Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mori_c_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 326000 bytes, checksum: 0ec30e51a3d43636409c064480add1c6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Estudos para detecção de subprodutos de origem animal em carne de aves são escassos e, em se tratando de codornas são inexistentes. O trabalho teve por objetivo a detecção de farinha de vísceras de aves (FVA) em dietas de codornas de corte no músculo peitoral quilha e tíbia pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e nitrogênio (15N/14N). Foram utilizadas 64 codornas de corte macho de um dia de idade advindas de granja comercial. As aves foram divididas em sete grupos distintos distribuídos aleatoriamente em relação às dietas experimentais que continham diferentes percentagens de FVA: 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; 7,5 e 15. As dietas foram formuladas de forma a serem isoenergéticas, isoprotéicas e isoaminoacídicas. Quatro aves de cada tratamento foram abatidas aos 42 dias de idade para colheita do músculo peitoral (Pectoralis major), quilha e tíbia para posteriormente serem analisadas. Observou-se enriquecimento isotópico de d13C e d15N nos três tecidos analisados. Em codornas de corte com 42 dias de idade, o nível de inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves detectado compreende o intervalo de 3,0 a 4,5%. / Detection of animal origin by-products studies in poultry meat are rare and inexistent when related to quail meat. This paper aims the detection of increasing levels of poultry visceral meal (FVA) in quail meat, using carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) stable isotopes technique. Sixty four male quails aging one day originally from a commercial producer were divided in seven different groups in a random distribution. Those groups received different experimental diets containing 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; 7,5 e 15% of FVA. Those diets were formulated to be isoenergetic, isoproteic and to have the same level of amino-acids. Four individuals per treatment were sacrificed at the 42nd day for breast muscle (Pectoralis major), keel and tibia collection to later analysis. Isotopic enrichment of d13C and d15N were observed in all analyzed tissues. In 42 day old quail were detect a 3,0 and 4,5% poultry visceral meal inclusion in its diet.

abstract: This project investigates social mobility in premodern states through a contextualized program of isotopic research at the archaeological site of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Due to the lack of a concrete methodology that can be used to recover information concerning rates of social mobility from archaeological remains, many traditional archaeological models either ignore social mobility or assume that boundaries between socioeconomic strata within archaic states were largely impermeable. In this research, I develop a new methodological approach to the identification of socially mobile individuals in the archaeological record based on changes in the diet across the lifecourse that can be detected through isotopic paleodietary indicators. Drawing upon cross-cultural research surrounding the relationship between diet and socioeconomic status and established methodologies in the biogeochemical analysis of human remains, this methodological approach provides a basis for broader comparative studies evaluating the nature of social mobility within archaic states. I then test the practical application of this methodology by applying it to a mortuary sample including individuals from distinctive socioeconomic groups from the pre-Hispanic city of Teotihuacan, Mexico. The study recovers and uses the dietary isotope ratios within bone and tooth samples from 81 individuals buried throughout the city 1) to define the dietary correlates of wealth and status at Teotihuacan and 2) to identify individuals displaying lifetime dietary changes consistent with changes in socioeconomic status. In addition to supplementing our current understanding of Teotihuacan foodways and processes of geographic migration into the city, I identify an adult male individual from the La Ventilla B apartment compound who displays dietary changes throughout his life that are consistent with downward socioeconomic mobility from a high status socioeconomic group in early adolescence to an intermediate status group later in adulthood. I conclude by identifying ways to move forward with the comparative archaeology of socioeconomic mobility in premodern contexts and highlight the applicability of archaeological information to our understanding of present-day processes of social mobility. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

O continente Antártico é considerado um ambiente pouco impactado, porém com o aumento das atividades humanas e do número de estações de pesquisa, há uma tendência de aumento dos níveis de alguns contaminantes. Neste estudo estabeleceram-se os níveis de arsênio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, mercúrio, níquel, zinco, e a razão isotópica de nitrogênio, em sedimentos e na biota, coletados em 2003, na Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Antártica. Os metais pesados foram quantificados por Espectrometria de Emissão Ótica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-OES). Os resultados demonstraram elevadas concentrações de cobre e zinco nos sedimentos, atribuídas à composição geológica da região. Verificou-se bioacumulação de arsênio na biota da Baía do Almirantado, e bioacumulação de cádmio e zinco na biota da Enseada Martel. Somente cobre apresentou tendência de biomagnificação na teia trófica estudada. O molusco Laternula elliptica se apresentou como um bom biomonitor das concentrações de metais pesados para o ambiente Antártico. Além disso, os resultados foram úteis para o conhecimento dos níveis de metais pesados nas condições pré-acidente da Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz (EACF), que ocorreu em 2012, e para comparação com as atuais condições, dentro dos trabalhos de monitoramento que estão sendo realizados pelo INCT-APA (Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Antártico de Pesquisas Ambientais). / The Antarctic continent is considered a slightly affected environment, but as the human activities and the number of research stations are increasing, there is a tendency of a higher level of some contaminants. This study established the levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, zinc, and nitrogen isotope ratios in sediments and biota collected in 2003, in Almirantado Bay, Rei George Island, Antarctica. Heavy metals were quantified by Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). The results showed high concentrations of copper and zinc in sediments attributed to the geological composition of the region. There was arsenic bioaccumulation in biota of Almirantado Bay, and bioaccumulation of cadmium and zinc in the biota of Martel Bay. Only copper tended to biomagnification in the trophic web studied. The clam Laternula elliptica presented itself as a good biomonitor of heavy concentrations of metals for Antarctic environment. Moreover, the results were useful for the acknowledge of the levels of heavy metals in pre-accident conditions of Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station (EACF), which occurred in 2012, and for comparison with current conditions within the monitoring work now performed by INCT-APA (National Antartic Institute of Science and Technology Environmental Research).

