of solutions are derived using multiscale method.</p> / Dissertation

La biologie moléculaire et, plus spécifiquement, la régulation de l’expression génique ont été révolutionnées par la découverte des microARN (miARN). Ces petits ARN d’une vingtaine de nucléotides sont impliqués dans la majorité des processus cellulaires et leur expression est dérégulée dans plusieurs maladies, comme le cancer. Un miARN reconnaît ses cibles principalement par son noyau, ce qui lui permet de réguler simultanément la traduction de centaines d’ARN messagers. Nos travaux ont montré l’existence d’une boucle de rétro-activation négative, entre deux miARN du polycistron miR-17-92 et trois facteurs de transcription de la famille E2F. E2F1, 2 et 3 induisent la transcription de miR-20 et miR-17 qui par la suite inhibent leur traduction. Nos résultats suggèrent l’implication de cette boucle dans la résistance à l’apoptose induite par E2F1 dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate, ce qui expliquerait en partie le potentiel oncogénique du polycistron miR-17-92. L’étude de ce motif de régulation nous a donc permis de réaliser le potentiel incroyable qu’ont les miARN à inhiber la traduction de plusieurs gènes. Basé sur les règles de reconnaissance des miARN, nous avons développé et validé MultiTar. Cet outil bioinformatique permet de trouver la séquence d’un miARN artificiel ayant le potentiel d’inhiber la traduction de gènes d’intérêts choisis par l’utilisateur. Afin de valider MultiTar, nous avons généré des multitargets pouvant inhiber l’expression des trois E2F, ce qui nous a permis de comparer leur efficacité à celle de miR-20. Nos miARN artificiels ont la capacité d’inhiber la traduction des E2F et de neutraliser leur fonction redondante de la progression du cycle cellulaire de façon similaire ou supérieur à miR-20. La fonctionnalité de notre programme, ouvre la voie à une stratégie flexible pouvant cibler le caractère multigénique de différents processus cellulaires ou maladies complexes, tel que le cancer. L’utilisation de miARN artificiels pourrait donc représenter une alternative intéressante aux stratégies déjà existantes, qui sont limitées à inhiber des cibles uniques. En plus d’élucider un réseau de régulation complexe impliquant les miARN, nous avons pu tirer profit de leur potentiel d’inhibition par la conception de miARN artificiels. / miRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression in mammals. These small RNAs of around 20 nucleotides are involved in several cellular processes and diseases. MiRNAs recognize their targets mainly by a region comprising nucleotides 2-8, known as the seed. This characteristic gives them the potential to inhibit hundreds of messenger RNAs. Our first goal was to better characterize the complex network involving miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression. To achieve this, we studied the relation between a family of transcription factors, the E2Fs, and a family of miRNAs, the miR-17-92 cluster. Our results suggest a negative feedback loop involving miR-17, miR-20a, E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3. In this loop E2F1, 2 and 3 activate the transcription of the two miRNAs that inhibit their translation in return. The inhibition of the antiapoptotic function of E2F1 by miR-17 and miR-20 in a prostate cancer context, could explain the oncogenic potential of the miR-17-92 cluster that was previously reported. Studying the miR-20/E2F feedback loop made us realize how powerful was the ability of miRNAs to inhibit several targets. To overcome the lack of efficient tools able to inhibit simultaneously the expression of multiple genes, our second goal was to develop MultiTar, an algorithm able to design artificial miRNAs that target a set of predetermined genes. MultiTar was validated in silico, using known targets of endogenous miRNAs and in vivo, taking advantage of our experience with the E2F context. We designed artificial miRNAs against E2F1-3 and expressed them both in normal human fibroblasts and prostate cancer cells where they inhibited cell proliferation and induced cellular senescence. The observed phenotypes were precisely those known for inhibiting E2F activities. Hence, MultiTar can efficiently design artificial micro RNAs able to target multiple genes and is thus a flexible tool that can address the issue of multigenic diseases and complex cellular processes. The use of multitargets could be an alternative to overcome the limits of drugs or siRNAs that are designed generally to regulate only one target.

No description available.

