Urban communities are undergoing a period of rapid change prompting concerns about community fragmentation. By building social cohesion and revitalizing civic participation, community development is viewed by many as a remedy to offset the weakening of community ties. This thesis explores how a community agency- based worker might help a fragmented community (re)build itself. By employing a single case study methodology, this thesis applies community development theories and related concepts to examine how a multicultural neighbourhood in east Vancouver mobilized community action. The case study found that a community capacity building framework, when supplemented with other community development tools, is an effective model for strengthening community leadership and building social connections. The study draws attention to the different kinds of social and cultural capital required to develop neighbourhood solidarity and bridge cultural differences in creating an inclusive community building process. The community worker was based in a unique form of community agency called a neighbourhood house. By providing resources needed for encouraging leadership and developing social connectedness the neighbourhood house was found to be a key asset for building community capacity. However, the study revealed that a neighbourhood house's participation in community building is constrained by the multiple community roles and relationships that it must maintain to ensure operational funding and a stance of political neutrality in its everyday dealings. The case study concludes with a set of recommendations for basing community development functions in a neighbourhood house.

Public participation continues to hold an uncertain position in professional city planning practice. At the scale of the neighbourhood, planners are faced with a variety of options to engage the public and key stakeholders. This case study will compare three public engagement processes taking place in the South Point Douglas neighbourhood of Winnipeg. Each of the processes will highlight differing approaches to the relationship between planner and public in a neighbourhood context. Key stakeholder interviews are used at the conclusion of the study to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of these planning processes.

Public participation continues to hold an uncertain position in professional city planning practice. At the scale of the neighbourhood, planners are faced with a variety of options to engage the public and key stakeholders. This case study will compare three public engagement processes taking place in the South Point Douglas neighbourhood of Winnipeg. Each of the processes will highlight differing approaches to the relationship between planner and public in a neighbourhood context. Key stakeholder interviews are used at the conclusion of the study to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of these planning processes.

Urban communities are undergoing a period of rapid change prompting concerns about community fragmentation. By building social cohesion and revitalizing civic participation, community development is viewed by many as a remedy to offset the weakening of community ties. This thesis explores how a community agency- based worker might help a fragmented community (re)build itself. By employing a single case study methodology, this thesis applies community development theories and related concepts to examine how a multicultural neighbourhood in east Vancouver mobilized community action. The case study found that a community capacity building framework, when supplemented with other community development tools, is an effective model for strengthening community leadership and building social connections. The study draws attention to the different kinds of social and cultural capital required to develop neighbourhood solidarity and bridge cultural differences in creating an inclusive community building process. The community worker was based in a unique form of community agency called a neighbourhood house. By providing resources needed for encouraging leadership and developing social connectedness the neighbourhood house was found to be a key asset for building community capacity. However, the study revealed that a neighbourhood house's participation in community building is constrained by the multiple community roles and relationships that it must maintain to ensure operational funding and a stance of political neutrality in its everyday dealings. The case study concludes with a set of recommendations for basing community development functions in a neighbourhood house.

Urban communities are undergoing a period of rapid change prompting concerns about community fragmentation. By building social cohesion and revitalizing civic participation, community development is viewed by many as a remedy to offset the weakening of community ties. This thesis explores how a community agency- based worker might help a fragmented community (re)build itself. By employing a single case study methodology, this thesis applies community development theories and related concepts to examine how a multicultural neighbourhood in east Vancouver mobilized community action. The case study found that a community capacity building framework, when supplemented with other community development tools, is an effective model for strengthening community leadership and building social connections. The study draws attention to the different kinds of social and cultural capital required to develop neighbourhood solidarity and bridge cultural differences in creating an inclusive community building process. The community worker was based in a unique form of community agency called a neighbourhood house. By providing resources needed for encouraging leadership and developing social connectedness the neighbourhood house was found to be a key asset for building community capacity. However, the study revealed that a neighbourhood house's participation in community building is constrained by the multiple community roles and relationships that it must maintain to ensure operational funding and a stance of political neutrality in its everyday dealings. The case study concludes with a set of recommendations for basing community development functions in a neighbourhood house. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

No Abstract Provided / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Student Number : 9709049J - MSc research report - School of Construction Economics and Management - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / Spiralling violent crime in South Africa has led to the increased use of access control to restrict access to suburbs and thus make it more difficult to perpetrate violent crime against residents. This neighbourhood enclosure normally takes the form of booms, palisade fences and security guards to close off entire suburbs that were once or still are public property. This study examines the effect of the implementation of neighbourhood enclosure on property values. The primary methodology used to research this concentrated on the analysis of residential property values, bond approvals and relative amounts of property transferred within the period of late 2002 and mid 2004. Analysis was based on information available at the deed’s office. Limitations included the small sample size and the availability of information. Applicants for suburban closures can use the results of the study to verify or discredit claims of property value increases. Municipalities can match property values to services and rates. Results showed that property values that were found to be either similar in adjacent open and enclosed areas or more expensive in enclosed areas. The latter trend was evident in higher value properties. This illustrates a higher demand for properties in these enclosed areas than in the adjacent open areas. Further analysis of prices showed that, in all cases over the same period, prices increased by more in enclosed areas than in open areas. This statistic proves the hypothesis, that neighbourhood enclosure increases the value of properties within the enclosure when compared to similar properties in adjacent open areas. Analysis of the value of bonds granted in an area showed that banks appear to ignore the enclosure status of the immediate area.

