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This paper uses data for 255 NUTS-2 European regions over the period 1995-2003 to test the relative explanatory performance of two important rival theories seeking to explain variations in the level of economic development across regions, namely the neoclassical model originating from the work of Solow (1956) and the so-called Wage Equation, which is one of a set of simultaneous equations consistent with the short-run equilibrium of new economic geography (NEG) theory, as described by Fujita, Krugman and Venables (1999). The rivals are non-nested, so that testing is accomplished both by fitting the reduced form models individually and by simply combining the two rivals to create a composite model in an attempt to identify the dominant theory. We use different estimators for the resulting panel data model to account variously for interregional heterogeneity, endogeneity, and temporal and spatial dependence, including maximum likelihood with and without fixed effects, two stage least squares and feasible generalised spatial two stage least squares plus GMM; also most of these models embody a spatial autoregressive error process. These show that the estimated NEG model parameters correspond to theoretical expectation, whereas the parameter estimates derived from the neoclassical model reduced form are sometimes insignificant or take on counterintuitive signs. This casts doubt on the appropriateness of neoclassical theory as a basis for explaining cross-regional variation in economic development in Europe, whereas NEG theory seems to hold in the face of competition from its rival. (authors' abstract)

Recently, issues of international taxation have also been analysed from a New Economic Geography perspective. These discussions show that agglomerative forces play a non negligible role. In the paper, we introduce explicitly taxation into a Footloose Capital Model and compare implications of taxation according to the residence principle and the source principle from a New Economic Geography perspective. We confirm that agglomerative effects change the results substantially compared to the standard analysis and that the two taxation principles have different implications for industry agglomeration. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

Nas últimas décadas, o setor de pecuária bovina leiteira vem passando por diversas modificações influenciadas por redução de número de produtores, mudanças de políticas macroeconômicas e agrícolas e abertura econômica do Brasil. A produção de leite aumentou significativamente ao longo dos anos. Entretanto, mesmo o Brasil sendo um dos maiores produtores do mundo de leite bovino, sua produtividade (medida em litros de leite por vaca) está bem abaixo da dos principais países que operam no mercado. A produtividade da atividade ganha destaque para viabilizar o aumento da produção, suprir a demanda interna e dar maior competitividade ao setor no mercado externo. Diante disso, objetiva-se, através dessa tese, analisar a evolução diferenciada, interestadual e intraestadual, da produtividade da pecuária bovina leiteira nos Estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo, no período de 1974 a 2016, com base em áreas mínimas comparáveis (AMC). Esses Estados representaram 77,5% da produção de leite no Brasil em 2016. Através da análise exploratória de dados espaciais foi identificada a existência de autocorrelação espacial, sendo que a produtividade da pecuária bovina leiteira de uma AMC sofre influência da produtividade das AMC vizinhas. Foram identificados clusters espaciais de produtividade dos tipos Alto-Alto, Baixo-Baixo, Alto-Baixo e Baixo-Alto em todos os Estados considerados ao longo do período em análise. A configuração e localização geográficas desses clusters sofreram alterações nos Estados, refletindo os deslocamentos da produção ocorridos. Posteriomente, passou-se para a análise de convergência no intuito de identificar se está ocorrendo redução na diferença entre as produtividades da pecuária bovina leiteira entre as AMC e se os efeitos espaciais contribuem para as convergências absoluta e condicional. Para tanto, fez-se uso da econometria espacial. Para a análise de convergência condicional foram incorporadas variáveis de primeira e segunda natureza, propostas na Nova Geografia Econômica. Tanto a análise da convergência absoluta quanto a da convergência condicional confirmam a hipótese de existência de convergência e demonstram o efeito de transbordamento, ou seja, os choques ocorridos em uma AMC refletem nas AMC vizinhas. Entretanto, a velocidade de convergência foi baixa nas duas situações, indicando que a redução das diferenças de produtividade está ocorrendo de forma muito lenta. A análise de convergência condicional mostrou que as características iniciais das AMC influenciam para qual ponto estacionário a produtividade da pecuária bovina leiteira irá convergir, sendo que as variáveis distância da capital, pluviosidade, população, Produto Interno Bruto, crédito rural de investimento para pecuária e área com culturas tiveram influência diferenciada nos Estados no processo de convergência da produtividade tanto no período analisado como um todo como nos subperíodos considerados na tese. / In recent decades, the dairy cattle sector has undergone changes influenced by decline in the number of producers, changes in government macroeconomic and agricultural policies, and the country\'s economic opening. Milk production has increased significantly over the years. Brazil is one of the world\'s largest producers of bovine milk; however, its productivity (measured in liters of milk per cow) is still lower than that found in other major milk producing countries. The productivity of the activity is important to enable the increase of production, supplying domestic demand and giving greater competitiveness in the external market. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the differentiated interstate and intrastate evolution of dairy cattle productivity in the Brazilian states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo from 1974 through 2016 based on minimum comparable areas (MCA). These states accounted for 77.5% of Brazil\'s milk production in 2016. Exploratory spatial data analysis confirmed the existence of spatial autocorrelation indicting that dairy cattle productivity in an MCA is influenced by the productivity in neighboring MCA. Over the analyzed period, High-Low, Low-Low, High-Low, and Low-High productivity spatial clusters were identified in all studied states. The configuration and geographic location of these clusters underwent changes during the study period, reflecting production displacement. Convergence analysis using spatial econometrics was carried out to determine if the differences in dairy cattle productiveness among MCA were reduced over the period and if spatial effects contributed to any absolute or conditional convergence. First and second nature variables were employed for the analysis of conditional convergence, as proposed by the New Economic Geography. Both convergence analyses, absolute and conditional, confirmed the convergence hypothesis and demonstrated the overflow effect, in that shocks occurring in one MCA were reflected in neighboring MCA. However, the speed of convergence was low in both situations, indicating that productivity differences among the MCA were being reduced very slowly. The analysis of conditional convergence showed that the productivity of dairy farming in different MCA will tend to converge at the same stationary point if the MCA show similar initial values for selected variables. The selected variables are average yearly rainfall, population size, gross domestic product, and investment credit for livestock and rangeland acquisitions and are intended to represent conditions in each MCA and state at a specific time. Each variable had a differentiated influence on the process of productivity convergence over the period and subperiods considered in this thesis.