Le cancer papillaire de la thyroïde (CPT) est la tumeur endocrine la plus fréquente. Des anomalies moléculaires activant la voie des MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) sont identifiées, de façon mutuellement exclusive, dans environ 70% des cas. Il s’agit de réarrangements chromosomiques, le plus souvent de type RET/PTC (10%), de mutations ponctuelles activatrices des trois isoformes de l’oncogène RAS (H, N et K-RAS) (10%), ou de l’oncogène B-RAF (50%). La mutation « hot spot » B-RAFV600E est la plus fréquemment identifiée, elle est associée à une plus grande agressivité clinique (diagnostic à un stade tardif, risque de récidives et de décès accru). Ces évènements moléculaires ont pour conséquence commune l’activation de la voie des MAPK, se traduisant en aval par la phosphorylation de MEK (Mitogen-activated Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase) puis de ERK (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase). Cette dernière est régulée négativement par des phosphatases, appartenant à la famille des Dual Specificity Phosphatases (DUSPs), d’expression ubiquitaire, et en particulier de deux phosphatases spécifiques de ERK, l’une cytoplasmique (DUSP6) et l’autre nucléaire (DUSP5). Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que ces phosphatases pouvaient être soit des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs (leur perte d’expression conduisant à une augmentation de phosphorylation de ERK et une prolifération accrue), soit des marqueurs du degré d’activation de la voie MAPK dans le cadre d’une boucle de rétrocontrôle négatif. Ceci nous a conduits à analyser la régulation et l’expression de ces phosphatases dans trois modèles : la lignée cellulaire PCCL3 (thyroïde de rat), exprimant l’un des trois principaux oncogènes mutés dans les CPT (RET/PTC3 ou H-RASV12 ou B-RAFV600E) sous le contrôle d’un promoteur inductible par la doxycycline, des lignées cellulaires humaines dérivant de CPT et des CPT humains. (...) / Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Mutually exclusive and activating alterations of the MAPK pathway (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) are identified in 70% of cases. Common mutations found in PTCs are point mutation of the B-RAF (50%) and RAS genes (10%) as well as RET/PTC chromosomal rearrangements (10%). The hot spot B-RAFV600E mutation is the most frequently alteration identified and is connected with agressive clinical characteristics (high stage at diagnosis, high recurrence risk and death). These molecular events lead to constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway, resulting in MEK (Mitogen-activated Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase) and ERK (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase) phosphorylation. ERK is negatively regulated by phosphatases and among them, Dual Specificity Phosphatases (DUSPs), ubiquitary expressed, in particular two ERK-specific phosphatases DUSP5 (nuclear) and DUSP6 (cytosolic). We hypothesized that these phosphatases could have tumor supressor properties (i.e. their loss would be associated with an increase in MAPK pathway activation) or may serve as a surrogate marker of MAPK pathway activation in the context of a negative feedback loop. We analysed regulation and expression of both phosphatases in 3 models: three PCCL3 cell lines (rat thyroid cells) expressing one of the most common oncogene identified in PTCs (RET/PTC3 or H-RASV12 or B-RAFV600E) under the control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter, human PTC-derived cell lines and human PTC. We demonstrated that MAPK pathway activation was correlated with induction of DUSP5 and DUSP6. These phosphatases are involved in a negative feedback loop that contributes to a tight regulation of phospho-ERK levels. DUSP5 and DUSP6 mRNA are overexpressed in human PTCs, especially in B-RAF mutated tumors suggesting a higher MAPK signaling output in these agressive PTCs. Silencing of DUSP5 and/or DUSP6 by small interfering RNA does not affect proliferation of human B-RAFV600E thyroid carcinoma-derived cell lines, suggesting the lack of tumor suppressor gene role. Compensatory changes in expression of DUSPs when a specific one is inactivated may explain this lack of effect. On the opposite, a DUSP6 pharmacological inhibitor induced a concentration dependent decrease in proliferation of human B-RAFV600E cells, suggesting « off-target » effect of this inhibitor. In a second part, we analysed the regulation of DUSP5 expression, which is a target of the MAPK pathway activation. We demonstrated, using pharmacological inhibitors, that DUSP5 is an early response gene, regulated mostly by the MAPK pathway, at the transcriptional level. Two contiguous CArG boxes that bind serum response factor (SRF) were found in a 1Kb promoter region, as well as several E twenty-six transcription factor family binding sites (EBS). These sites potentially bind Elk-1, a transcription factor activated by ERK1/2. Using wild type or mutated DUSP5 promoter reporters, we demonstrated that SRF plays a crucial role in serum induction of DUSP5 promoter activity, the proximal CArG box being important for SRF binding in vitro and in living cells. Moreover Elk-1 was bound in vitro to a promoter region containing the proximal CArG box and a putative EBS. Its specific binding to SRF was necessary to elicit promoter response to dominant positive Elk-VP16 and to enhance the response to serum stimulation. Altogether our results suggest that the MAPK pathway is more active in B-RAFV600E PTC than in PTC with other genetic alteration and could explain their clinical agressivity. DUSP5 and DUSP6, as well as phosphorylated MEK, are markers of activation of the MAPK pathway. Neither phosphatase has tumor suppressor properties in our thyroid cancer cell models. Our results suggest redundancy and functional compensation among DUSPs. 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