Orientador: Edivaldo Antônio Garcia / Banca: Ricardo de Albuquerque / Banca: Carla Cachoni Pizzolante / Banca: Carlos Ducatti / Banca: Ariel Antonio Mendes / Resumo: Estudos para detecção de subprodutos de origem animal em carne de aves são escassos e, em se tratando de codornas são inexistentes. O trabalho teve por objetivo a detecção de farinha de vísceras de aves (FVA) em dietas de codornas de corte no músculo peitoral quilha e tíbia pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e nitrogênio (15N/14N). Foram utilizadas 64 codornas de corte macho de um dia de idade advindas de granja comercial. As aves foram divididas em sete grupos distintos distribuídos aleatoriamente em relação às dietas experimentais que continham diferentes percentagens de FVA: 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; 7,5 e 15. As dietas foram formuladas de forma a serem isoenergéticas, isoprotéicas e isoaminoacídicas. Quatro aves de cada tratamento foram abatidas aos 42 dias de idade para colheita do músculo peitoral (Pectoralis major), quilha e tíbia para posteriormente serem analisadas. Observou-se enriquecimento isotópico de d13C e d15N nos três tecidos analisados. Em codornas de corte com 42 dias de idade, o nível de inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves detectado compreende o intervalo de 3,0 a 4,5%. / Abstract: Detection of animal origin by-products studies in poultry meat are rare and inexistent when related to quail meat. This paper aims the detection of increasing levels of poultry visceral meal (FVA) in quail meat, using carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) stable isotopes technique. Sixty four male quails aging one day originally from a commercial producer were divided in seven different groups in a random distribution. Those groups received different experimental diets containing 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; 7,5 e 15% of FVA. Those diets were formulated to be isoenergetic, isoproteic and to have the same level of amino-acids. Four individuals per treatment were sacrificed at the 42nd day for breast muscle (Pectoralis major), keel and tibia collection to later analysis. Isotopic enrichment of d13C and d15N were observed in all analyzed tissues. In 42 day old quail were detect a 3,0 and 4,5% poultry visceral meal inclusion in its diet. / Doutor

Des études pionnières ont montré que la composition isotopique de l’azote de matières organiques terrestres (δ15Norg) est corrélée à des paramètres climatiques tels que les précipitations et la température. Appliqué à la matière organique ancienne, ce concept a permis récemment de reconstituer des cycles humides/secs à la transition Paléocène-Eocène (56 Ma). Dans la continuité de ces travaux, cette thèse vise à tester le δ15Norg comme marqueur paléoclimatique sur des coupes couvrant d’autres périodes géologiques, marquées par des changements climatiques importants : la coupe de Taskomirsay (Pliensbachien-Toarcien, ~183 Ma), la coupe de Faddeevsky (Paléogène, probablement Eocène inférieur, 53-50 Ma) et une carotte du Bassin de Rennes (Eocène-Oligocène, ~34 Ma). Parallèlement une expérience de diagenèse sur des bois actuels a été menée en laboratoire pour mieux comprendre les effets de la diagenèse sur le δ15Norg. L’expérience de diagenèse suggère que la diagenèse précoce homogénéise les valeurs de δ15N pour conduire finalement à une valeur moyenne, intégrant les différentes composantes d’un environnement. Les résultats indiquent un changement non-linéaire et rapide qui suggère qu’il s’effectue quasiment de manière instantanée à l’échelle géologique. Néanmoins, les grands changements environnementaux affectant toutes les composantes d’un écosystème pourraient être potentiellement enregistrés par le δ15Norg. Les données paléoclimatiques inférées des isotopes de l’azote organiques sur les coupes étudiées ont été confrontées à d’autres caractéristiques géochimiques des sédiments étudiés (analyses élémentaires du carbone et de l’azote, Rock-Eval, biomarqueurs moléculaires, rapport des isotopes stables du carbone et la composition isotopique en hydrogène de certains biomarqueurs moléculaires), afin (i) de déterminer les sources de la matière organique et son état de préservation, et (ii) d’obtenir un éventail informations paléoenvironnementales/paléoclimatiques sur les coupes. Le réchauffement