Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the CNS myelin-producing cells. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that control OLG development can provide valuable knowledge regarding remyelination therapies for MS. This disease is thought to result from an autoimmune attack towards myelin. FTY720, an immunomodulator under evaluation for MS treatment is a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analog. We found before that S1P plays a crucial role in the NT-3-mediated survival of OLGs, an observation that led us to investigate whether FTY720 could have any effect on these cells. Our studies demonstrate that FTY720 indeed has a direct effect on OLG progenitors, protecting them from apoptotic death through a mechanism involving ERK1/2 and Akt activation. However, another key finding of our study was that this drug arrested OLG differentiation, an effect counteracted by NT-3 which not only enhanced the survival of OLG progenitors but also stimulated their maturation. Furthermore, NT-3 induced an increase in myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in the absence of effects on MBP gene promoter activation or mRNA expression. These observations suggested that NT-3 up-regulated MBP levels by a posttranscriptional mechanism raising the question of whether this neurotrophin could have a more general positive effect on the expression of other OLG proteins. In agreement with this idea, we found that NT-3 also induced the expression of the myelin proteins MAG and MOG. Additionally, [35S]-Methionine labeling indicated a 50% increase in de novo protein synthesis following only a 15 min exposure to NT-3. Such a rapid increase in protein synthesis reinforced the idea that NT-3 plays a crucial role regulating protein expression by posttranscriptional mechanisms. In support of this possibility, we found that NT-3 stimulated the phosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF4E and its inhibitory partner 4EBP1, both essential players in mediating cap-dependent protein synthesis. This stimulation involved the activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/mTOR mediated signaling pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the regulation of translation initiation in OLGs and the first report describing the potential role of NT-3 as an activator of initiation.

Le récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase TrkC est un récepteur aux neurotrophines qui contrôle la mise en place des neurones proprioceptifs au cours du développement du système nerveux. En présence de son ligand, la neurotrophine‐3 (NT‐3), TrkC transmet un signal de survie, tandis qu’en absence des facteurs trophiques les neurones vont mourir via l’apoptose. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires de ce programme de mort ne sont pas connus. D'autre part, TrkC peut également accomplir un rôle proapoptotique dans le cancer. En effet, son expression est un facteur de bon pronostic pour le neuroblastome, la tumeur solide extra crânienne la plus courante chez l'enfant. Ce paradoxe apparent pourrait s’expliquer par la notion de récepteur à dépendance : ces récepteurs induisent la mort cellulaire en situation d’absence de ligand, alors que la présence de leur ligandinhibe leur activité proapoptotique. Nous avons fourni la preuve que parmi les récepteurs aux neurotrophines, seul TrkC est un récepteur à dépendance. Son activité nécessite un clivage par des caspases, générant un fragment proapoptotique. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence la surproduction autocrine de NT‐3 dans une fraction de neuroblastomes à haut risque, permettant aux cellules malignes de contourner le mécanisme de contrôle antitumoral de TrkC. De plus, nous avons démontré que la perturbation de l'interaction TrkC/NT‐3 induit la mort des cellules de neuroblastomein vitro et empêche la croissance tumorale et les métastases dans des modèles aviaires et murins. Ces travaux établissent les bases d’une potentielle stratégie thérapeutique s'appuyant sur la restauration d'une voie d’apoptose fonctionnelle induite par TrkC dépourvu du ligand / The tyrosine kinase receptor TrkC is a neurotrophin receptor that assures an adequate establishment of proprioceptive neurons during nervous system development. Upon neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) binding TrkC transduces a classic survival signal, while in absence of trophic support a program of apoptotic cell death will take place. However the molecular mechanisms leading to neuron cell death are not understood. On the other hand, although TrkC was first identified as an oncogene, it may also accomplish a proapoptotic role in cancer. Indeed its expression has been correlated with a good prognosis of Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of early childhood. Thisapparent paradox could be explained by the dependence receptor notion: these receptors induce apoptotic cell death in settings of absence of ligand, whereas the presence of their ligand inhibits this proapoptotic activity. We provide evidence here that among neurotrophin receptors, only TrkC is a dependence receptor and its activity relies on the caspase‐mediated cleavage of its intracellular domain, which allows the release of a proapoptotic fragment. Moreover, we show that an autocrine production of NT‐3 concerns a large fraction of aggressive neuroblastoma and provides a selective advantage by allowing malignant cells to overcome with TrkC antitumoral control. We demonstrate that the disruption of the TrkC/NT‐3 interaction triggers neuroblastoma cell death in vitro andprevents tumor growth and metastasis in avian and murine models. This work set the basis for analternative anticancer therapeutic strategy relying on the reengagement of a cell death program mediated by unbound TrkC

Elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusions promote therapeutic delivery and efficacy. Recombinant proteins, like neurotrophins, lack bioavailability, have short in vivo half-lives, and require high manufacturing costs. Fusing recombinant proteins with genetically encodable ELPs will increase bioavailability, enhance in vivo solubilization, as well as provide a cost-effective method for purification without the need for chromatography. During expression of neurotrophin-ELP (N-ELP) fusions, dense water-insoluble aggregates known as inclusion bodies (IBs) are formed. Inclusion bodies are partially and misfolded proteins that usually require denaturants like Urea for solubilization. Strong denaturants arrest ELPs stimuli-responsive property and increase unwanted aggregation, making purification difficult, yet possible. The current field of study exhibit issues with protein recovery due to solubility issues and aggregation. This study examines the solubility challenges of inclusion body proteins and the role ELP fusion tags play on IBs solubility. Elastin-like peptides are a class of stimuli-responsive biopolymers whose biocompatibility and limited toxicity are attractive for biological applications. ELPs are tunable polymers, which consist of peptide repeat units (VPGXG), where X is any amino acid except Proline while the guest residue or length of the sequence can be chosen. ELPs have uniquely tunable phase transitioning properties that allow the protein to undergo molecular self-assemblies into different nanostructures in response to the changes in their environment (e.g. pH or temperature). Optimizing the purification process via suppressing aggregation during the refolding process has increased protein recovery slightly however, more work is needed to attain 90 percent recovery. Usage of ELPs has increased the solubility of N-ELP fusions, specifically for brain-derived neurotrophic factor ELP fusions.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Les récepteurs à dépendance ont la particularité de présenter deux types de signalisation cellulaire : en présence de leur ligand, ils activent des voies positives de survie, de différenciation et de migration, mais en l'absence de leur ligand, ils activent au contraire l'apoptose de la cellule. Cette dualité fonctionnelle des récepteurs à dépendance est impliquée à la fois lors du développement embryonnaire, mais également dans le maintien de l'homéostasie chez l'adulte. En effet, elle permet le contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire, mais aussi l'élimination de cellules migrant en dehors de leur territoire défini, dans un environnement où la quantité de ligand est limitée. De ce fait, les récepteurs à dépendance ont été caractérisés comme des suppresseurs de tumeur conditionnels dans certaines pathologies cancéreuses. TrkC, le récepteur de la neurotrophine-3 (NT-3) appartient à cette famille fonctionnelle. En l'absence de NT-3, TrkC, sous sa forme monomérique, est clivé par les caspases en deux sites : ce clivage induit la libération d'un fragment hautement apoptotique, appelé TrkC-KF pour « Killer Fragment ». Dans ce manuscrit, nous décrivons les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels TrkC-KF induit l'apoptose. Nous avons en effet pu déterminer que TrkC-KF s'associe dans le cytoplasme avec la protéine Cobral, qui permet son transport à la mitochondrie : TrkC-KF permet ainsi l'activation de Bax, relarguant le cytochrome C nécessaire à la formation de l'apoptosome. TrkC-KF est également transporté dans le noyau des cellules par les importines : cette localisation nucléaire permet son interaction avec le facteur de