Die wichtigste Frage der Raumwirtschaftstheorie lautet: Welches sind die Ursachen für die Entstehung, den Bestand und die Wandlungen räumlicher Wirtschaftsstrukturen? Zu den markantesten Strukturen gehören zweifellos Agglomerationen, die nicht auf natürliche Ursachen zurückgeführt werden können. Die Neue Ökonomische Geographie gibt eine Antwort auf die Frage nach den Gründen ihrer Existenz aus einem mikroökonomischen Totalmodell, das unterschiedliche Regionen und Produktionssektoren, heterogene Güter und unterschiedliche Transportkosten berücksichtigt. Das vorliegende Buch verfolgt drei Ziele: Zunächst wird dieses neue Paradigma in einen dogmenhistorischen Zusammenhang mit der traditionellen Raumwirtschaftstheorie und Handelstheorie gestellt. Ferner wird das Basismodell des Ansatzes ausführlich beschrieben und danach kritisch diskutiert. Schließlich werden einige Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die in der Lage sind, einige zuvor genannte Kritikpunkte bezüglich des Grundmodells aufzuheben. / The most important question of regional economics is: What are the reasons for the existence, the growth, and the changes of regional economic structures? Without any doubt, agglomerations which are not based on natural sources belong to the most significant regional structures. The New Economic Geography gives answers - based on a microeconomic total model with different regions and industrial sectors, with heterogeneous goods and different transport costs - to the questions with regard to the reasons of the existence of agglomerations. This book pursues three objectives: First of all, the new paradigm is connected with the historical background of the traditional regional economics and trade theory. Furthermore, the basic model is described in detail and then discussed from a critical point of view. Finally, some possible extensions are introduced, which make it possible to eliminate some criticized elements of the basic model.