climatique documenté au Toarcien inférieur (Taskomirsay) par d’autres méthodes n’a pas eu d’impact sur le δ15Norg, qui suggère plutôt une humidité importante et quasiment constante, en accord avec la palynologie et la géochimie moléculaire. Les résultats obtenus sur la coupe principale du Paléogène (Faddeevsky) sont plus contrastés d’un point de vue paléoclimatique avec une réponse du δ15Norg différentielle entre la base et le sommet de la coupe. A la transition Eocène-Oligocène (Bassin de Rennes), le δ15Norg enregistre une baisse importante de l’humidité, en accord avec l’analyse des minéraux argileux. La baisse concomitante des températures à cette transition n’a probablement pas eu d’effet sur le δ15Norg. Le δ15Norg semble donc être principalement influencée par la disponibilité en eau. Les limites méthodologiques et analytiques du δ15Norg sont également discutées. Il apparaît notamment que les échantillons très riches en matière organique (>40%) ne sont pas adaptés au protocole préparation des échantillons qui est actuellement utilisé. Pour les matières organiques pré-quaternaires, l’analyse directe du δ15Norg sur les kérogènes pourrait constituer une alternative intéressante. A terme, le δ15Norg, associé à d’autres outils de reconstruction paléoenvironnementale, pourrait servir à préciser les modifications du cycle de l’azote – principalement via la disponibilité en eau et en nutriments – dans les paléoécosystèmes terrestres. / Nitrogen isotopes of modern and terrettrial organic matter (δ15Norg) has been related to precipitations and temperatures. These observations were recently applied to reconstruct humid/dry cycles at the Paleocene-Eocene transition (56 Ma). Following this work, this thesis aims to test the δ15Norg as a paleoclimatic marker on field sections encompassing other geological periods, characterized by contrasted climates: the Taskomirsay section (Pliensbachian-Toarcian, ~183 My), the Faddeevsky section (Paleogene, probably Early Eocene in age, 53-50 My) and a drill core from the Rennes Basin (Eocene-Oligocene, ~34 My). In addition, modern wood were incubated to evaluate the effects of early diagenesis on δ15Norg with a paleoenvironmental perspective. The incubation of modern wood suggests that early diagenesis homogenizes δ15N values leading to an average value integrating the different components of an environment. Results showed fast and non-linear effects of early diagenesis on organic matter, suggesting almost instantaneous changes at the geological scale. Thus, major environmental changes affecting all components of an ecosystem may be potentially recorded by the δ15Norg. Paleoclimatic data inferred from the organic nitrogen isotopes of the study sediments were compared to other geochemical features of the latter (carbon and nitrogen elemental analyses, Rock-Eval, molecular biomarkers, carbon and nitrogen isotopes, hydrogen isotopes measured on specific-compound), in order to (i) characterize sources of the organic matter and its preservation state, and (ii) get other paleoenvironmental markers. Global warming recorded in the Early Toarcian (Taskomirsay) had no impact on the δ15Norg that suggests high and almost constant humidity. This is consistent with palynological and molecular data. Results in Faddeevsky (Paleogene) are more difficult to interpret in terms of climate changes, with a contrasted response of the δ15Norg between the base and the top of the section. At the Eocene-Oligocene transition, δ15Norg values, in agreement with clay minerals changes, recorded a significant drop in humidity. In addition, the concomitant drop in temperatures, associated with this transition, probably had no effect on the δ15Norg values. All those results highlight water availability as a first climatic control on δ15Norg values. Methodological and analytical limitations of the δ15Norg are also discussed. It is concluded that OM-rich samples (> 40%) are most probably not suitable for the protocol of preparation, which is currently used. Alternatively, direct measurements of δ15Norg values for organic pre-quaternary sediments are suggested, by analyzing kerogens of the samples. Eventually, the δ15Norg, combined with other paleoenvironmental markers, could be used to evaluate the modifications of the nitrogen cycle – mainly via water and nutrients availability – in terrestrial paleoecosystems.

