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The agroforestry practice of establishing shelterbelts and/or windbreaks composed of tree and shrub species that include buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea Nutt.), caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is widespread within Saskatchewan. Shelterbelts play major roles in reducing wind speed, trapping snow, improving land-use efficiency and increasing economic returns. However, the practice of alley cropping within Saskatchewan is not popular. Also, apart from the protective roles the tree species offer in shelterbelts, some species have atmospheric nitrogen (N2)-fixation capabilities through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) that are potentially important. The simultaneous integration of trees and crops on the same land management unit may lead to competition between crops and trees for growth resources such as nutrients, soil moisture and incoming radiation, the latter leading to limited access of light for understory crops. Understanding the contributions of the trees in supplying nitrogen (N) through BNF and in modifying microclimatic conditions in the alleyways would generate information needed to know their impacts on yield and nutrition of associated crops. In order to assess the contribution of the tree species in supplying N and minimizing interspecific competition while maximizing the benefits of tree-based intercropping systems, the thesis quantified the BNF capabilities of each species under greenhouse conditions using 15N dilution techniques and assessed how much of the fixed N2 is transferred to associated triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) under field conditions. Growth and yield of oats was also studied by measuring photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil moisture in a Manitoba maple (Acer negundo var. negundo L.) -oats alley cropping system at Indian Head, SK. The BNF results showed that each of the test species fixes a substantial amount of N and there was a high transfer of N to associated triticale and oats. Results from the interspecific interaction study also showed that soil moisture was the primary factor affecting oats yields followed by light, with the south-lying oat plants affected more than north-lying. It can be concluded that alley cropping systems can be a practical and beneficial agroforestry practice within Saskatchewan. However, the distance between tree rows should be wide enough to permit farm machinery operations.

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In the N$ sb2$ fixing legume symbiosis, suboptimal root zone temperatures (RZTs) not only decrease N$ sb2$ fixation. but reduce the formation and development of nodules. The purpose of this thesis was to elucidate the mechanism by which suboptimal RZTs affect nodulation and nodule development in legumes, such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and to attempt to find ways to overcome this inhibition. Initial studies characterized the RZT response in soybean plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In plants grown at RZTs from 25 to 17$ sp circ$C, the time between soybean inoculation with B. japonicum and the beginning of N$ sb2$ fixation increased by 2.5 days for every $ sp circ$C decrease, whereas below 17$ sp circ$C RZT each $ sp circ$C appeared to delay the onset of N$ sb2$ fixation by 7 days. RZTs less than 17$ sp circ$C strongly inhibited the nodulation process and, as a result also sharply decreased N$ sb2$ fixation per plant. The greater sensitivity below 17$ sp circ$C is due to events related to, or occurring before infection initiation. Coinoculation of soybean with B. japonicum and other microorganisms beneficial to legumes, either vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae or plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), increased soybean nodulation and N$ sb2$ fixation, but these increases were temperature dependent. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization had a negative effect on nodule establishment below 18.5$ sp circ$C RZT, but a positive one above this RZT. At each temperature tested some PGPR increased the amount of fixed N and number of nodules formed, whereas some decreased the level of these variables. The most stimulatory strain at each temperature was: 15$ sp circ$C-Serratia proteamaculans 1-102, 17.5$ sp circ$C - S. proteamaculans 1-102 and Aeromonas hydrophila P73, and 25$ sp circ$C - S. liquefaciens 2-68. / Because our research indicated that an event before infection thread initiation was most sensitive, and because the first known step in establishment of the symbiosis is production of a plant-to-bacterial signal molecules. I tested whether the poor nodulation at suboptimal RZTs was related to disruption of plant-to-bacterium signalling. Inocula bacteria were preincubated with genistein, a major isoflavonoid signal molecule in soybean. This shortened the period between inoculation and root hair curling, and hastened the onset of N$ sb2$ fixation under both controlled environment and field conditions. At 15 and 17.5$ sp circ$C RZTs, 20 and 15 $ mu$M genistein was found to reduce the inhibition of suboptimal RZTs, increase nodulation, and accelerate the onset of ${ rm N} sb2$ fixation. When applied to the plant rhizosphere in the field, genistein also reduced the inhibitory effects of cold spring soils on nodulation and N$ sb2$ fixation. Direct measurements of genistein accumulation in soybean roots indicated that, with decreasing RZTs, genistein accumulation decreased. B. japonicum USDA110 containing plasmid ZB977 with nodY-lacZ fusion genes incubated with genistein under different temperatures indicated that higher genistein concentrations and longer incubation times were required to activate the lacZ gene to a maximum level under low incubation temperature. Overall, these findings suggested that plant-to-bacteria signal molecules such as genistein may be an important limiting factor in the nodulation of legume plants at low RZT.