This paper presents a 3-Region footloose-entrepreneur new economic geography model. Two symmetric regions are part of an economically integrated area (the Union), while the third region represents an outside trade partner. We explore how the spatial allocation of industrial production and employment within the Union is affected by changes in two aspects of trade liberalisation: regional integration and globalisation. Our main contribution pertains to the analysis of the local and global dynamics of the specified factor mobility process. We show that significant parameter ranges exist for which asymmetric distribution of economic activities is one of the possible long-run outcomes. This is a remarkable result within the NEG literature. We then analyse the impact of international trade liberalisation on the dynamics of agglomeration conditional on the endowments of skilled and unskilled labour of the outside region. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T17:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ademirantoniomoreirarocha.pdf: 4500948 bytes, checksum: c605b54b3f463d7b6a4c23ddd4b09bad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-25T10:41:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ademirantoniomoreirarocha.pdf: 4500948 bytes, checksum: c605b54b3f463d7b6a4c23ddd4b09bad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T10:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ademirantoniomoreirarocha.pdf: 4500948 bytes, checksum: c605b54b3f463d7b6a4c23ddd4b09bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo principal deste trabalho é investigar a distribuição espacial presente e de longo prazo do setor logístico no Brasil. Para tanto, busca-se com este estudo dar respostas aos seguintes questionamentos: i) como está organizado espacialmente o setor logístico no Brasil? Ou melhor, há evidências de clusters logísticos? ii) qual a perspectiva de longo prazo dessa organização? Para responder a essas perguntas, este trabalho adota como núcleo teórico-metodológico as abordagens desenvolvidas em Fujita et al. (1999), Krugman (1991, 1998) e Krugman e Venables (1993, 1995), que tecem considerações sobre a localização e a formação de aglomerações das atividades econômicas, a ponto de inaugurarem uma linha de pesquisa denominada Nova Geografia Econômica (NGE). O Modelo de Potencial Logístico (MPLog27), inspirado no Modelo Centro-Periferia de Krugman (1991), servirá como ferramenta analítica para verificar a espacialização de longo prazo do setor logístico. Os resultados apontam uma alteração do padrão locacional do setor logístico-industrial no Brasil ao longo do período analisado (2015-2065). Os estados Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul (na região Sul), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás (na região Centro-Oeste), Pará e Tocantins (na região Norte), Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas e Sergipe (na região Nordeste) ganham destaque em relação aos demais. Tal fato pode estar indicando um processo de convergência espacial da prestação de serviços logísticos voltados à indústria. Em contraste, parece não haver uma convergência espacial de acesso aos serviços logísticos voltados à agricultura. Nesse caso, as forças atuam no sentido de conservação dos clusters já existentes nos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. / The main objective of this work is to investigate the present and long-term spatial distribution of the logistic sector in Brazil. In order to do so, this study seeks to answer the following questions: i) how is the logistics sector organized in Brazil? Or is there evidence of logistic clusters? ii) what is the long-term perspective of this organization? To answer these questions, this work adopts the approaches developed in Fujita et al. (1999), Krugman (1991, 1998) and Krugman and Venables (1993, 1995), who make considerations about the location and formation of agglomerations of economic activities, to the point of inaugurating a line of research called New Economic Geography (NGE). The Logistic Potential Model (MPLog27), inspired by Krugman's Center-Periphery Model (1991), will serve as an analytical tool to verify the long-term spatialization of the logistics sector. The results point to a change in the locational pattern of the logistic-industrial sector in Brazil over the period analyzed (2015-2065). The states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (in the South), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás (in the Midwest), Pará and Tocantins (in the North), Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe (in the Northeast) are highlighted in relation to the others. This may be indicating a process of spatial convergence of the provision of logistics services to the industry. In contrast, there appears to be no spatial convergence of access to logistical services for agriculture. In this case, the forces act in the sense of conservation of existing clusters in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo.

This chapter draws attention to a specific feature of a NEG model that uses linear (and not iso-elastic) demand functions, namely its ability to account for zero trade. Thus, it represents a suitable framework to study how changes in parameters that are typical for NEG models, such as trade costs and regional market size, not only shape the regional distribution of economic activity, but at the same time determine the emergence of additional trade links between formerly autarkic regions. We survey some related papers and present a three-region framework that potentially nests many possible trade patterns. To focus the analysis, we study in more detail three specific trade patterns frequently found in the EU trade network. We start with three autarkic regions; then we introduce the possibility that two regions trade with each other; and, finally, we allow for one region trading with the other two, but the latter are still not trading with each other. We find a surprising plethora of long-run equilibria each involving a specific regional distribution of economic activity and a specific pattern of trade links. We show how a reduction in trade costs shapes simultaneously industry location and the configuration of the trade network.

In this thesis, the effects that state sector relocations have on regional development in Sweden are investigated. In January 2017, a government report was released, suggesting the relocation of 10 000 state sector jobs from the capital of Stockholm to other parts of Sweden in order to enhance the preconditions for regional development in the destination localities. This thesis aims to investigate which effects that state sector relocations and state sector jobs have on regional development. Three determinants were used to find these effects: the share of state sector employees, the state sector employee growth rate and a dummy variable which denoted four separate occasions of larger relocations. Three of those relocations were executed as a compensation for military base closures. With a fixed effect panel data analysis, it was possible to investigate the effects of these three determinants and a number of control variables on two regional development variables: average income growth and net migration rate. The data used consists of panel data for the years 2006-2015 on a municipality level, with 264 included municipalities, in Sweden and derived from Statistics Sweden. The results showed that the state sector employee growth rate-variable had a positive effect on average income growth. However, the state sector relocation dummy had a negative effect on average income growth. These contradictory results, might be due to the military base closures which occurred a couple of years before the relocations, blurring the positive effects from the relocations. The state sector job-variables had no significant effect on net migration rate, and no obvious long-term effects were found as the share of state sector employees did not show any significant effects on average income growth.

