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<p>English is the most widely spoken language in the world and for this reason it would be of advantage for everyone to learn it. This thesis reports on the language ideologies and attitudes of Francophone learners towards English in the Central Province of Cameroon, a central African country. It offers a critical examination of the different attitudes and motivations of Francophone learners towards English as a third language at secondary schools in the city of Yaound&eacute / . It also presents the most important factors that appear to play a role in shaping their attitudes towards English, a language that many of the respondents appear to find hard to learn. Central to these factors are the prevailing language ideologies in Cameroon.</p>

<p>English is the most widely spoken language in the world and for this reason it would be of advantage for everyone to learn it. This thesis reports on the language ideologies and attitudes of Francophone learners towards English in the Central Province of Cameroon, a central African country. It offers a critical examination of the different attitudes and motivations of Francophone learners towards English as a third language at secondary schools in the city of Yaound&eacute / . It also presents the most important factors that appear to play a role in shaping their attitudes towards English, a language that many of the respondents appear to find hard to learn. Central to these factors are the prevailing language ideologies in Cameroon.</p>

Pionnier dans sa façon d’approcher la prise en charge des malades, le Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, construit à la fin des années 1830 dans la campagne proche de Philadelphie, fut dirigé de 1840 à 1883 par Thomas Kirkbride. A travers la culture visuelle de l’établissement, et tout particulièrement l’usage systématique qui y fut fait des spectacles de projection à la lanterne magique, cette thèse propose de relier l’entreprise thérapeutique du Dr. Kirkbride à la riche tradition artistique et photographique de Philadelphie. Dans cette tradition nous retiendrons en particulier les frères Frederick et William Langenheim, pionniers des procédés négatif-positif aux Etats-Unis. A travers l’analyse d’un tableau commandé au peintre Benjamin West, la première partie s’ouvre sur le Pennsylvania Hospital, situé au cœur de Philadelphie, et pose les éléments de la préhistoire de l’image au Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. La deuxième partie met en avant différentes facettes de « l’image renversée » présentée par le nouvel établissement et s’appuie notamment sur le projet culturel développé au cours de la période 1841-1859. La troisième partie s’attache plus particulièrement à l’évolution des espaces verts proposés aux patients. La collection de plaques de lanterne magique, telle une fenêtre ouverte sur l’extérieur, est au cœur de cette partie. Cette collection d’objets constitue non seulement un ensemble exceptionnel par son ampleur, la diversité des techniques d’images sur verre utilisées, et la longue période de sa constitution, mais témoigne aussi de pratiques culturelles novatrices. / The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane was built in the late 1830's in the countryside near Philadelphia. It was directed from 1840 to1883 by Thomas Kirkbride, who made ita pioneer in the humane treatment of the mentally ill. This thesis connects thetherapeutic work of Dr. Kirkbride to the rich artistic and photographic traditions of Philadelphia by examining the visual culture of the institution, with special attention to the systematic use of magic lantern shows. Frederick and William Langenheim,innovators in the negative-positive process in the United States, are especially important to this history. By focusing on a painting that was commissioned from Benjamin West, the first part opens the thesis in the heart of Philadelphia, at the Pennsylvania Hospital,and explores the background period leading up to the use of images at the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. The second part details various aspects of the "reverse image"presented by the new hospital in the country and focuses on the cultural projectdeveloped during the period from 1841 to 1859. The third part looks closely at the development of outdoor spaces for the use of the patients. The collection of magic lantern slides, like a window open to the outside, is at the heart of this section. This collection of objects is exceptional due to its large scale, to the variety of techniques used in making the glass slides, and to the long period of its creation. It also bears witness to the innovative cultural practices which it records.

《黃帝內經》中「五運六氣」體系，是中國自古以來眾多象數學體系中至為嚴謹者，可作為中醫學理中，人與自然諸般相應關係之中介體系，自古以來諸書於其應用之法立論雖詳，然於其創設系統之理論原則，卻始終乏於論述，這種情況使得該學說之學理終究未能光大，而漸趨沉淪。有鑑於此，所以本文試從哲學思考的方式，藉由《內經?素問》中既有之體系架構，作洄溯性之論証，以探討其建構該體系時之思想向度及基本理則。