transcription Heyl / Dependence receptors are able to activate two cellular pathways: in the presence of their ligand, they activate positive signaling of survival, differentiation and migration, but in the absence of their ligand, they activate the apoptosis of the cell. This dual function is implied both during the embryonic development, and in the homeostasis maintenance in adults. lndeed, it enables the control of cellular proliferation, and the elimination of cells migrating outside their defined territory, in an environment where the ligand availability is limited. Therefore, dependence receptors have also been caracterised as conditionnal tumor suppressors in various types of cancer. TrkC, the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) receptor, belongs to this functional family. ln the absence of NT-3, TrkC under its monomeric for mis cleaved by caspases : this cleavage induces the release of a highly apoptotic fragment, called TrkC-KF (Killer Fragment). ln this manuscript, we describe the molecular mecanism by which TrkC-KF induces apoptosis. lndeed, we determined that TrkC-KF associates in the cytoplasm with the Cobral protein, allowing its transport to the mitochondria : TrkC-KF enables Bax activation, which releases the cytochrome C forming the apoptosome. TrkC-KF is also transported by importins into the nucleus, where it directly interacts with the transcription factor Heyl. This complex inhibits MDM2 transcription, allowing p53 stabilisation : p53 activates the transcription of proapoptotic genes, among them Cobral and Bax. TrkC-KF has therefore a dual signalisation, one mitochondrial pathway enabling the apoptosome formation, one nuclear pathway upregulating the transcription of TrkC-KF partners. We then aimed at defining the biological relevance of this apoptotic signaling of TrkC, both during the development and tumorigenesis. lndeed, TrkC expression, in the absence of NT-3, induces in vivo the apoptosis of developing neurons in the nervous system. Moreover, NT-3-KO mice show a loss of 70% of neurons in the forming dorsal root ganglia (DRG), while TrkC-KO mice show only a 30% loss.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Neurotrophins and their receptors control the function of neuronal tissue. In addition, they have been demonstrated to be part of the immune response but little is known about the effector immune cells involved. We report, for the first time, the expression and immune-regulatory function of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) by the antigen-presenting pDCs, mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 activation and differential phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and 7. The modulation of p75NTR on pDCs significantly influences disease progression of asthma in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model mediated by the TLR9 signaling pathway. p75NTR activation of pDCs from patients with asthma increased allergen-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in nerve growth factor concentration-dependent manner. Further, p75NTR activation of pDCs delayed the onset of autoimmune diabetes in RIP-CD80GP mice and aggravated graft-versus-host disease in a xenotransplantation model. Thus, p75NTR signaling on pDCs constitutes a new and critical mechanism connecting neurotrophin signaling and immune response regulation with great therapeutic potential for a variety of immune disorders.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Neurotrophins and their receptors control the function of neuronal tissue. In addition, they have been demonstrated to be part of the immune response but little is known about the effector immune cells involved. We report, for the first time, the expression and immune-regulatory function of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) by the antigen-presenting pDCs, mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 activation and differential phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and 7. The modulation of p75NTR on pDCs significantly influences disease progression of asthma in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model mediated by the TLR9 signaling pathway. p75NTR activation of pDCs from patients with asthma increased allergen-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in nerve growth factor concentration-dependent manner. Further, p75NTR activation of pDCs delayed the onset of autoimmune diabetes in RIP-CD80GP mice and aggravated graft-versus-host disease in a xenotransplantation model. Thus, p75NTR signaling on pDCs constitutes a new and critical mechanism connecting neurotrophin signaling and immune response regulation with great therapeutic potential for a variety of immune disorders.