Yes / Sampling of dentine for stable carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) isotope ratios in the direction of tooth growth allows the study of temporal changes to the diet and physiological stress of an individual during tooth formation. Current methods of sampling permanent teeth using 1mm increments provide temporal resolution of six - nine months at best depending on the tooth chosen. While this gives sufficient sample sizes for reliable analysis by mass spectrometry, sectioning the dentine across the incremental structures results in a rolling average of the isotope ratios. A novel method of incremental dentine collagen sampling has been developed to decrease the collagen increment size to 0.35mm along the incremental structures thus reducing averaging and improving the temporal resolution of short-term changes within the δ13 C and δ15 N values. This study presents data for a MicroMill-assisted sampling method that allows for sampling at 0.35mm width x 1mm depth increments following the incremental growth pattern of dentine. A NewWave MicroMill was used to sample the demineralised dentine section of modern donated human third molars from Sudan and compared to data from the same teeth using the 1mm incremental sectioning method 2 from Beaumont et al. (2013). The δ13 C and δ15 N isotopic data showed an increased temporal resolution, with each increment providing data for two-four months of dentine formation. The data show the potential of this method for studying dietary reconstruction, nutritional stress, and physiological change with greater temporal resolution potentially to seasonal level and with less attenuation of the δ13 C and δ15 N values than was previously possible from human dentine.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Ordovician (485-444 Ma) was a highly dynamic period, characterized by significant evolutionary and climatic change. Paleozoic fauna which evolved during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) populated extensive epicontinental seaways. Major sea level fluctuations during The Hirnantian glaciation are believed to have led to a mass extinction event at the End Ordovician. However, a reassessment of Early Paleozoic fossil assemblages suggests the onset of extinctions began in the mid-Katian, ~3 million years before the Hirnantian. The Kope formation, within the North American succession of the Katian, was deposited during the peak biodiversification of the GOBE at the point which a biological crisis begins. The well-studied series of interbedded shale and fossiliferous limestone beds, deposited within a shallow epeiric sea, provide ideal sedimentological and paleontological context to interpret sediment geochemistry recorded at the onset of a global mass extinction. For a high-resolution section of the Kope, δ34Spyrite show an extraordinary range of variability, up to 64.5‰, with systematic oscillations throughout the core. The isotope signal represents a mix of pyrite formed at the time of deposition and during diagenesis. As sea levels fluctuated, the amount of sediment delivery influenced the connection of sediment porewaters to overlying seawater sulfate and the location of the sulfate reduction zone, which in turn, masked the primary signal. Reactive iron data suggest low oxygen concentrations in the water column, however fossil assemblages found throughout the Kope suggest otherwise. Changes in sedimentation can mask the water column signal, so these data also capture an aggregate signal. δ15Nbulk show an upsection decrease of 4.4‰, followed by a 3.4‰ increase. Though this excursion can be interpreted as a switch to increased denitrification in a low oxygen environment, the fossil record suggests the data capture localized diagenetic reactions that occur below an oxic water column. Perturbations in the ocean-climate system is often based on the interpretation of stable isotope excursions, and although excursions are diagnostic of changes to biogeochemical cycles, they may not fully account for diagenetic reactions that mask primary signals. The results from the Kope demonstrate strong localized, not global, controls on the sediment geochemistry.