In recent years, research into ‘neighbourhood search’ optimisation techniques such as simulated annealing, tabu search, and evolutionary algorithms has increased apace, resulting in a number of useful heuristic solution procedures for real-world and research combinatorial and function optimisation problems. Unfortunately, their selection and design remains a somewhat ad hoc procedure and very much an art. Needless to say, this shortcoming presents real difficulties for the future development and deployment of these methods. This thesis presents work aimed at resolving this issue of principled optimiser design. Driven by the needs of both the end-user and designer, and their knowledge of the problem domain and the search dynamics of these techniques, a semi-formal, structured, design methodology that makes full use of the available knowledge will be proposed, justified, and evaluated. This methodology is centred around a Knowledge Based System (KBS) view of neighbourhood search with a number of well-defined knowledge sources that relate to specific hypotheses about the problem domain. This viewpoint is complemented by a number of design heuristics that suggest a structured series of hillclimbing experiments which allow these results to be empirically evaluated and then transferred to other optimisation techniques if desired. First of all, this thesis reviews the techniques under consideration. The case for the exploitation of problem-specific knowledge in optimiser design is then made. Optimiser knowledge is shown to be derived from either the problem domain theory, or the optimiser search dynamics theory. From this, it will be argued that the design process should be primarily driven by the problem domain theory knowledge as this makes best use of the available knowledge and results in a system whose behaviour is more likely to be justifiable to the end-user. The encoding and neighbourhood operators are shown to embody the main source of problem domain knowledge, and it will be shown how forma analysis can be used to formalise the hypotheses about the problem domain that they represent. Therefore it should be possible for the designer to experimentally evaluate hypotheses about the problem domain. To this end, proposed design heuristics that allow the transfer of results across optimisers based on a common hillclimbing class, and that can be used to inform the choice of evolutionary algorithm recombination operators, will be justified. In fact, the above approach bears some similarity to that of KBS design. Additional knowledge sources and roles will therefore be described and discussed, and it will be shown how forma analysis again plays a key part in their formalisation. Design heuristics for many of these knowledge sources will then be proposed and justified. This methodology will be evaluated by testing the validity of the proposed design heuristics in the context of two sequencing case studies. The first case study is a well-studied problem from operational research, the flowshop sequencing problem, which will provide a through test of many of the design heuristics proposed here. Also, an idle-time move preference heuristic will be proposed and demonstrated on both directed mutation and candidate list methods. The second case study applies the above methodology to design a prototype system for resource redistribution in the developing world, a problem that can be modelled as a very large transportation problem with non-linear constraints and objective function. The system, combining neighbourhood search with a constructive algorithm which reformulates the problem to one of sequencing, was able to produce feasible shipment plans for problems derived from data from the World Health Organisation’s TB programme in China that are much larger than those problems tackled by the current ‘state-of-the-art’ for transportation problems.

The physical and social environments of a neighbourhood can cause and/or reduce stress for residents. However, we know relatively little about the neighbourhood-level stressors and stress-relievers experienced by adolescents, and in particular adolescent girls. This study explores how adolescent girls (15-17 years) living in one neighbourhood in Halifax, Nova Scotia perceive key characteristics of their neighbourhood’s environments as affecting and/or reducing their stress. Using a qualitative methodology, data were collected from eight participants using face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Photo elicitation technique was also used for data collection. A key finding of this research was that participants experience a strong ‘sense of community’ within their neighbourhood that makes a significant contribution to their stress relief. At the same time, participants reported a number of neighbourhood-level forces that are threatening this sense of community including violence, conflicts, and stigma. This study demonstrates the complexity of the relationship between neighbourhood-level characteristics and residents’ stress.

The aim of this thesis is to revisit the properties of white dwarf stars in the Solar neighbourhood (distance > 100 pc), in particular their magnetic fields, the occurrence of binarity and their space density. This thesis presents observations and analysis of a sample of white dwarfs from the southern hemisphere. Over 80 objects were observed spectroscopically, and 65 of these were also observed with a spectropolarimeter. Many of the white dwarfs observed belong to the Solar neighbourhood, and can be used to study the star formation and evolution in this region. Our spectropolarimetric measurements helped constrain the fraction of magnetic white dwarfs in the Solar neighbourhood. Combining data from different surveys, I found a higher fraction of these objects in the relatively old local population than in other younger selections such as the Palomar-Green survey which suggests magnetic field evolution in white dwarfs, or different sets of progenitors. The progenitors of magnetic white dwarfs have been assumed to be Ap and Bp stars, however I find that the properties and number of Ap and Bp stars would only explain white dwarfs with magnetic fields larger than 100 MG. The number of known white dwarfs is believed to be complete to about 13 pc, however the sample is certainly incomplete to 20 pc from the Sun. To identify new white dwarfs in the Solar neighbourhood, some possibly magnetic or in binaries, numerous candidate white dwarfs from the Revised NLTT catalogue have been observed, which resulted in the discovery of 13 new white dwarfs, with 4 of these having a distance that places them within 20 pc of the Sun. The candidates were selected using a V − J reduced-proper-motion diagram and optical-infrared diagram. A total of 417 white dwarf candidates were selected, 200 of these have already been spectroscopically confirmed as white dwarfs. Spectroscopic confirmation is required for the remaining 217 candidates, many of these are likely to belong to the Solar neighbourhood. Four close binaries consisting of a white dwarf and a cool companion were also observed, for which atmospheric and orbital parameters were obtained. The photometry for two of these binary systems, BPM 71214 and EC 13471-1258 shows that the secondary stars are filling their Roche lobes, and combined with their orbital parameters, these systems are very good candidates for hibernating novae. The time of their previous interaction or the extent of this interaction are unknown. The two other binary systems, BPM 6502 and EUVE J0720-31.7 are post-common envelope binaries. BPM 6502 is not expected to interact within a Hubble time, however EUVE J0720-31 is expected to become a cataclysmic variable within a Hubble time. The atmospheric parameters of the white dwarfs were determined using model atmosphere codes which were modified for the present study to include convective energy transfer, self-broadening and Lyman satellite features.