Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_ElizabethMachadoBaptestini_D.pdf: 4491574 bytes, checksum: 117d970a1c273ecd6ef9533aa742bb0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho, estudamos doismecanismos de formação de espécies. No primeiro deles, consideramos um modelo espacial de especiação neutra totalmente probabilístico, sem barreiras geográficas ou interações ecológicas. A população evolui devido a influência de reprodução sexuada, mutações e recombinação. O modelo é baseado em acasalamento seletivo dependente de duas distâncias críticas, uma no espaço físico e outra no espaço dos genomas. Os vínculos introduzidos por essas duas distâncias permitem que a população se divida em grupos reprodutivamente isolados. Nossos resultados mostram que essa dinâmica gera padrões de diversidade consistentes com padrões observados na natureza, como distribuição de abundâncias do tipo log-normal, lei de potência para curvas espécie-área, taxas de especiação e extinção constantes e maior número de espécies para baixas dimensões. No segundo, nós generalizamos um modelo de especiação simpátrica baseado em competição intraespecífica, proposto por Dieckmann e Doebeli. Nesse modelo, uma população assexuada, inicialmente idêntica, evolui por seleção direcional para um fenótipo ótimo, onde a competição intraespecífica induz à seleção disruptiva. Nós mostramos que a forma das funções de competição e distribuição de recursos afetam a probabilidade de dois fenótipos coexistirem. Nós desenvolvemos um modelo analítico e simulações computacionais e comparamos os resultados de ambas abordagens / Abstract: In this work, we have studied two different mechanisms of species formation. In the first one, we considered a probabilistic spatial neutral model of speciation, without physical barriers or any kind of ecological interaction. The population evolves under the combined influences of sexual reproduction, mutation and recombination. The model is based on assortative mating and it depends on two critical distances, one in the genetic space and one in the physical space. The constraints imposed by these two distances allow the population to split in reproductively separated groups. Our results show that this kind of dynamics creates patterns of biodiversity in agreement with observed data, like lognormal distributions of species abundance, power law species-area relationships, steady speciation and extinctions rates and more species in low dimensions. In the second model, we generalized a sympatric speciation model based on intraspecific competition, proposed by Dieckmann and Doebeli. In that model, an assexual population, initially identical, evolves by directional selection to an optimal phenotype, where intraspecific competition induces disruptive selection. We show that the shape of the competition and carrying capacity kernels affects the likelihood of emergence of two coexisting phenotypes. We developed an analytical and a computational model and we compared the results of both approaches / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutora em Ciências

La distribution de l'abondance des espèces en un site, et la similarité de la composition taxonomique d'un site à l'autre, sont deux mesures de la biodiversité ayant servi de longue date de base empirique aux écologues pour tenter d'établir les règles générales gouvernant l'assemblage des communautés d'organismes. Pour ce type de mesures intégratives, le séquençage haut-débit d'ADN prélevé dans l'environnement (" ADN environnemental ") représente une alternative récente et prometteuse aux observations naturalistes traditionnelles. Cette approche présente l'avantage d'être rapide et standardisée, et donne accès à un large éventail de taxons microbiens jusqu'alors indétectables. Toutefois, ces jeux de données de grande taille à la structure complexe sont difficiles à analyser, et le caractère indirect des observations complique leur interprétation. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les modèles statistiques permettant d'exploiter ce nouveau type de données afin de mieux comprendre l'assemblage des communautés. Le deuxième objectif est de tester les approches retenues sur des données de biodiversité du sol en forêt amazonienne, collectées en Guyane française. Deux grands types de processus sont invoqués pour expliquer l'assemblage des communautés d'organismes : les processus "neutres", indépendants de l'espèce considérée, que sont la naissance, la mort et la dispersion des organismes, et les processus liés à la niche écologique occupée par les organismes, c'est-à-dire les interactions avec l'environnement et entre organismes. Démêler l'importance relative de ces deux types de processus dans l'assemblage des communautés est une question fondamentale en écologie ayant de nombreuses implications, notamment pour l'estimation de la biodiversité et la conservation. Le premier chapitre aborde cette question à travers la comparaison d'échantillons d'ADN environnemental prélevés dans le sol de diverses parcelles forestières en Guyane française, via les outils classiques d'analyse statistique en écologie des communautés. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur les processus neutres d'assemblages des communautés.[...] / Integrative patterns of biodiversity, such as the distribution of taxa abundances and the spatial turnover of taxonomic composition, have been under scrutiny from ecologists for a long time, as they offer insight into the general rules governing the assembly of organisms into ecological communities. Thank to recent progress in high-throughput DNA sequencing, these patterns can now be measured in a fast and standardized fashion through the sequencing of DNA sampled from the environment (e.g. soil or water), instead of relying on tedious fieldwork and rare naturalist expertise. They can also be measured for the whole tree of life, including the vast and previously unexplored diversity of microorganisms. Taking full advantage of this new type of data is challenging however: DNA-based surveys are indirect, and suffer as such from many potential biases; they also produce large and complex datasets compared to classical censuses. The first goal of this thesis is to investigate how statistical tools and models classically used in ecology or coming from other fields can be adapted to DNA-based data so as to better understand the assembly of ecological communities. The second goal is to apply these approaches to soil DNA data from the Amazonian forest, the Earth's most diverse land ecosystem. Two broad types of mechanisms are classically invoked to explain the assembly of ecological communities: 'neutral' processes, i.e. the random birth, death and dispersal of organisms, and 'niche' processes, i.e. the interaction of the organisms with their environment and with each other according to their phenotype. Disentangling the relative importance of these two types of mechanisms in shaping taxonomic composition is a key ecological question, with many implications from estimating global diversity to conservation issues. In the first chapter, this question is addressed across the tree of life by applying the classical analytic tools of community ecology to soil DNA samples collected from various forest plots in French Guiana. The second chapter focuses on the neutral aspect of community assembly.[...]