Similarities between the acanthomatous epulis and ameloblastomas resulted in debate regarding the nature and origin of the acanthomatous epulis found in dogs. In an attempt to elucidate the origin and character of the acanthomatous epulides, this study aimed to find suitable cell markers to identify odontogenic epithelium versus oral epithelium in developing dog teeth in order to use in future research on the pathogenesis and pathology of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs. As specific markers for odontogenic epithelium have not been described in dog tissue, proposed markers of odontogenic epithelium of human and rat tissues were tested on developing dog teeth. Keratin 14, keratin 19, amelogenin, p75 neurotrophin receptor and calretinin have been proposed as markers for inner enamel epithelium and/or ameloblasts in human and rat tissue and was therefore included in this study. Keratin 14 and keratin 19 can not be regarded as specific markers of odontogenic epithelium as various other types of epithelium also stained positive with these markers. Amelogenin could be a promising marker to distinguish between odontogenic tumours and non-odontogenic tumours as it was only detected in odontogenic tissues in this study. However, amelogenin has also been observed in other tissues in dogs and rats, and therefore further studies on this protein will be needed to elucidate the expression profile of amelogenin in odontogenic versus non-odontogenic tissues in dogs. p75 Neurotrophin receptor expression was restricted to certain regions of the inner enamel epithelium and no staining was observed in other epithelial cells. It therefore seems to be a promising marker to differentiate between odontogenic and non-odontogenic epithelium, but the widespread staining observed in the mesenchymal tissue makes differentiation between odontogenic and non-odontogenic stromal elements impossible. Calretinin staining was observed in the alveolar epithelial cells directly overlying the developing tooth germ, proposed as the oral epithelium where the dental lamina takes origin from, as well as the dental laminae and Serres rests. No staining was observed in the rest of the oral epithelium and it can therefore be proposed that calretinin could be a useful marker to distinguish between odontogenic and non-odontogenic epithelial cells. In light of the results found in this study on foetal tissue, the expression profile may be different in adult tissue. Odontogenic tumours in adult dogs may originate from remnants of odontogenic tissue like Serres rests and Malassez rests. It is therefore proposed that this study be repeated on adult dog tissue with specific reference to Serres rests, Malassez rests and the associated gingiva Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Oral Pathology and Oral Biology / unrestricted

La leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) est une hémopathie maligne caractérisée par l’accumulation, dans le sang et les organes lymphoïdes secondaires, de lymphocytes B matures résistants à l’apoptose. Le microenvironnement tumoral de la LLC au sein des organes lymphoïdes secondaires, et notamment les « Nurse-Like Cells » (NLCs), joue un rôle majeur dans la promotion de la survie et de la prolifération des cellules leucémiques. Au cours de cette étude, la surexpression du récepteur de la neurotensine NTSR2, un récepteur couplé aux protéines G, a été caractérisée. Il est activé de façon constitutive dans les cellules leucémiques circulantes, et son activation dépend de son interaction avec le récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase TrkB suite à la liaison de son ligand, le BDNF, tous deux également surexprimés. L’activation de NTSR2-TrkB par le BDNF entraine une signalisation de survie par les voies Src et Akt, aboutissant à la surexpression des protéines anti-apoptotiques Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL. L’inhibition du récepteur NTSR2 dans ces cellules fait diminuer leur viabilité. En présence des NLCs, les expressions de NTSR2, TrkB, BDNF, et de la sortiline, protéine de transport des neurotrophines et des récepteurs Trk, est accentuée. Les NLCs produisent elle-même du BDNF, activent la voie de signalisation Src, et leur rôle protecteur des cellules leucémiques est BDNF-dépendant. L’ensemble de ces travaux met en évidence un rôle capital de NTSR2-TrkB-BDNF dans la signalisation de survie des cellules leucémiques circulantes et au sein du microenvironnement tumoral de la LLC, et pourrait ainsi constituer une nouvelle cible thérapeutique potentielle. / Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant hemopathy characterized by the accumulation of apoptosis resistant mature B lymphocytes in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid organs. In these secondary lymphoid organs, the tumor microenvironment, notably Nurse-like Cells (NLCs), plays a major role in leukemic cells survival and proliferation promotion. In this study, an overexpression of neurotensin receptor NTSR2, a G-protein coupled receptor, was identified. NTSR2 is constitutively activated in circulating leukemic cells and its activation depends on its interaction with tyrosine kinase activity receptor TrkB upon binding of its ligand, BDNF. Activation of NTSR2-TrkB by BDNF induces survival signaling by Src and Akt pathways, and in term anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL overexpression. Inhibition of NTSR2 in those cells impacts their viability. In the presence of NLCs, expressions of NTSR2, TrkB, BDNF, and sortilin, a neurotrophin and Trk receptor transport regulator, are enhanced. NLCs produce BDNF, stimulate Src activation, and their protective role on leukemic cells is BDNF-dependent. Taken together, this study highlights a key role of NTSR2-TrkB-BDNF in leukemic cells survival signaling, both in the circulation or in the tumor microenvironment, and might thus constitute a potential new therapeutic target.

No description available.