Forage growth in the subarctic is sub-optimal due to low soil nutrient levels. Forage crops in the Yukon Territory consistently require nitrogen (N) and phosphorus fertilization to meet plant requirements. Fertilization is expensive due to transportation costs and potentially harmful to the environment so alternative, more sustainable, sources of nutrients are being sought. Alfalfa is an alternative, but there is limited knowledge in the Yukon of the benefits and management of this crop as a replacement for fertilizer N. Experiments were carried out in south central Yukon during the 2005 and 2006 field seasons to examine the potential of co-inoculation of alfalfa with N-fixing Ensifer meliloti and phosphate-solubilizing Penicillium bilaii to increase the dry matter yield and N fixation of monoculture alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cv Peace and binary mixed alfalfa with smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) cv Carlton or timothy (Phleum pratense) cv Climax forage swards. Interactions between alfalfa inoculation and N fertilization and late season harvest treatments were assessed. The TagTeam® inoculant from Philom Bios was used as the rhizobium source which contains both Ensifer meliloti isolate NRG-34 and Penicillium bilaii isolate PB-50. Nitrogen fixation was determined using the total plant N difference method. Alfalfa growth and nodulation was successful in the trials. Inoculation had a positive impact on N fixation, whereas urea fertilizer at 25 kg N/ha had a negative impact in most cases. In the mixed alfalfa and smooth bromegrass stand there was a positive contribution from the alfalfa in both the establishment and second year with N fixation rates of up to 14 kg/ha. In the mixed timothy and alfalfa stand the N fixation reached 35 kg/ha in the establishment year and 102 kg/ha in the second year. In the establishment year the dry matter yield and N fixation of the TagTeam® inoculated, monoculture alfalfa plots were 3.1 t/ha and 77 kg N/ha. In the second year, the unharvested inoculated alfalfa treatment yielded 3.4 t/ha with N fixation of 66 kg/ha compared to the late harvest treatment which yielded only 1.5 t/ha and an N fixation rate of 20 kg/ha. The effects of the late season harvest are startling and reflect the importance of removing grazing animals during the fall to allow plant energy reserves to accumulate in the roots. Fertilizer N replacement is possible with the seeding of alfalfa into existing hay stands or in monoculture.

It has been demonstrated that nitrogen fixation is a source of hydrogen (H2) to the ocean and therefore measurements of H2 concentrations may be used as a possible indicator of nitrogen fixation (Moore, Punshon, Mahaffey, & Karl, 2009). However, the limited number and sparse distribution of measurements of dissolved hydrogen and nitrogen fixation rates made in the open ocean in the past have made it difficult to quantify the relationship between them. Toward this end, a new method of equilibrating seawater samples for H2 measurement was employed along the 13,000 km Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT20) from UK to Chile, allowing H¬2 to be measured from underway samples every 3.5 minutes and thereby considerably increasing the number and resolution of H2 measurements made in the open ocean.These high-resolution measurements reveal two regions with high H¬2 concentrations, one in the North Atlantic and one in the South Atlantic.

Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) via symbiotic biological N fixation where part of the N fixed by legumes can be transferred to non-legumes. Identification of genotypic variability for N transfer among different legume cultivars enables improving N transfer to non-legumes under mixed stands. Six diverse red clover (RC) cultivars which include three diploid (AC Christie, Tapani and CRS15) and three tetraploid (Tempus, CRS18, CRS39) were selected to evaluate genotypic variability for N transfer. The above RC cultivars were characterized for root hair deformation, nodulation, growth, and N uptake under different levels of N supply during the growing period and for starter N supply under in vitro conditions. Significant genotypic differences among the RC cultivars were found for the above attributes where the cultivars responded differently to N applications during early growth. The above RC cultivars were also evaluated for root exudate N content in the form of NO3--N, NH4+-N and dissolved organic N (DON) during early growth under in vitro conditions. Significant genotypic differences were found for root exudate inorganic and organic N content. In general, root exudate DON content was greater than the inorganic N content and positively correlated with average nodule dry weight and shoot N concentration. The NH4+-N and NO3--N content in root exudates were positively correlated with active nodule number and root growth parameters respectively. Nitrogen fixation, N transfer ability and soil N profiles of the above six RC cultivars were evaluated with bluegrass under field conditions for two post establishment years. Significant genotypic differences were found for N fixation and transfer but, these attributes were not associated with the ploidy nature of the selected RC cultivars. Generally, N transfer increased as the season and production year advanced. Soil mineral N and potential N leaching were affected differently by the RC cultivars included in this study under mixed stands, thus showing genotypic differences for soil N cycling. The results of investigations in this thesis highlight the dynamics of N flow between legumes and companion grasses and may assist in developing management protocols and plant breeding strategies to identify genotypes with efficient N cycling profiles.

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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / } </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of dinitrogen to nitrate, NO3 and/or nitrite, no2 using peroxy species of titanium (IV) in aqueous suspensions has been investigated. The photocatalysts used were titanium peroxide and Degussa p25 TiO2 pretreated with H2O2. These photocatalysts were investigated by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "><o:p></o:p></span></p> </p>

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a cool season crop that uses symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation to obtain atmospheric nitrogen (N), a limiting macronutrient, for growth and maintenance of the plant. Most cool season legumes like faba bean transport N from the nodules as amides, which are metabolized in destination tissues. Ureide metabolism is a catabolic process that produces N rich compounds from purine rings. Many warm season legumes such as soybean and common bean produce ureides (allantoin and allantoate) in their root nodules and then use these molecules to transport fixed nitrogen from root to shoot. Non-ureide exporting plants such as faba bean also produce ureides in normal purine recycling whereby these compounds may play a role in response to abiotic stress. This research aims to examine possible differences in ureide metabolism across genotypes and to assess the role of ureides in response to water limitation. In field grown faba bean, total ureides were found in highest concentrations in leaf tissue, followed by reproductive parts, stems, and nodules, but were not found to differ significantly among genotypes. Ureide concentrations varied throughout the growing season, decreasing over time as the plants reached physiological maturity. A water limitation experiment of faba bean grown in a controlled environment showed that faba bean accumulated the ureides allantoin and allantoate after six to eight days of water limitation when all data were pooled. However, no consistent trend was observed comparing results by genotype, and inoculated versus non-inoculated plants. Overall, results indicate that faba bean likely does not use ureides to transport symbiotically fixed N and that ureide accumulation in field grown plants is most likely in response to abiotic stress or remobilization of purine N from senescing tissues.