<p>Stone Age research on Northern Europe frequently makes gross generalizations about the Mesolithic and Neolithic, although we still lack much basic knowledge on how the people lived. The transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic in Europe has been described as a radical shift from an economy dominated by marine resources to one solely dependent on farming. Both the occurrence and the geographical extent of such a drastic shift can be questioned, however. It is therefore important to start out at a more detailed level of evidence in order to present the overall picture, and to account for the variability even in such regional or chronological overviews. Fifteen Stone Age sites were included in this study, ranging chronologically from the Early Mesolithic to the Middle or Late Neolithic, c. 8300–2500 BC, and stretching geographically from the westernmost coast of Sweden to the easternmost part of Latvia within the confines of latitudes 55–59° N. The most prominent sites in terms of the number of human and faunal samples analysed are Zvejnieki, Västerbjers and Skateholm I–II. Human and faunal skeletal remains were subjected to stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to study diet and ecology at the sites. Stable isotope analyses of human remains provide quantitative information on the relative importance of various food sources, an important addition to the qualitative data supplied by certain artefacts and structures or by faunal or botanical remains. A vast number of new radiocarbon dates were also obtained.</p><p>In conclusion, a rich diversity in Stone Age dietary practice in the Baltic Region was demonstrated. Evidence ranging from the Early Mesolithic to the Late Neolithic show that neither chronology nor location alone can account for this variety, but that there are inevitably cultural factors as well. Food habits are culturally governed, and therefore we cannot automatically assume that people at similar sites will have the same diet. </p><p>Stable isotope studies are very important here, since they tell us what people actually consumed, not only what was available, or what one single meal contained. We should not be deceived in inferring diet from ritually deposited remains, since things that were mentally important were not always important in daily life. Thus, although a ritual and symbolic norm may emphasize certain food categories, these may in fact contribute very little to the diet. By the progress of analysis of intra-individual variation, new data on life history changes have been produced, revealing mobility patterns, breastfeeding behaviour and certain dietary transitions. The inclusion of faunal data has proved invaluable for understanding the stable isotope ecology of a site, and thereby improve the precision of the interpretations of human stable isotope data. The special case of dogs, though, demonstrates that these animals are not useful for inferring human diet, since, due to the number of roles they possess in human society, dogs could deviate significantly from humans in their diet, and in several cases have been proved to do so. </p><p>When evaluating radiocarbon data derived from human and animal remains from the Pitted-Ware site of Västerbjers on Gotland, the importance of establishing the stable isotope ecology of the site before making deductions on reservoir effects was further demonstrated. </p><p>The main aim of this thesis has been to demonstrate the variation and diversity in human practices, challenging the view of a “monolithic” Stone Age. By looking at individuals and not only at populations, the whole range of human behaviour has been accounted for, also revealing discrepancies between norm and practice, which are frequently visible both in the archaeological record and in present-day human behaviour. </p>

Stone Age research on Northern Europe frequently makes gross generalizations about the Mesolithic and Neolithic, although we still lack much basic knowledge on how the people lived. The transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic in Europe has been described as a radical shift from an economy dominated by marine resources to one solely dependent on farming. Both the occurrence and the geographical extent of such a drastic shift can be questioned, however. It is therefore important to start out at a more detailed level of evidence in order to present the overall picture, and to account for the variability even in such regional or chronological overviews. Fifteen Stone Age sites were included in this study, ranging chronologically from the Early Mesolithic to the Middle or Late Neolithic, c. 8300–2500 BC, and stretching geographically from the westernmost coast of Sweden to the easternmost part of Latvia within the confines of latitudes 55–59° N. The most prominent sites in terms of the number of human and faunal samples analysed are Zvejnieki, Västerbjers and Skateholm I–II. Human and faunal skeletal remains were subjected to stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to study diet and ecology at the sites. Stable isotope analyses of human remains provide quantitative information on the relative importance of various food sources, an important addition to the qualitative data supplied by certain artefacts and structures or by faunal or botanical remains. A vast number of new radiocarbon dates were also obtained. In conclusion, a rich diversity in Stone Age dietary practice in the Baltic Region was demonstrated. Evidence ranging from the Early Mesolithic to the Late Neolithic show that neither chronology nor location alone can account for this variety, but that there are inevitably cultural factors as well. Food habits are culturally governed, and therefore we cannot automatically assume that people at similar sites will have the same diet. Stable isotope studies are very important here, since they tell us what people actually consumed, not only what was available, or what one single meal contained. We should not be deceived in inferring diet from ritually deposited remains, since things that were mentally important were not always important in daily life. Thus, although a ritual and symbolic norm may emphasize certain food categories, these may in fact contribute very little to the diet. By the progress of analysis of intra-individual variation, new data on life history changes have been produced, revealing mobility patterns, breastfeeding behaviour and certain dietary transitions. The inclusion of faunal data has proved invaluable for understanding the stable isotope ecology of a site, and thereby improve the precision of the interpretations of human stable isotope data. The special case of dogs, though, demonstrates that these animals are not useful for inferring human diet, since, due to the number of roles they possess in human society, dogs could deviate significantly from humans in their diet, and in several cases have been proved to do so. When evaluating radiocarbon data derived from human and animal remains from the Pitted-Ware site of Västerbjers on Gotland, the importance of establishing the stable isotope ecology of the site before making deductions on reservoir effects was further demonstrated. The main aim of this thesis has been to demonstrate the variation and diversity in human practices, challenging the view of a “monolithic” Stone Age. By looking at individuals and not only at populations, the whole range of human behaviour has been accounted for, also revealing discrepancies between norm and practice, which are frequently visible both in the archaeological record and in present-day human behaviour.