Nas últimas décadas, o setor de pecuária bovina leiteira vem passando por diversas modificações influenciadas por redução de número de produtores, mudanças de políticas macroeconômicas e agrícolas e abertura econômica do Brasil. A produção de leite aumentou significativamente ao longo dos anos. Entretanto, mesmo o Brasil sendo um dos maiores produtores do mundo de leite bovino, sua produtividade (medida em litros de leite por vaca) está bem abaixo da dos principais países que operam no mercado. A produtividade da atividade ganha destaque para viabilizar o aumento da produção, suprir a demanda interna e dar maior competitividade ao setor no mercado externo. Diante disso, objetiva-se, através dessa tese, analisar a evolução diferenciada, interestadual e intraestadual, da produtividade da pecuária bovina leiteira nos Estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo, no período de 1974 a 2016, com base em áreas mínimas comparáveis (AMC). Esses Estados representaram 77,5% da produção de leite no Brasil em 2016. Através da análise exploratória de dados espaciais foi identificada a existência de autocorrelação espacial, sendo que a produtividade da pecuária bovina leiteira de uma AMC sofre influência da produtividade das AMC vizinhas. Foram identificados clusters espaciais de produtividade dos tipos Alto-Alto, Baixo-Baixo, Alto-Baixo e Baixo-Alto em todos os Estados considerados ao longo do período em análise. A configuração e localização geográficas desses clusters sofreram alterações nos Estados, refletindo os deslocamentos da produção ocorridos. Posteriomente, passou-se para a análise de convergência no intuito de identificar se está ocorrendo redução na diferença entre as produtividades da pecuária bovina leiteira entre as AMC e se os efeitos espaciais contribuem para as convergências absoluta e condicional. Para tanto, fez-se uso da econometria espacial. Para a análise de convergência condicional foram incorporadas variáveis de primeira e segunda natureza, propostas na Nova Geografia Econômica. Tanto a análise da convergência absoluta quanto a da convergência condicional confirmam a hipótese de existência de convergência e demonstram o efeito de transbordamento, ou seja, os choques ocorridos em uma AMC refletem nas AMC vizinhas. Entretanto, a velocidade de convergência foi baixa nas duas situações, indicando que a redução das diferenças de produtividade está ocorrendo de forma muito lenta. A análise de convergência condicional mostrou que as características iniciais das AMC influenciam para qual ponto estacionário a produtividade da pecuária bovina leiteira irá convergir, sendo que as variáveis distância da capital, pluviosidade, população, Produto Interno Bruto, crédito rural de investimento para pecuária e área com culturas tiveram influência diferenciada nos Estados no processo de convergência da produtividade tanto no período analisado como um todo como nos subperíodos considerados na tese. / In recent decades, the dairy cattle sector has undergone changes influenced by decline in the number of producers, changes in government macroeconomic and agricultural policies, and the country\'s economic opening. Milk production has increased significantly over the years. Brazil is one of the world\'s largest producers of bovine milk; however, its productivity (measured in liters of milk per cow) is still lower than that found in other major milk producing countries. The productivity of the activity is important to enable the increase of production, supplying domestic demand and giving greater competitiveness in the external market. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the differentiated interstate and intrastate evolution of dairy cattle productivity in the Brazilian states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo from 1974 through 2016 based on minimum comparable areas (MCA). These states accounted for 77.5% of Brazil\'s milk production in 2016. Exploratory spatial data analysis confirmed the existence of spatial autocorrelation indicting that dairy cattle productivity in an MCA is influenced by the productivity in neighboring MCA. Over the analyzed period, High-Low, Low-Low, High-Low, and Low-High productivity spatial clusters were identified in all studied states. The configuration and geographic location of these clusters underwent changes during the study period, reflecting production displacement. Convergence analysis using spatial econometrics was carried out to determine if the differences in dairy cattle productiveness among MCA were reduced over the period and if spatial effects contributed to any absolute or conditional convergence. First and second nature variables were employed for the analysis of conditional convergence, as proposed by the New Economic Geography. Both convergence analyses, absolute and conditional, confirmed the convergence hypothesis and demonstrated the overflow effect, in that shocks occurring in one MCA were reflected in neighboring MCA. However, the speed of convergence was low in both situations, indicating that productivity differences among the MCA were being reduced very slowly. The analysis of conditional convergence showed that the productivity of dairy farming in different MCA will tend to converge at the same stationary point if the MCA show similar initial values for selected variables. The selected variables are average yearly rainfall, population size, gross domestic product, and investment credit for livestock and rangeland acquisitions and are intended to represent conditions in each MCA and state at a specific time. Each variable had a differentiated influence on the process of productivity convergence over the period and subperiods considered in this thesis.